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Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016
Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016 Overview Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world's fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria’s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off). Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, holds the largest natural gas reserves on the continent, and was the world’s fourth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2015.1 Nigeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971, more than a decade after oil production began in the oil-rich Bayelsa State in the 1950s.2 Although Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa, production is affected by sporadic supply disruptions, which have resulted in unplanned outages of up to 500,000 barrels per day (b/d). Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Source: U.S. Department of State 1 Nigeria’s oil and natural gas industry is primarily located in the southern Niger Delta area, where it has been a source of conflict. Local groups seeking a share of the wealth often attack the oil infrastructure, forcing companies to declare force majeure on oil shipments (a legal clause that allows a party to not satisfy contractual agreements because of circumstances beyond their control). At the same time, oil theft leads to pipeline damage that is often severe, causing loss of production, pollution, and forcing companies to shut in production. -
Middle East Oil Pricing Systems in Flux Introduction
May 2021: ISSUE 128 MIDDLE EAST OIL PRICING SYSTEMS IN FLUX INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 THE GULF/ASIA BENCHMARKS: SETTING THE SCENE...................................................................................................... 5 Adi Imsirovic THE SHIFT IN CRUDE AND PRODUCT FLOWS ..................................................................................................................... 8 Reid l'Anson and Kevin Wright THE DUBAI BENCHMARK: EVOLUTION AND RESILIENCE ............................................................................................... 12 Dave Ernsberger MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA OIL PRICING—BENCHMARKS AND TRADING OPPORTUNITIES......................................... 15 Paul Young THE PROSPECTS OF MURBAN AS A BENCHMARK .......................................................................................................... 18 Michael Wittner IFAD: A LURCHING START IN A SANDY ROAD .................................................................................................................. 22 Jorge Montepeque THE SECOND SPLIT: BASRAH MEDIUM AND THE CHALLENGE OF IRAQI CRUDE QUALITY...................................... 29 Ahmed Mehdi CHINA’S SHANGHAI INE CRUDE FUTURES: HAPPY ACCIDENT VERSUS OVERDESIGN ............................................. 33 Tom Reed FUJAIRAH’S RISE TO PROMINENCE .................................................................................................................................. -
America's Energy Corridor Year Event 1868 Louisiana's First Well, an Exploratory Well Near Bayou Choupique, Hackberry, LA Was a Dry Hole
AAmmeerriiccaa’’ss EEnneerrggyy CCoorrrriiddoorr LOUISIANA Serving the Nation’s Energy Needs LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SECRETARY SCOTT A. ANGELLE A state agency report on the economic impacts of the network of energy facilities and energy supply of America’s Wetland. www.dnr.state.la.us America’s Energy Corridor LOUISIANA Serving the Nation’s Energy Needs Prepared by: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Office of the Secretary, Scott A. Angelle Technology Assessment Division T. Michael French, P.E., Director William J. Delmar, Jr., P.E., Assistant Director Paul R. Sprehe, Energy Economist (Primary Author) Acknowledgements: The following individuals and groups have contributed to the research and compilation of this report. Collaborators in this project are experts in their field of work and are greatly appreciated for their time and assistance. State Library of Louisiana, Research Librarians U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Richard Furiga (Ret.) Dave Johnson Ann Rochon Nabil Shourbaji Robert Meyers New Orleans Region Office Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) Louisiana Offshore Terminal Authority (LOTA) La. Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, Dr. Karolien Debusschere ChevronTexaco and Sabine Pipeline, LLC Port Fourchon Executive Director Ted Falgout Louisiana I Coalition Executive Director Roy Martin Booklet preparation: DNR Public Information Director Phyllis F. Darensbourg Public Information Assistant Charity Glaser For copies of this report, contact the DNR Public Information Office at 225-342-0556 or email request to [email protected]. -i- CONTENTS America’s Energy Corridor LOUISIANA Serving the Nation’s Energy Needs……………………………………………... i Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii Fact Sheet…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. -
