On Myelinated Axon Plasticity and Neuronal Circuit Formation and Function
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System Inflammation Macrophages/Microglia in Central Nervous Brain Dendritic Cells
Brain Dendritic Cells and Macrophages/Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation This information is current as Hans-Georg Fischer and Gaby Reichmann of September 25, 2021. J Immunol 2001; 166:2717-2726; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2717 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/166/4/2717 Downloaded from References This article cites 51 articles, 28 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/166/4/2717.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 25, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Brain Dendritic Cells and Macrophages/Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation1 Hans-Georg Fischer2 and Gaby Reichmann Microglia subpopulations were studied in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and toxoplasmic encephalitis. CNS .inflammation was associated with the proliferation of CD11b؉ brain cells that exhibited the dendritic cell (DC) marker CD11c These cells constituted up to 30% of the total CD11b؉ brain cell population. -
Mixed Electrical–Chemical Synapses in Adult Rat Hippocampus Are Primarily Glutamatergic and Coupled by Connexin-36
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 15 May 2012 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00013 Mixed electrical–chemical synapses in adult rat hippocampus are primarily glutamatergic and coupled by connexin-36 Farid Hamzei-Sichani 1,2,3‡, Kimberly G. V. Davidson4‡,ThomasYasumura4,William G. M. Janssen3, Susan L.Wearne 4#, Patrick R. Hof 3, Roger D.Traub 5†, Rafael Gutiérrez 6, Ole P.Ottersen7 and John E. Rash4,8* 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 2 Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA 3 Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 5 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA 6 Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 7 Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 8 Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Edited by: Dendrodendritic electrical signaling via gap junctions is now an accepted feature of neu- Ryuichi Shigemoto, National Institute ronal communication in mammalian brain, whereas axodendritic and axosomatic gap junc- for Physiological Sciences, Japan tions have rarely been described. We present ultrastructural, immunocytochemical, and Reviewed by: Javier DeFelipe, Cajal Institute, Spain dye-coupling evidence for “mixed” (electrical/chemical) synapses on both principal cells Richard J. Weinberg, University of and interneurons in adult rat hippocampus. -
Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond
cells Review Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond Sarah Kuhn y, Laura Gritti y, Daniel Crooks and Yvonne Dombrowski * Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (D.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0044-28-9097-6127 These authors contributed equally. y Received: 15 October 2019; Accepted: 7 November 2019; Published: 12 November 2019 Abstract: Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes. -
Deconstructing Spinal Interneurons, One Cell Type at a Time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto
Deconstructing spinal interneurons, one cell type at a time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Mariano Ignacio Gabitto All rights reserved ABSTRACT Deconstructing spinal interneurons, one cell type at a time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto Abstract Documenting the extent of cellular diversity is a critical step in defining the functional organization of the nervous system. In this context, we sought to develop statistical methods capable of revealing underlying cellular diversity given incomplete data sampling - a common problem in biological systems, where complete descriptions of cellular characteristics are rarely available. We devised a sparse Bayesian framework that infers cell type diversity from partial or incomplete transcription factor expression data. This framework appropriately handles estimation uncertainty, can incorporate multiple cellular characteristics, and can be used to optimize experimental design. We applied this framework to characterize a cardinal inhibitory population in the spinal cord. Animals generate movement by engaging spinal circuits that direct precise sequences of muscle contraction, but the identity and organizational logic of local interneurons that lie at the core of these circuits remain unresolved. By using our Sparse Bayesian approach, we showed that V1 interneurons, a major inhibitory population that controls motor output, fractionate into diverse subsets on the basis of the expression of nineteen transcription factors. Transcriptionally defined subsets exhibit highly structured spatial distributions with mediolateral and dorsoventral positional biases. These distinctions in settling position are largely predictive of patterns of input from sensory and motor neurons, arguing that settling position is a determinant of inhibitory microcircuit organization. -
Chapter 8 Nervous System
