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Home , Jonah

– SHORT VERSION

Introduction. If we browse through some of the A prophetic book. Though placed in the many scholarly works that give an introduction as one of the Twelve Minor , Jonah is to each book of the Bible, we will quickly see totally unlike other prophetic books. It contains that two issues confront us when we study the no oracles or prophetic words except the report . Are the accounts historical or are of Jonah’s words to in 3:5. The book is they just parables created to teach a lesson? about a who, we are told right from the Second, why is Jonah placed amongst the beginning, should be taken with a grain of salt. prophetic books of the Bible when his actions In fact, Jonah is something of an anti-prophet for were more consistent with those of an anti- when calls him to go and preach, he runs prophet, running away from God and getting the other way and is not at all happy when the angry when the people of Nineveh repented? people of Nineveh repent.

History or parable? Until the twentieth century, Historical context. While scholars cannot say and for the most part believed with certainty when the book was written, most Jonah to be an historical event that really believe it was written in the late post-exilic happened. Evangelical and Fundamentalist period. The Jews who returned from exile in Christians continue to believe that the book is were persecuted by the foreign nations historical. They point out that a prophet named around then. They responded with hatred and Jonah makes a brief appearance in the eighth isolationism. Marriages with non-Jews were century during the reign of King Jeroboam prohibited. Samaritans were shunned. Many (2Kings 14:25). Also, mentioned Jonah’s Jews had a strong intolerant which presence in the belly of the as a sign of his limited God’s mercy to the chosen people of Resurrection (Matt 12:39-42), coupling his . It was the Old Testament version of reference to Jonah with that of the historical “outside the there is no salvation.” Many Queen of . And if one objects to the scholars believe that the book was written to extraordinary miracles in Jonah, what about the protest the image of God’s partiality for Israel to miracles which required the same divine the exclusion of other nations. God’s mercy is intervention? available to Jew and Gentile alike. Our desire to see justice done to the wicked does not conform All mainline Protestant churches and nearly all to God’s mercy. A Gentile reader of the Old Catholic biblical scholars today interpret Jonah Testament would have rejoiced at this message. as a parable or “didactic fiction” – a story told to teach a lesson. Despite the reasons given above Finally, it is interesting to note that Jonah is for the historicity of Jonah, they did not regarded as perhaps the funniest book of the convince St. nor deter St. Gregory Bible. Imagine a runaway prophet spending Nazianzen (both Early ) from three days in the belly of a whale and then spit explicitly interpreting the story as a parable. out on shore! When Jonah preaches, even the Today, scholars point out that the conversion of animals repent. In the final chapter, God has to Nineveh is unknown in history and is not deal with a sulky prophet. mentioned elsewhere in the Bible except as a villain (see the prophet ). Significantly, Division of chapters. The book can be looked the pagans are the heroes of the book and Jonah upon as a mini-play with four scenes or parts: is the villain. There is no explanation of how Jonah made himself understood in preaching to Part 1: Jonah’s flight from God (Chapter 1) people of a different language. Never in Israelite history had a prophet been handed a mission like Part 2: Jonah’s prayer of thanksgiving Jonah. Never in all history has a great city like (Chapter 2)

Nineveh been converted by one short mission Part 3: Nineveh’s repentance (Chapter 3) given by one missionary who spoke for a foreign God in a foreign language, and who did not want Part 4: Jonah’s struggles with God’s mercy to convert his hearers anyway. (Chapter 4)