Ice Crude Oil
ICE CRUDE OIL Intercontinental Exchange® (ICE®) became a center for global petroleum risk management and trading with its acquisition of the International Petroleum Exchange® (IPE®) in June 2001, which is today known as ICE Futures Europe®. IPE was established in 1980 in response to the immense volatility that resulted from the oil price shocks of the 1970s. As IPE’s short-term physical markets evolved and the need to hedge emerged, the exchange offered its first contract, Gas Oil futures. In June 1988, the exchange successfully launched the Brent Crude futures contract. Today, ICE’s FSA-regulated energy futures exchange conducts nearly half the world’s trade in crude oil futures. Along with the benchmark Brent crude oil, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil and gasoil futures contracts, ICE Futures Europe also offers a full range of futures and options contracts on emissions, U.K. natural gas, U.K power and coal. THE BRENT CRUDE MARKET Brent has served as a leading global benchmark for Atlantic Oseberg-Ekofisk family of North Sea crude oils, each of which Basin crude oils in general, and low-sulfur (“sweet”) crude has a separate delivery point. Many of the crude oils traded oils in particular, since the commercialization of the U.K. and as a basis to Brent actually are traded as a basis to Dated Norwegian sectors of the North Sea in the 1970s. These crude Brent, a cargo loading within the next 10-21 days (23 days on oils include most grades produced from Nigeria and Angola, a Friday). In a circular turn, the active cash swap market for as well as U.S. -
The Impact of the U.S Fracking Boom on the Price of Oil and on Arab Oil Producers
The Impact of the U.S Fracking Boom on the Price of Oil and on Arab Oil Producers Lutz Kilian University of Michigan CEPR Background ● Shale oil production became possible because of technological innovation (horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing (fracking), microseismic imaging). ● The rapid expansion of U.S. shale oil production was stimulated by the high price of conventional crude oil after 2003, which made this new technology competitive. ● Since then efficiency gains in shale oil production have lowered its cost, allowing continued production at much lower oil prices. ● Because the price of oil has remained low since 2015, shale oil producers are experiencing increased operating losses and financial stress. The Role of Refineries ● Crude oil is being consumed by refineries that turn crude oil into refined products such as gasoline, diesel, heating oil, jet fuel and heavy fuel oil. ● Not all refineries are alike. Their technical configuration determines which type of crude oil they can process. ● Changing an existing configuration is costly. The Refining Industry in Transition A few years ago, the global refining industry expected a growing shortage of light sweet crude oil worldwide: 1. Refiners along the Texas Gulf Coast invested in new technology that allowed them to become the world leader in processing heavier crudes. This allowed them to process lower priced crudes imported from Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Mexico. 2. Refiners along the East Coast began to shut down existing refineries for light sweet crude oil in anticipation of a growing shortage of light sweet crude oil. The Glut That No One Saw Coming After 2010 shale oil was shipped in ever increasing quantities from the interior of the country to the U.S. -
Sierra Leone, the Under-Explored Conjugate
