Wacana Kapitalisme Dalam Film The

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Wacana Kapitalisme Dalam Film The BAB IV PEMBAHASAN Dalam menganalisis Film The Hunger Games, penulis menggunakan metode Analisis Wacana Kritis model Fairclough dan membaginya menjadi 3 (tiga) dimensi besar, yaitu : Makrostruktur, Mesostruktur dan Mikrostruktur. Sebelum masuk pada inti pembahasan, beberapa informasi penting berserta sinopsis film The Hunger Games penulis paparkan sebagai berikut : Film The Hunger Games Film The Hunger Games merupakan film yang didalamnya menceritakan sebuah kompetisi dengan konsep Reality Show yang memiliki spesifikasi sebagai berikut : Tayang : 12 Maret 2012 Genre : Sci-Fiction, Action & Adventure, Drama Sutradara : Gary Ross Produser : Nina Jacobson dan Jon Kilik Skenario : Gary Ross, Suzanne Collins, dan Billy Ray Rumah Produksi : Lions Gate Durasi : 142 Menit Klasifikasi Penonton : Semua Umur Pemain : Jennifer Lawrence sebagai Katniss Everdeen Josh Hutcherson sebagai Peeta Mellark Liam Hemsworth sebagai Gale Hawthrone Woody Harrelson sebagai Haymitch Abermathy Elizabeth Banks sebagai Effie Trinket Lenny Kravitz sebagai Cinna 32 Stanley Tucci sebagai Caesar Flikerman Donald Sutherland sebagai Presiden Snow Sinopsis Film The Hunger Games The Hunger Games menceritakan sebuah kehidupan di masa depan. Tempat yang dulunya adalah Amerika Utara sudah tidak ada lagi, digantikan dengan Negara Panem yang terdiri dari 12 distrik dan dikuasai oleh pemerintahan secara diktator di wilayah Capitol. Untuk melanggengkan dan menujukan kekuasaannya, pemerintahan di capitol menyelenggarakan acara bernama The Hunger Games. Setiap tahunnya dipilih, 2 tributes, terdiri dari 1 orang laki-laki dan 1 orang perempuan dari masing-masing distrik untuk dikompetisikan di ajang The Hunger Games. Dalam ajang yang dikemas dengan konsep reality show tersebut, tributes diharuskan untuk saling membunuh satu sama lain, hingga tersisa 1 orang yang hidup sekaligus menjadi pemenang. Fokus dari film ini sendiri adalah tokoh remaja belia bernama Katniss Everdeen. Remaja yang memiliki hobi memanah ini memulai keterlibatannya dalam The Hunger Games sebagai sukarelawan untuk menggantikan adiknya, Prim, yang terpilih melalui undian (The Reaping). Selain Katniss, terpilih juga seorang remaja laki-laki bernama Peeta Mellark. Untuk mewakili distriknya, mereka dikirim ke Capitol untuk berkompetisi di ajang The Hunger Games ke-74. 4.1 Analisis Makrostruktur (Sociocultural Practice) Fokus terhadap fenomena dimana teks dibuat. Dengan demikian menurut Norman Fairclough untuk memahami wacana, kita tidak mampu melepaskan dari konteksnya. Kita perlu menelusuri konteks produksi teks, konsumsi teks, dan aspek sosial budaya yang mempengaruhi pembuatan teks. 33 4.1.1 Situasional Level Situasional mengarah pada waktu atau suasana mikro (konteks peristiwa saat teks dibuat), dalam artian teks dihasilkan dalam suatu kondisi atau suasana yang khas / unik sehingga suatu teks berbeda dengan teks lainnya. Film ini diproduksi pada suasana era globalisasi, dimana teknologi dan komunikasi memiliki banyak pengaruh bagi manusia. Dalam menjelaskan globalisasi, James Petras memiliki tiga argumen dasar yang selalu dirujuk ketika para pakar menjelaskan perkembangan pesat globalisasi. Ketiga argumen itu adalah kemajuan teknologi atau revolusi informasi, permintaan pasar dunia, dan logika kapitalisme.1 Hal diatas mengantarkan penulis pada kecenderungan media sekarang ini yang mengacu pada rating. Hal ini didasari pada konteks televisi sebagai industri (institusi ekonomi) memasuki medan kompetisi yang ketat sehingga tidak sempat berfikir kualitas konten sebuah program.2 Hal ini memungkinkan media untuk melakukan apa saja untuk mendapatkan rating yang tinggi, hal ini pula yang memacu maraknya praktik kapitalisme. Dengan kuasa orang-orang dibalik media, industri ini pun bergerak dominan dalam menciptakan budaya massa. Industrialisasi, ekonomisasi dan lengkap dengan peran kapitalisme di dalamnya terdapat proses “pe-massa-an” atau komodifikasi segala sesuatu agar sebuah industri dapat terus berlangsung (Junaedi, 2005, p. 3). Hal tersebut syarat dengan praktik kapitalisme dalam media, yakni sebagai media massa yang didalamnya banyak mengekspoitasi dan mengkomodifikasi kehidupan masyarakat. Ini merupakan bentuk praktik kapitalis yang dalam penerapannya dapat disadari maupun tidak disadari, 1 Globalisasi adalah Kapitalisme http://sosbud.kompasiana.com/2010/01/25/globalisasi-adalah- kapitalisme-60805.html diakses pada 24/9/2013 pukul 5:48 2 Jurnal ASPIKOM berjudul “Post Media Literacy : Menyaksikan Kuasa Media Bersama Michel Foucault” oleh Iswandi Syahputra, hal.2. 