Chapter 8 Nervous System I. Functions A. Sensory Input – stimuli interpreted as touch, taste, temperature, smell, sound, blood pressure, and body position. B. Integration – CNS processes sensory input and initiates responses categorizing into immediate response, memory, or ignore C. Homeostasis – maintains through sensory input and integration by stimulating or inhibiting other systems D. Mental Activity – consciousness, memory, thinking E. Control of Muscles & Glands – controls skeletal muscle and helps control/regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands II. Divisions of the Nervous system – 2 anatomical/main divisions A. CNS (Central Nervous System) – consists of the brain and spinal cord B. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) – consists of ganglia and nerves outside the brain and spinal cord – has 2 subdivisions 1. Sensory Division (Afferent) – conducts action potentials from PNS toward the CNS (by way of the sensory neurons) for evaluation 2. Motor Division (Efferent) – conducts action potentials from CNS toward the PNS (by way of the motor neurons) creating a response from an effector organ – has 2 subdivisions a. Somatic Motor System – controls skeletal muscle only b. Autonomic System – controls/effects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands – 2 branches • Sympathetic – accelerator “fight or flight” • Parasympathetic – brake “resting and digesting” * 4 Types of Effector Organs: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. III. Cells of the Nervous System A. Neurons – receive stimuli and transmit action potentials -
Neuron Morphology Influences Axon Initial Segment Plasticity1,2,3
New Research Neuronal Excitability Neuron Morphology Influences Axon Initial Segment Plasticity1,2,3 Allan T. Gulledge1 and Jaime J. Bravo2 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0085-15.2016 1Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, and 2Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 Visual Abstract In most vertebrate neurons, action potentials are initiated in the axon initial segment (AIS), a specialized region of the axon containing a high density of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. It has recently been proposed that neurons use plasticity of AIS length and/or location to regulate their intrinsic excitability. Here we quantify the impact of neuron morphology on AIS plasticity using computational models of simplified and realistic somatodendritic morphologies. In small neurons (e.g., den- tate granule neurons), excitability was highest when the AIS was of intermediate length and located adjacent to the soma. Conversely, neu- rons having larger dendritic trees (e.g., pyramidal neurons) were most excitable when the AIS was longer and/or located away from the soma. For any given somatodendritic morphology, increasing dendritic mem- brane capacitance and/or conductance favored a longer and more distally located AIS. Overall, changes to AIS length, with corresponding changes in total sodium conductance, were far more effective in regulating neuron excitability than were changes in AIS location, while dendritic capacitance had a larger impact on AIS performance than did dendritic conductance. The somatodendritic influence on AIS performance reflects modest soma- to-AIS voltage attenuation combined with neuron size-dependent changes in AIS input resistance, effective membrane time constant, and isolation from somatodendritic capacitance. -
How Does an Axon Grow?
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW How does an axon grow? Jeffrey L. Goldberg1 Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA How do axons grow during development, and why do cisions to advance, retract, pause, or turn (Fig. 1). All of they fail to regrow when injured? In the complicated these are potential regulatory sites that could control a mesh of our nervous system, the axon is the information neuron’s ability to elongate or regenerate its axon. superhighway, carrying all of the data we use to sense our environment and carry out behaviors. To wire up our Production of the building blocks, nervous system properly, neurons must elongate their both membrane and cytoplasmic axons during development to reach their targets. This is no simple task, however. The complex morphology of Rapid axon growth requires rapid manufacture and sup- axons and dendrites puts neurons among the most intri- ply of cytoplasm and membrane. Where are the lipid and cate and beautiful cells in the body. Knowledge of how protein building blocks made? It was known from classic neurons extend axons and dendrites, elongate at a par- experiments that axons cut off from the cell bodies of ticular rate, and stop growing at the proper time is criti- adult sensory neurons continue to elongate in culture cal to understanding the development of our nervous (Shaw and Bray 1977), but evidence for local production system, yet the regulation of these processes is poorly of membrane and cytoplasmic elements went lacking for understood. -
Regulation of Myelin Structure and Conduction Velocity by Perinodal Astrocytes
