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Bristol and the American War of Independence

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Bristol and the American War of Independence BRISTOL AND THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE by ·PETER MARSHALL I ISSUED BY THE BRISTOL BRANCH OF THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION THE UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL Price Fifty Pence 1 9 7 7 BRISTOL AND THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE BRISTOL BRANOH OF THE HISTORlCAL ASSOCIATION LOCAL HISTORY PAMPHLETS by PETER MARSHALL A city linked as continuously as had been Bristol with the Hon. Genera/, Editor: PATRICK McGRATH settlement and trade of the New World could not, in any circum­ stances, have remained aloof from the onset and events of the Assistant General Editor: PETER HAR.RIS American Revolution. This colonia1 connection seemed stronger than ever before in 177 4 when Brisrtolians, comprising the third largest electorate in the country; had chosen as their members of Parliament Henry Cruger, a New York-born merchant, and Edmund Burke, already distinguished as an unequalled defender Bristol and the American War of Independence. is the forty.first of American rights. If this promise of a whole-hearted commit­ pamph1d: :to be pulb.lshed by the Bristol Brandlof the Historical ment to the colonial cause was not subsequently fulfilled, there Association. It is based on a lecturewhioh Professor Peter Marshall exists ample evidence to prove that the war years marked a signi­ delivered to a joint meeting of tb.e Bristol and Bath Branches in Down, ficant stage in the development of political antagonisms and party 1976 at the Amerioan Museum, Claverton nearBath. appeal within a major English urban centre. The first news of the outbreak of hostilities was brought to The Bristol ,Brandtdf the Historical Association a.dmowblges Bristol by ships from New England during the summer of 1775. with gratitude donations towards the cost of publication from the The details of Lexington and Concord were quickly broadcast Bristol and West Building Society and from Messrs. John Harvey and confirmed the worst expectations of members of the Opposi­ and Sons Limited. The growing cost of printing and distributing the tion : receiving letters from Bristol, Burke concluded that, 'All pamphlets _makes such help doubly welcome. our prospects of American reconciliation are, I fear, over. Blood has -been shed. The sluice is opened - Where, when or how it will be stopped God only knows.'1 His judgement was to priove The Brandl exipresses ilts thanks to Miss Mary Wdltiams, :the all too accurate. Nor was local po1litical news, principally fur­ Oity Ardlivist, who was as always exit�ely -� in �ing nished by Richard Champion, the Whig American merchant, any materials for the illustrations, and to the librarmns ID the BrtStol more encouraging. There had never been genuine sympathy or a Reference Library who made the newspaper available for photo­ real alliance 1between the supporters of Burke and of Cruger, apd graphing. The photographs were taken by Mr. Gordon Kelsey. this antipathy was heightened rather than diminished -by the American crisis. The next pamphlet in the series will be a study by Mr. Michael The unsettled condition of politics, both locally and nationally, Liversidge of theBristol High Cross. together with the high cost of visiting his constituency, made Burke reluctant to journey to Bristol. By August, however, he felt constrained to appear there, though, as he explained to Rock­ The Branch appeals to all readers to help by placing standing ingham: orders for future productions and by making the pamphlets known t to others. The horrid expence of these Expediions would keep me at home. But that City is going headlongto the Devil, through the Maneuvres of the Court, and of the Tory party, but pamphlets can be obtained from most Bristol booksellers, principally through the absurd and paltry behaviour of my The in from the shop in the City Museum, from the Porters' Lodges the foolish colleague. I shall be there on the 28th for the Assises Wills Memorial Buildingand the Senate House, or direct from Mr. StokeBishop, Bristol, 9. =-"""'""""""'""ira1a..1iililliililiBarn •....,.,._.� Road, 1. Edmund Burke to Charles O'Hara, (ea .. 28 May 1775), George H. Guttridge ed., AVON TY The Correspondence of Edmund Burke (Cambridge, 1961), III. 160. l ---�...,..:;....;:__22NOVl977 _,,,_ Class __ ... No ,,. as appearing to go on a particular occasion may give me an The quantity of wheat at present in this city, is immense, al­ excuse for not loitering long in that Quarter . 