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Orsep-Masde10a.Pdf MÁS DE 10 AÑOS FISCALIZANDO LA SEGURIDAD ESTRUCTURAL Y OPERATIVA DE LAS PRESAS More than 10 years supervising the structural and operative safety conditions of the dams DAM SAFETY REGULATORY AGENGY En el Bicentenario de la Patria Más de 10 años fiscalizando la seguridad estructural y operativa de las presas. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : ORSEP, 2010. 128 p. ; 28x20 cm. ISBN 978-987-26294-0-3 1. Recursos Hidricos. CDD 333.91 Fecha de catalogación: 13/10/2010 © Organismo Regulador de Seguridad de Presas (ORSEP) - 2010 www.orsep.gob.ar Producción integral Proxar www.proxar.com.ar ISBN 978-987-26294-0-3 Jujuy Ministerio de Infraestructura y Planificación Dirección Provincial de Recursos Hídricos Salta Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable Secretaría de Obras Públicas Secretaría de Recursos Hídricos Catamarca Secretaría del Agua y del Ambiente La Rioja Ministerio de Infraestructura Secretaría del Agua Santiago del Estero Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos Secretaría del Agua Tucumán Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo Secretaría de Estado de Obras Públicas Secretaría de Medio Ambiente Dirección de Recursos Hídricos Dirección Provincial del Agua Córdoba Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos San Juan Ministerio de Infraestructura y Tecnología Departamento General de Hidráulica Mendoza Ministerio de Infraestructura, Vivienda y Transporte Subsecretaría de Obras Públicas Departamento General de Irrigación Dirección de Hidráulica Buenos Aires Ministerio de Infraestructura, Vivienda y Servicios Públicos Autoridad del Agua Neuquén Subsecretaría de Obras y Servicios Públicos Río Negro Secretaría de Obras y Servicios Públicos Departamento Provincial del Agua Chubut Secretaría de Infraestructura, Planeamiento y Servicios Públicos Instituto Provincial del Agua Santa Cruz Ministerio de Economía y Obras Públicas Subsecretaría de Medio Ambiente Agradecemos el apoyo de las siguientes organizaciones para la publicación de esta obra Agradecemos el apoyo de las siguientes organizaciones para la publicación de esta obra Agradecemos el apoyo institucional de las siguientes organizaciones DNPC S AS RE P E D O N I T N E G R A É T I M O C ÍNDICE Table of contents 29 1. Las presas y el desarrollo 1. Dams and development 29 Las presas y su seguridad Dams and their safety 32 Las presas en Argentina Dams in Argentina 35 La función de las presas en el desarrollo nacional The role of dams in the national development 38 Balance ambiental Environmental balance 43 2. Antecedentes y creación del orsep 2. Background and creation of the orsep 43 El orsep asegura y protege Assurance and protection of the orsep 47 Antecedentes del orsep Background of the orsep 51 Proceso privatizador Privatizing process 53 Creación del Organismo Regulador de Seguridad de Presas Creation of the Dam Safety Regulatory Agency 56 Un organismo federal A federal body ÍNDICE Table of contents 67 3. Más de una década de gestión 3. More than a decade of management 67 La gestión del orsep The management of the orsep 69 Actividades de fiscalización Supervision activities 75 Asistencia Técnica en el país Technical Assistance in the country 82 Asistencia Técnica en el exterior Technical Assistance abroad 85 Concientización sobre emergencias hídricas Awareness on water emergencies 88 Centro de Documentación Documentation Center 91 4. Fichas técnicas 4. Technical data sheet 92 Gral. Manuel Belgrano 93 Peñas Blancas 94 Gral. Martín Miguel de Güemes 95 Dr. Celestino Gelsi 96 Pueblo Viejo 97 Derivador Los Reales 98 Derivador La Horqueta 99 Escaba 100 Central Hidroeléctrica Escaba ÍNDICE Table of contents 101 Batiruana 102 Río Hondo 103 Central Hidroeléctrica Los Quiroga 104 Agua del Toro 105 Los Reyunos 106 Arco de Protección de la Central Hidroeléctrica Los Reyunos 107 El Tigre 108 El Nihuil 109 Aisol 110 Tierras Blancas 111 Valle Grande 112 Derivador Punta Negra 113 Alicurá 114 Piedra Del Águila 115 Pichi Picún Leufú 116 El Chocón 117 Arroyito 118 Portezuelo Grande 119 Loma de la Lata 120 Planicie Banderita 121 El Chañar 122 Marí Menuco 123 Florentino Ameghino 124 Futaleufú 125 Salto Grande 1 Las presas y el desarrollo Dams and development LAS PRESAS Y SU SEGURIDAD Dams and their safety esde que el ser humano se estable- ater storage has been essential ció en comunidades, el almacenamien- for the subsistence and develop- Dto del agua fue fundamental para su Wment of communities since people subsistencia y el desarrollo de las mismas. Ante were no longer nomads. Dams were built ma- esa necesidad, muchos siglos atrás surgieron ny centuries ago to meet this need: astonish- las presas: obras de ingeniería que han asom- ing engineering works due to their complexity brado desde siempre por su complejidad y, en and, in many cases, their really monumental muchos casos, por su carácter verdaderamen- nature. The role of dams in the relationship te monumental. Tan importante ha sido el pa- between people and the