SPECIAL TOPIC: RESERVOIR MONITORING Sierra Leone, the under-explored conjugate Ben Sayers1, David Contreras1 and Ahmed Tejan Bah2 give an overview on the oil and gas prospectivity of Sierra Leone. Introduction 2200 km margin only 20 wells have been drilled in water depths Sierra Leone is a West African country situated between the greater than 500 m. Using the analogy from equatorial African Republic of Guinea and the Republic of Liberia. The country has discoveries, it appears that the highest potential may be in the approximately 8 million people who speak the national language of deep waters on the slope and continental rise of the Brazilian English, although many local dialects derived from a tribal past are margin.’ (GeoExpro, 2011) still spoken. The country has a dense tropical rainforest and wet- Fast-forwarding to 2021, we are now looking for the dis- land environment making it a host to a great diversity of flora and coveries along the northern South American coastline to see fauna, as well as sandy white beaches. The country was originally where the highest potential could lie in West Africa. Sierra named Serra Leoa, which is Portuguese for ‘Lioness Mountains’, Leone, which has more than 400 km of Atlantic coastline can referring to the Lion Mountains near the capital of Freetown. be tectonically-reconstructed back to fit with the Guyana Basin. Following a study in 2016, about 12% of the population of Sierra Obviously, the exploration success in that region has led to truly Leone had access to electricity, of that 12%, 10% was in the capital world class oil discoveries (9 Bbbls at the date of publication, Freetown, from the remaining 90% of the country, which equates but with ever-growing satellite discoveries could be as large as to 7.2 million people, only 2% have access to grid-fed electricity 15 Bbbls), which should be waiting in their eastern twin in Africa. -
The Niger Delta: Defusing the Time Bomb by Jean Balouga*
8 | First Quarter 2009 The Niger Delta: Defusing The Time Bomb By Jean Balouga* Introduction Nigeria is the largest petroleum producer in Africa and the sixth largest producer of sweet crude oil among OPEC member countries. Nigeria is the most populated African country and its size, together with its oil and gas wealth, provides it with both political and economic clout. The advantages of location and the quality of Nigeria’s crudes usually yield price premia. Since Nigeria is at some distance from the Middle East, both geographically and politically, the wars and conflicts there which have caused oil supply interruptions in the past decades have had no impact on its production. Oil is central to the development of Nigeria and constitutes the backbone of the economy. In the early 1990’s petroleum production accounted for 25% of GDP, oil exports accounted for over 95% of its total export earnings, and about 75% of government revenue. Petroleum production in fact provides the only immediate hope for the development of the rest of the economy. And while the oil industry received much attention from successive Nigerian governments, and foreign oil companies received the necessary incentives to ensure their continued presence, the land from where the oil was (and still is) prospected and exploited and her people were neglected by successive governments (Khan, 1994:1) and so with reckless abandon. The Niger Delta region is Nigeria’s largest wetland, and the third largest wetland in the world. With a steadily growing population now put at over 40 million people as of 2006, it accounts for more than 23% of Nigeria’s total population of over 140 million (National Population Commission, 2006). -
Asia Crude Project Please Note That All Pages in This Project Are Subject to Minor Changes Prior to Implementation
Asia Crude Project Please note that all pages in this project are subject to minor changes prior to implementation New/Moved Pages: PPA/PGA2601 Intraday Crude & Products Indications PPA/PGA2603 Intraday Product and Crack Indications 2200 Asia and Middle East Crude Page Index 2201 Intraday Brent/Dubai Cash Indications 2205 Asian Crude Indexes 2206 Asian Crude Indexes at London Close 2210 Asia and Mideast Key Crude Benchmarks 2211 Asia and Mideast Key Benchmark Monthly Averages 2212 Asia Pacific Condensates Sing Close 2213 Asia Pacific Condensates London Close 2214 Asia Pacific Light Crudes Sing Close 2215 Asia Pacific Light Crudes London Close 2216 Asia Pacific Medium Crudes Sing Close 2217 Asia Pacific Medium Crudes London Close 2218 Asia Pacific Heavy Crudes Sing Close 2219 Asia Pacific Heavy Crudes London Close 2220 Middle East Sour Crude Assessments 2221 Middle East Sour Crude Monthly Averages 2222 UAE Crude Assessments 2223 UAE Monthly Averages 2224 Bahrain Crude Assessments 2225 Bahrain Monthly Averages 2226 Iran Crude Assessments 2227 Iran Monthly Averages 2228 Iraq Crude Assessments 2229 Iraq Monthly Averages 2230 Oman Crude Assessments 2231 Oman Monthly Averages 2232 Qatar Crude Assessments 2233 Qatar Monthly Averages 2234 Syria Crude Assessments 2235 Syria Monthly Averages 2240 Australia Crude Assessments 2241 Australia Crude Monthly Averages 2244 Indonesia Crude Assessments 2245 Indonesia Crude Monthly Averages 2246 Malaysia Crude Assessments 2247 Malaysia Crude Monthly Averages 2248 New Guinea Crude Assessments 2249 New Guinea -