1 most every warehouse, malt-house, and granary, being filled Although he thus limited his stay to a week, Burke was able to with it; and so scarce is warehouse room, that we are assured encourage his supporters and 'obtain a tolerably correct idea of one person last week took no less than six of the void houses the dispositions of the several classes and kinds of men in that in Bridge Street for that purpose, and 'the rest are mostly City, and within the sphere of its correspondence'. He found engaged.1 opinion fairly equally divided between four political attitudes - on the one hand, 'thorough bred' and 'temperate' Tories, on the Recognition of American goodwill, not implementation of coercive other, 'vigorous' and 'languid' Whigs. The lack of effective measures, was the answer to events •that were developing into political and economic resistance to the conflict evoked dismay: 'nothing less than a lasting and ruinous civH war'. 2 local Whigs despaired of the use of Petitions, whlle 'supine negli­ The Loyal Address, to which this Whig petition was a response, gence' described the behaviour of several principal traders. who had been proposed at a public gathering after a special Council ...had formed a confused opinion, that things would come meeting, caNed by the Tories on 21 September, had failed to pro­ of themselves to an amicable settlement. They have been so duce a quorum. The more popular appeal, impelled by the Whig civic abstention, required its subscri1bers to declare their 'abhor­ often alarmed, that many of them cannot ,believe the present rence troubles to be any thing more �han an alarm. On this delusive of this unnatural rebellion', /brought about in large measure supposition, they go on filling their Warehouses with Goods, by the 'sophistical arguments and seditious correspondence' of 'a exhausting their Capital to the last farthing, and even borrow­ few disappointed men'. 3 Both sides claimed the support of the ing upon interest whenever they can borrow. majority while names were being added to the rival documents prior to ,their presentation in OctOiber to the King: if numbers of So many Bristol merchants had concluded that America was lost signatures provide a guide, political strengths were very evenly and that any future profits wou1ld come from military preparations matched, with 901 names attached to the Tory address and 979 as to lead Burke to discount .the possibility of any substantial to the Whig peti�ion. 4 That this first formal response of Bris­ support from that quarter. 'They all, or the greater Number of tolians to the American war should have been made in response them, begin to snuff the cadaverous Haut Gout of a Lucrative to a Tory initiative had caused Burke some disquiet. A1lthough War. War indeed is become a sort of substitute for Commerce'. agreeing to present the petition to the King, he viewed it as a Burke predicted eventual disaster from this unwillingness to face necessary, rather than as a desira!ble, venture into popular politics : facts: 'For my part my apprehensions are, that from their irreso­ lute and dodging motions, the evil will be gradual and therefore In all great·conjunctur�s lrke this, it is impossirble to keep the' incurable. The Merchants in that trade will break, after the manu­ people wholly -inactive, iif any body has a mind that they facturers have perished insensibly, and melted down without should stirr. If they are not led to take a part on one side, Notice into the mass of National Wretchedness. 2 Certainly, by they will follow the impulse they receive on the other, and will the fate summer of 1775 Bristolians had been compelled to note move very generaJlly in that direction. When the peopleof any the outbreak of the Revolution, no matter how deep their reluct­ ·place are called upon, for their opinion on public affairs, he ance to explore its consequences. passes for nobody who has not some share in the transaction. At the end of September public meetings were called by sup­ The only way to prevent the appearance of almost every Name porters and opponents of ministerial policy. The Whig petition , to a Court address, is to have another in readiness of a direct confined itself to stressing the commercial links between Bristol contrary tendency. and the American colonies and to deploring the economic mis­ The process, Burke reported, had ·been set in motion by 'the fortunes to which their disruption would give rise. More than a million bushels of wheat had reached Bristol from the New World in the previous year, a fact that was well known in the city. Only 1. Bristol Gazette and Public Advertiser 3 Aug. 1775·. 2. "Petition from the City of Bristol", t:1 Oct. 1775, Peter Force ed., American Archives the previous month the Bristol Gazette had reported that : (Washington, 1840), !Fourrth Series, III. 816.-7. 3. "Address of the Oity of Br:istol", 28 Sept. 1775, 11bid., HI. 817-8. 1. Burke to Marquess of Rockingham, 23 Aug., 1775, pp. 194-5. 4. W. R. Savadge, "The West Coullitry and the American Mainland Colonies 1763-1783 ibid., with Special Reference to the !Merchants of Bristol", (Oxford, unpublished B. Litt.: 2. Burke to Rockingham, 14 Sept. 1775, ibid, pp. 207-210. 1952) pp. 488, 492. 2 3 � warm part of the Tories', who had escaped the restraints of 'a Amerioa, a military and naval force of ,a strength greater than had few of the more moderate among rhem'.
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