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The Complexity of Resource Governance in a Context of State Fragility: an Analysis of the Mining Sector in the Kivu Hinterlands

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The Complexity of Resource Governance in a Context of State Fragility: an Analysis of the Mining Sector in the Kivu Hinterlands The complexiTy of resource governance in a conTexT of sTaTe fragiliTy: an analysis of The mining secTor in The Kivu hinTerlands steven spittaels november 2010 this initiative is funded Understanding conflict. Building peace. by the european union about international alert international alert is an independent peacebuilding organisation that has worked for over 20 years to lay the foundations for lasting peace and security in communities affected by violent conflict. our multifaceted approach focuses both in and across various regions; aiming to shape policies and practices that affect peacebuilding; and helping build skills and capacity through training. our field work is based in africa, south asia, the south Caucasus, Latin america, Lebanon and the philippines. our thematic projects work at local, regional and international levels, focusing on cross- cutting issues critical to building sustainable peace. these include business and economy, gender, governance, aid, security and justice. We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding nGos with more than 125 staff based in London and our 13 field offices.t o learn more, visit www.international-alert.org. this research is funded by the european union. its contents are the sole responsibility of international alert and can in no way be regarded as reflecting the point of view of the european union. about ipis IPIS seeks to be a key reference worldwide for all information related to our three core themes of research: arms trade, the exploitation of natural resources and corporate social responsibility in sub-saharan africa. in order to enhance our reputation as a necessary and independent source of information, we aim at two objectives: to expand our unique field expertise which distinguishes us from other research institutes; to observe the highest quality standards for the output of our research. IPIS indeed wants to transform its field expertise into training activities, briefings, dossiers and reports that excel in objectivity, soundness, clarity and usefulness. as a pluralistic and impartial nGo we put our extensive network and expertise to the service of organisations and individuals of all ideological and religious persuasions, provided they are committed to peace, human rights and development in the south. that way we provide the informational component necessary for all actions aimed at peace and development. our sources in african countries stretch from the grassroots level to the elites, which guarantees the balanced perspective on the south that we wish to convey. © international alert 2010 all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Layout by d. r. ink, [email protected] front cover image: diggers preparing a pit for artisanal exploitation at 100 Kg / Mayi baridi, a coltan mine in Kalemie territory, northern Katanga (ipis, 2010) The complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: an analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands 2 international alert acknowledgements editor Steven Spittaels authors Chapter 1 (Katanga): Steven Spittaels (IPIS – Director) and Elisabeth Caesens (The Carter Center – Project coordinator, Lubumbashi) Chapter 2 (Maniema): Ken Matthysen (IPIS – Researcher) and Gérard Nimpagaritse (The Royal Museum for Central Africa – Geologist) Chapter 3 (Bafwasende and Mambasa): Filip Hilgert (IPIS – Researcher) and Rachel Perks (PACT – former Congo director) local partners Katanga: University of Lubumbashi (including the Kalemie branch) Maniema: Maniema Liberté (Réseau Ressources Naturelles RDC, Point focal Maniema); CIRECAT (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur l’Environnement, la Cartographie et la Technologie appropriée) Orientale: OCEAN, Kisangani (Organisation Concertée des Ecologistes et Amis de la Nature) (Réseau Ressources Naturelles RDC, Point focal Province Orientale); CENADEP, Kisangani (Centre National d’Appui au Développement et à la Participation Populaire) Georges Baelo Stevens (Provincial facilitator for the management of conflicts in Orientale province) review Jason Stearns (Former coordinator of the UN Group of Experts on the DRC) Timothy Raeymaekers (Lecturer at the University of Zurich) the complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: an analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands 3 Table of contents List of acronyms 4 executive summary 5 introduction 8 Chapter 1: northern KATANGa (steven SPITTAELs & eLisabeth Caesens) 13 1.1 Minerals in northern Katanga 13 1.2 Mining sites in northern Katanga 14 1.3 General analysis of the