environment has pel de las presas en la relación del ser humano been so important that both the progress and con su medio, que tanto el progreso como la the decline of many civilizations are closely declinación de muchas civilizaciones han teni- related to them. do una vinculación directa con ellas. The old populations of Babylon, Egypt, China, Los antiguos pueblos de Babilonia, Egipto, India and Persia, among others, built dams China, India y Persia, entre otros, construye- and enjoyed their benefits. Numerous archae- ron presas y usufructuaron sus beneficios. ological findings have shown the importance Numerosos descubrimientos arqueológicos given by those communities to the water irri- han puesto en evidencia la importancia que gation and storage works. esas sociedades daban a las obras de irriga- ción y al abastecimiento de agua. Today, many hydraulic works of the ancient times are a live testimony of the magnificence Muchas de las obras hidráulicas de la times. Moreover, some of such works –such Antigüedad constituyen hoy el testimonio vi- as the dams of Proserpina and Cornalbo in vo de épocas de magnificencia, y algunas de Spain, built by the Roman Empire about two ellas, con trabajos de reparación y manteni- thousand years ago– are nowadays still in op- miento, aún continúan en servicio, como las eration with maintenance and repair works. presas de Proserpina y Cornalbo, en España, levantadas por el Imperio Romano, hace unos Since then, dams have started to have an in- dos mil años. creasingly leading role in history as they en- 29 Desde entonces, las presas comenzaron a tener un papel cada vez más destacado en la historia porque permitie- ron al ser humano disponer de agua para su consumo y contar con reservas o con capaci- able people dad de almacenamiento para épocas de sequía. to have water for con- Además cumplieron un rol muy importante en sumption as well as the necessary re- la protección de las zonas pobladas y cultiva- serves or storage capacity for times of drought. das de las inundaciones y de los daños perió- Additionally, dams played a very important role dicos provocados por las crecidas. Las presas in the protection of populated areas and crops también hicieron posible que el agua beneficiara from floods and the regular damage caused by aún a zonas desérticas, convirtiéndolas en áreas floods. Dams also made it possible that water habitables y productivas. could benefit desert areas by turning them into habitable and productive sites. A medida que las ciencias ampliaban los cono- cimientos disponibles, fue posible desarrollar Given sciences extended the available knowl- nuevas tecnologías que permitieron construir edge, new technologies could be developed presas más grandes, con embalses más volumi- that made it possible the construction of big- nosos. Ello implicó, a la vez, un mayor riesgo an- ger dams with more voluminous reservoirs. In te eventuales deficiencias. Pero el desarrollo de its turn, this involved a higher risk upon even- la ingeniería produjo, a través de los años, im- tual breakage. Additionally, the engineering portantes avances en cuanto al control y el aná- development throughout the years brought lisis del comportamiento de las presas, permi- significant advances for the control and analy- tiendo adoptar nuevos criterios para su diseño, sis of the behavior of dams, allowing the adop- construcción y explotación. tion of new criteria for their design, construc- tion and operation. Sin embargo, los progresos en el área técnica no se vieron acompañados por un desarrollo si- However, progress made in the technical ar- milar en lo jurídico, que otorgara los instrumen- ea was not accompanied with a similar de- 30 tos legales de respaldo para que los Estados velopment in the legal area, which issued the pudieran efectuar una regulación de la seguri- supporting legal documents in order that the dad estructural de las obras hidráulicas. Recién Governments might make regulations for the después de fallas y roturas con importantes con- structural safety of hydraulic works. Only af- secuencias, ocurridas especialmente en Europa ter failures and breakage with important con- y Estados Unidos, estos países desarrollaron la sequences, which occurred mainly in Europe legislación necesaria para un control riguroso. and the United States, said countries devel- oped the necessary laws for a strict control. Es en ese contexto que, a mediados de la déca- da de 1960, la revisión de normas y elementos de In this context, by the mid of the 60’s, the re- seguridad en la construcción y manutención de view of laws and safety elements in construc- las presas hidroeléctricas en algunos países eu- tion and maintenance of hydroelectric dams ropeos inaugura un nuevo campo de desarrollo launched, in some European countries, a new en la ingeniería moderna: la seguridad de presas. development field of the modern engineering: the safety of dams. A partir de la década de 1980 fue notoria la dis- minución de roturas y accidentes de presas.
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