Correction NEUROSCIENCE Correction for “Regulation of myelin structure and conduc- tion velocity by perinodal astrocytes,” by Dipankar J. Dutta, Dong Ho Woo, Philip R. Lee, Sinisa Pajevic, Olena Bukalo, William C. Huffman, Hiroaki Wake, Peter J. Basser, Shahriar SheikhBahaei, Vanja Lazarevic, Jeffrey C. Smith, and R. Douglas Fields, which was first published October 29, 2018; 10.1073/ pnas.1811013115 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115,11832–11837). The authors note that the following statement should be added to the Acknowledgments: “We acknowledge Dr. Hae Ung Lee for preliminary experiments that informed the ultimate experimental approach.” Published under the PNAS license. Published online June 10, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1908361116 12574 | PNAS | June 18, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 25 www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 Regulation of myelin structure and conduction velocity by perinodal astrocytes Dipankar J. Duttaa,b, Dong Ho Wooa, Philip R. Leea, Sinisa Pajevicc, Olena Bukaloa, William C. Huffmana, Hiroaki Wakea, Peter J. Basserd, Shahriar SheikhBahaeie, Vanja Lazarevicf, Jeffrey C. Smithe, and R. Douglas Fieldsa,1 aSection on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; bThe Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817; cMathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information -
Canine Dorsal Root Ganglia Satellite Glial Cells Represent an Exceptional Cell Population with Astrocytic and Oligodendrocytic P
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and Received: 17 August 2017 Accepted: 6 October 2017 oligodendrocytic properties Published: xx xx xxxx W. Tongtako1,2, A. Lehmbecker1, Y. Wang1,2, K. Hahn1,2, W. Baumgärtner1,2 & I. Gerhauser 1 Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specifc properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was diferentially afected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These fndings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo. Since the discovery of glial cells over a century ago, substantial progress has been made in understanding the origin, development, and function of the diferent types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)1. -
NEURAL CONNECTIONS: Some You Use, Some You Lose
NEURAL CONNECTIONS: Some You Use, Some You Lose by JOHN T. BRUER SOURCE: Phi Delta Kappan 81 no4 264-77 D 1999 . The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited JOHN T. BRUER is president of the James S. McDonnell Foundation, St. Louis. This article is adapted from his new book, The Myth of the First Three Years (Free Press, 1999), and is reprinted by arrangement with The Free Press, a division of Simon Schuster Inc. ©1999, John T. Bruer . OVER 20 YEARS AGO, neuroscientists discovered that humans and other animals experience a rapid increase in brain connectivity -- an exuberant burst of synapse formation -- early in development. They have studied this process most carefully in the brain's outer layer, or cortex, which is essentially our gray matter. In these studies, neuroscientists have documented that over our life spans the number of synapses per unit area or unit volume of cortical tissue changes, as does the number of synapses per neuron. Neuroscientists refer to the number of synapses per unit of cortical tissue as the brain's synaptic density. Over our lifetimes, our brain's synaptic density changes in an interesting, patterned way. This pattern of synaptic change and what it might mean is the first neurobiological strand of the Myth of the First Three Years. (The second strand of the Myth deals with the notion of critical periods, and the third takes up the matter of enriched, or complex, environments.) Popular discussions of the new brain science trade heavily on what happens to synapses during infancy and childhood. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
New Approaches to Analyse Axon- Oligodendrocyte Communication In
Neuroforum 2017; 23(4): A175–A181 Tim Czopka* and Franziska Auer New Approaches to Analyse Axon- Oligodendrocyte Communication in vivo https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2017-A010 the temporal timing, with which signals are exchanged between neurons. Abstract: A major challenge for understanding our nerv- The regions in which axons exchange information ous system is to elucidate how its constituting cells coordi- between different brain areas are called the ‘white mat- nate each other to form and maintain a functional organ. ter’ (the grey matter being the areas where neuronal cell The interaction between neurons and oligodendrocytes bodies reside). White matter appears white due to the represents a unique cellular entity. Oligodendrocytes mye- presence of myelin, a fatty coating that surrounds most ax- linate axons by tightly ensheathing them. Myelination reg- ons. Myelin is an evolutionary acquisition of vertebrates, ulates speed of signal transduction, thus communication which electrically insulates axons and enables rapid between neurons, and supports long-term axonal health. and energy efficient signal transmission. It is likely that Despite their importance, we still have large gaps in our these properties have in fact enabled the evolution of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying myelinated complex nervous system with its high cell number. In the axon formation, remodelling and repair. Zebrafish repre- central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced by spe- sent an increasingly popular model organism, particular- cialised glial cells, the Oligodendrocytes. Genetic defects ly due to their suitability for live cell imaging and genetic that perturb formation or maintenance of myelin (e.g. in manipulation. Here, we provide an overview about this Leukodystrophies) lead to severe motoric and cognitive research area, describe how zebrafish have helped under- symptoms.