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Listing Statement THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT Shy susan, Tetratheca gunnii Hook.f. 1855 Status Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 .……………………………….……..………..………..….…endangered Commonwealth Endangered Species Protection Act 1999 .......……………………..........................................Critically Endangered Wendy Potts Description occupies only about 0.6 ha, its habitat is serpentine Shy susan is a perennial herb with a straggling outcrops which occupy only 530 ha in this region. growth habit. It typically has between one and five Serpentine soils are internationally recognised for (sometimes more) slender branches which are 15 to supporting high levels of endemism i.e. species 50 cm long and tend to trail through associated restricted to a particular area (Proctor and Woodell plants. The leaves are less than 5.5 mm long and the 1971, Kruckeberg 1984). As serpentine is often petals are pale lilac to deep pink, generally less than restricted in area, its associated endemics are often 5 mm in length. The fruit is a compressed capsule rare. In this case, the serpentine substrate supports a with two to three sections and a sparse cover of unique community that is dominated by black gland-tipped hairs. peppermint (Eucalyptus amygdalina) and black gum (Eucalyptus ovata) over a heathy understorey. Shy susan belongs to the family Tremandraceae. The understorey is a mosaic of tall heath dominated The main feature distinguishing Tetratheca gunnii by dazzler heath (Epacris virgata), low heath from other Tetratheca species is the shape of the dominated by guinea flower (Hibbertia riparia) and anther tube. The tube terminates at the widest point rosy myrtle (Baeckea ramosissima), but may also and is shorter than that of other species. The foliage be grassy. and flowers of Tetratheca gunnii are generally smaller than those of other Tetratheca species. Important Locations The entire extent of serpentine geology in the Distribution and Habitat Beaconsfield area is important habitat for shy susan. Shy susan is endemic to Tasmania and is restricted to an area of less than 25 km2 in the foothills of the Dazzler Range near Beaconsfield. While the species 1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ THREATENED SPECIES UNIT Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment Listing Statement Tetratheca gunnii December 1998 Threats, Limiting Factors and and evidence of other exploration activities. This has promoted the spread of the root rot fungus, Management Issues Phytophthora cinnamomi that occurs sporadically The ecology of shy susan is not clearly understood. in the area. Shy susan is known to be susceptible to Consequently, the reasons for its decline and what the pathogen and management initiatives must aim degree of decline may constitute a threat are not at preventing the spread of Phytophthora clear. The species is susceptible to the root rot cinnamomi into the few areas which are disease fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. Two populations free. are known to be infected resulting in the death of more than 10% of individuals between 1994 and Timber harvesting 1998. Due to the occurrence of rich mineral Shy susan is a natural forest understorey species. deposits, mining activity is the most likely carrier of Conservation of the species must aim at the fungus into shy susan habitat. Exploration, maintaining the forest overstorey in the long term. testing and mining activities need to be, and currently are conducted under strict hygiene Reproductive failure controls. Existing infections remain a threat and Failure of shy susan to set seeds is an issue which need to be controlled where possible. needs to be addressed. The small population size and further fragmentation of populations may inhibit The potential for vegetation clearance on private sexual reproduction. Further declines may worsen land represents a major threat to 40% of shy susan the situation. Efforts to increase overall population habitat. One population occurs in an area that was sizes and densities may help native bees as largely cleared of timber early this century. pollinators to improve seed productivity. If However, it is not possible to assess the impact on increasing plant density proves successful, a planting shy susan because the original distribution of the program will be undertaken. species in the area is unknown. Inappropriate fire regimes are also considered a Conservation Assessment threat to shy susan. If fire is too infrequent, the Population Estimate heathy understorey may suppress the species, Shy Susan was considered extinct (Leigh et al. 1984) eventually causing a decline in numbers. The until its rediscovery in 1986 (Brown et al. 1986). A response of the species to differing fire intensities is population census in 1994 noted a severe decline unknown. If fire is a cause of decline, the very during the eight years. Only 100 plants are currently small population could equally be the result of an known to survive distributed among nine absence of fire or the incidence of infrequent very populations with the largest supporting 32 hot fires. individuals and the smallest only one. The sparse distribution of very few individuals may Reservation Status be causing problems with the breeding success of Less than half of shy susan habitat occurs in a forest shy susan. The species needs to cross-pollinate to reserve. Most of the remaining populations and successfully produce seed. Where individuals are individuals occur on private land. sparse and difficult to detect, their pollinators may not be able to find them to transfer pollen from one Assessment Criteria plant to another. Less than 30 seeds have been Shy susan meets the criteria for listing as endangered produced from more than 5,000 flowers between on the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1994 and 1998. 1995 because • there are less than 250 mature individuals in Mineral exploration and mining total The very restricted distribution of shy susan on the • it is severely restricted, extending over an area serpentine outcrops in a mineral rich geological of less than 500 square kilometres and formation has the potential to cause conflict with occupying less than 10 hectares mineral exploration and mining. It is important that • there is a continuing decline all shy susan sites are clearly identified and no activities occur which could adversely affect the It qualifies as Critically Endangered using the 1994 species. IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List criteria. Phytophthora cinnamomi Because of the potentially valuable geological deposits, over many years mineral exploration has occurred and the area is criss-crossed with tracks 2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ THREATENED SPECIES UNIT Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment Listing Statement Tetratheca gunnii December 1998 Recovery Program • Phosphonate should be applied to shy susan populations in danger of infection with Objectives Phytophthora cinnamomi. If Phytophthora • Control the threat posed by Phytophthora cinnamomi is suspected to occur in an area or cinnamomi. The chemical phosphonate may be population, a bulked soil sample of about 1kg used to protect threatened populations. Before from near the base of infected plants should be widespread application, the correct dose will be sent to the Senior Pathologist at Forestry determined in glasshouse experiments and Tasmania for analysis. trialed in the field. • Test population translocation and enhancement • Increase the rate of seed production. Cuttings methods using nursery propagated stock. have been taken from the entire population for • Determine the identity of the species’ use in experimental pollination biology. Plants pollinator. propagated from these cuttings will be used in • Determine the effect of increased plant density trials to determine whether increasing plant on pollination success. density increases pollination success. If the density trials prove successful, the rate of seed Further Information production should be increased. Contact details: Threatened Species Unit, • Supplementary plantings will be carried out in Department of Primary Industries, Water and the field to enhance the rate of seed production Environment, GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania Australia and restore a soil seed bank. 7001. Ph (03) 6233 6556 fax (03) 6233 3477. Existing Management Specialist Advice: Phil Barker, Threatened Species About 50% of shy susan habitat is currently Unit, Department of Primary Industries, Water and reserved in the Dans Hill Forest Reserve and Environment managed by Forestry Tasmania. Access to this reserve is limited and the area lies within a Source Material Phytophthora cinnamomi management zone in References which strict hygiene controls are implemented. Barker, P.C.J. 1996. Extension surveys and long- term monitoring plots for selected species threatened Field based phosphonate trials are being undertaken by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Forestry Tasmania and and monitored by Forestry Tasmania. ANCA, Hobart. The number of individuals and the annual flowering Barker, P.C.J. 1996. Selecting viable populations of and seed production is being monitored. Threatened plants
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