34 dikarenakan kemasannya sering dibuat menyenangkan, contohnya kadang keadaan miskin menjadi normal karena sudah terbiasa dan dianggap bukan suatu ancaman. Hal ini membuat para kapitalis terus menerus berjaya serta semakin mengeksploitasi segalanya dan mengorbankan masyarakat, oleh karenanya muncul komentar ―Yang miskin semakin miskin, yang kaya semakin kaya‖. Memasuki tahun 2000-an, fenomena yang terjadi di media massa, khusunya televisi yaitu reality show yakni maraknya program reality show menandakan bahwa media memang sangat jeli melihat fenomena-fenomena sosial yang muncul di masyarakat. Tidak terkecuali dengan masalah privat dan keluarga. Media mengolahnya sedemikian rupa dan menampilkannya dengan kemasan baru yang lebih segar, menarik, up to date (Junaedi, 2005, p. 83). Hal ini tentunya tidak lepas dari industri media sebagai institusi ekonomi yaitu meraih keuntungan. Maraknya Reality Show di Amerika pada tahun 2000-an berjasa dalam menyumbang pertambahan jumlah pemirsa ketika pasar lesu, jaringan televisi berhasil mendapatkan pemasukan yang cukup banyak dari iklan (Michael, 2006, pp. 33-34). Masayarakat Amerika saat itu terbawa dalam euforia Reality Show, banyak dari mereka yang juga melibatkan diri dalam ajang kompetisi yang di cover dalam bentuk Reality Show, seperti American Idol dan Big Brother. Kebanyakan acara reality show akan mengkarantina pesertanya dalam sebuah rumah selama beberapa pekan dan tidak diperbolehkan bersentuhan dengan „dunia luar‟, seperti keluarga dan teman-temannya bahkan tidak dipebolehkan memegang alat komunikasi. Berbeda dengan ajang pencarian bakat American Idol, reality show Big Brother lebih mengutamakan strategi bagimana caranya dapat menyingkirkan peserta lain, sehingga tidak jarang terlihat emosi peserta yang meluap-luap disertai dengan tangisan bahkan pertengkaran. 35 Banyaknya penggemar, membuat acara ini terus berlangsung hingga sekarang, tahun 2013, telah sampai pada season ke-16. Walaupun berasal dari Belanda (1997) lalu franchise-nya merembet ke negara-negara di Eropa, Amerika dan Asia, namun Big Brother memiliki versi yang berbeda-beda di masing-masing negara. Dalam penayangan perdananya tahun 2000 menyedot perhatian lebih dari 22 juta penduduk Amerika.3 Pada beberapa season yang telah ditayangkan, acara reality show ini cukup melibatkan kehidupan pribadi para kontestan, seperti kontestan yang berpacaran, tetangga, musuh dan saudara yang tidak pernah bertemu karena orangtua-nya bercerai. Hal ini bukan hanya menjadi rahasia antar kontestan, namun sudah menjadi rahasia umum karena aktivitas mereka direkam oleh kamera pengawas dan dijadikan konsumsi massa. Menurut Habermas, terjadi perubahan fungsi ruang publik, dari ruang lingkup diskusi rasional, debat, dan konsensus menjadi wilayah konsumsi massa, dijajah oleh korporasi-korporasi dan kaum elit dominan. Campur tangan kepentingan ekonomi para kapitalis menciptakan sebuah produk industri budaya, mengubah segala aspek dalam kehidupan masyarakat sebagai sebuah komoditas yang lalu diperdagangkan.4 Dalam konteks konsumsi reality show oleh massa, bagi masyarakat yang pasif maka yang terjadi adalah penerimaan secara sukarela, bahkan terjadi peleburan yang mana yang asli dan palsu, normal dan abnormal serta yang privat dan publik. Dalam kapitalisme global apapun dapat dijadikan komoditi: mulai dari kepribadian, kebugaran, penampilan, tubuh, wajah, kaki, tenaga dalam, jin, ramalan, skandal gosip, isu hingga bencana, perang bahkan kematian (Piliang, 2011, p. 119). Ketika kekuatan pasar dan pemilik modal sudah mampu menyentuh dan membaur di ruang publik maka maka terjadilah apa yang dikatakan Gramsci 3 Big Brother : True Man Show :http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20400144_83053,00.html diakses pada tanggal 11/11/2013 pukul 13.44 4 Jurnal berjudul “Mengintepretasi Eksploitasi Ruang Privasi dalam Reality Show : Kasus pada tayangan Masihkah Kau Mencintaiku- RCTI”. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/22385/1/INTANMAYASTRI_D2C005173.pdf diakses pada 24/9/2013 pukul 15.17 36 sebagai Hegemoni, ia akan dengan mudah menyentuh setiap sisi ruang kehidupan manusia yang dapat mempengaruhi nilai-nilai budaya masyarakat. Berbagai bentuk komodifikasi dan eksploitasi oleh kaum kapitalis pada reality show dan berita dirasakan oleh Suzzane Collins. Collins mengungkapkan bahwa ide cerita The Hunger Games diperoleh saat ia sedang memilah-milah saluran televisi dan melihat di salah satu saluran menayangkan orang-orang yang berkompetisi dalam sebuah reality show. Lalu, di saluran lainnya menanyangkan perang di Irak. Dalam pemikirannya, kedua tayangan itu melebur menjadi satu dan terbentuklah ide awal The Hunger Games. Novelnya sudah diterbitkan sejak tahun 2008, novel tersebut diadaptasi dalam film dan ditayangkan perdana pada bulan Maret tahun 2012. Dari beberapa sumber mengatakan bahwa film ini memiliki pengaruh serta pesan yang besar mengenai praktik kuasa oleh kapitalis, dikarenakan kisahnya yang memperhatikan kepada kita mengenai potret kehidupan yang dalam hal ini lebih banyak pada
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