mineral trade 16 1.4 presence of armed groups and human rights violations 22 1.5 Conclusion 23 Chapter 2: ManieMa (Ken MATTHYSEN & GÉrard niMPAGaritse) 27 2.1 Minerals in Maniema 27 2.2 Mining sites in Maniema 30 2.3 General analysis of the mineral trade 32 2.4 presence of armed groups and human rights violations 37 2.5 Conclusion 39 Chapter 3: bafWasende and MaMbasa (fiLip hiLGert & raCheL perKs) 43 3.1 Minerals in bafwasende and Mambasa 43 3.2 Mining sites in bafwasende and Mambasa 45 3.3 General analysis of the mineral trade 46 3.4 presence of armed groups and human rights violations 54 3.5 Conclusion 57 General Conclusion and recommendations 59 appendix: Coltan and Cassiterite prices 63 4 international alert list of acronyms afm administrateur de foyer Minier amiKi association Minière du Kivu sprl anr agence nationale de renseignement Bn battalion cami Cadastre Minier CAR Central african resources ceec Centre d’evaluation, d’expertise et de Certification des substances minérales précieuses et sémi précieuses dgm direction Générale des Migrations ddr disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration drc democratic republic of the Congo ec european Commission FARDC forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo fdlr forces démocratiques de Libération du rwanda gemico Générale des Mines du Congo hr human rights idp internally displaced person igmc ituri Gold Mining Company ipis international peace information service Jv Joint venture Kgl Kilo Goldmines Ltd mgl Minière des Grands Lacs monuc Mission de l’onu en rd Congo (un Mission in democratic republic of the Congo) monusco Mission de l’organisation des nations unies pour la stabilisation en rd Congo (un organisation stabilisation Mission in democratic republic of the Congo) MPA Metal processing association mpc Mining processing Congo ndJoKam société ndjoka agro-Minière ngo non-governmental organisation occ office Congolais de Contrôle ocha un office for the Coordination of humanitarian affairs oecd Organisation for economic Coordination and development OFIDA office des douanes et accises oKimo office des mines d’or de Kilo-Moto PABg pan african business Group pe permis d’exploitation pK point kilomètre pnc police nationale Congolaise pprd parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et la démocratie pr permis de recherches rcd rassemblement Congolais pour la démocratie SAESSCAM service d’assistance et d’encadrement du small-scale Mining sakima société aurifère du Kivu-Maniema sncc société nationale des Chemins de fer du Congo somindo société Minière de ndonga sominki société Minière et industrielle du Kivu SSR security sector reform un united nations undp un development programme WBK Wa balengela Kasai-investments Congo sprl Zer Zone exclusive de recherches the complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: an analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands 5 executive summary i) Background context The report ‘Mining activity and mineral trade in the Kivu hinterland’ was commissioned by the Directorate General for Development (DG DEV) of the European Commission and aims to fill an information gap by identifying the principal mining sites and analysing the trade networks of the ‘eastern hinterland’ of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), located in Maniema, North Katanga and Orientale Province, and the transport networks from these territories to the regional hubs of Bukavu, Goma, Butembo and Bunia. Following constant reports of insecurity and human rights violations related to mining activity in the Kivu provinces and Ituri over the past years, the mining sector in these areas has been the subject of several publications. In these texts, the conflict-ridden Kivu provinces are generally depicted as a region beyond the control of the state where shadow economies thrive (an analysis with which Congolese President Joseph Kabila seemed to agree when he suspended all mining activities in North Kivu, South Kivu and Maniema on 11th September 2010). However, whether these shadow economies extend into other important mining areas bordering the Kivus and Ituri is unclear since little documentation exists on production circuits in the hinterland west of the Kivus. It was therefore felt that investigating the specific problems and opportunities of the mining sector in these less-known areas would be worthwhile. The report is built around three chapters: the first examines mining activity in Northern Katanga; the second looks at Maniema territory on the east bank of the Congo River; and the third surveys the mining sector in Bafwasende and Mambasa territories in Orientale Province. Each chapter follows the same structure. In a first section, the mineral resources of the area in question are discussed. In a second, the most important mines are presented. The third section deals with the mining sector:
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