UNDERSTANDING CRUDE OIL and PRODUCT MARKETS Table of Contents
UNDERSTANDING CRUDE OIL and PRODUCT MARKETS Table of Contents PREVIEW Overview ...................................................................................4 Crude Oil Supply ......................................................................10 Crude Oil Demand....................................................................17 International Crude Oil Markets ................................................26 Financial Markets and Crude Oil Prices ....................................31 Summary .................................................................................35 Glossary ..................................................................................36 References ..............................................................................39 Understanding Crude Oil and Product Markets 4 Overview The Changing Landscape of North American Oil Markets U.S. and Canadian Oil Production (million barrels per day) After decades of decline, crude oil production in the United States has recently been increasing rapidly1. Horizontal drilling and multi- stage hydraulic fracturing are now utilized to access oil and natural gas resources from shale rock formations that were previously either technically impossible or uneconomic to produce. Production 11.0 from the oil sands in Western Canada has also risen significantly. In 7.5 aggregate, production in North America has grown from 7.5 million 2013 2008 barrels per day in 2008 to 11.0 million barrels per day in 2013, an increase of over 45% in a five year period (see Figure -
Oil & Gas Journal
MAR. 4, 2019 | USD 15 International Petroleum News and Technology | www.ogj.com CAPITAL SPENDING UPDATE US OLEFINS UKRAINE OFFERS NEW PSAS IEA UPDATES EOR PROJECTS, OUTPUT IMPROVING NAPHTHA CRACKING MARCELLUS-UTICA OPTIONS 190304OGJc1-c5.indd 1 2/26/19 3:08 PM Oilwell Supply North Sea Cables Norge AS Texas Mill Supply United Distribution Capital Valves National Supply Wallace Company Machine Tools Supply Bovaird Supply MacLean Electrical Union Supply Wilson Supply Midco Odessa Pumps & Equipment Republic Supply Continental EMSCO Highland Pump & Supply Colorado Valve & Controls DOSCO/TS&M Van Leeuwen USA Texas Oil Works CE Franklin HOMCO Supply Mannesmann International Alloys Power Service Inc. OAASIS Group Rye Supply Tyler Dawson Energy Delivered.™ Dupré Supply Challenger Industries, Inc. Since 1862, a diverse legacy of quality companies has gathered strength and now Mid-Valley Supply S&D Supply stands as the single global source for energy industry products, market-focused applications Mid-Continent Supply and total supply chain solutions. DNOW has the unmatched scope and scale to never stop delivering value so clients can accelerate their businesses and surpass their goals. DISTRIBUTIONNOW.COM © 2019 DistributionNOW. All rights reserved. DistNow_OGJ_190304 1 2/18/19 10:50 AM 190304OGJc1-c5.indd 2 2/26/19 3:09 PM CONTENTS Mar. 4, 2019 Volume 117.3 GENERAL INTEREST SPECIAL REPORT CAPITAL SPENDING UPDATE IEA: Crude oil quality matters amid lower supply Growth of US upstream 26 spending to decelerate in 2019 Conglin Xu Queensland’s CSG-LNG -
West African Crude Assessments
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS West African crude assessments WWW.OIL.PLATTS.COM West African crude assessments: Frequently Asked Questions WHY IS PLATTS ASSESSING NEW WEST AFRICAN Usan is a medium sweet grade with a current production rate of CRUDE GRADES? around 110,000 b/d. It is produced offshore Nigeria from the Usan West Africa is a significant producer of crude oil and oil from this FPSO, which has a capacity of 180,000 b/d. region is exported all over the world. This, in part, demonstrates the global importance of this region in the international oil markets. GHANA: JUBILEE Jubilee is a sweet crude and currently has a production of around Platts is constantly looking to expand its coverage across relevant 100,000 b/d. Itis produced and loaded from the Kwame Nkrumah FPSO. sectors, and these new assessments provide extensive coverage of different crude oil grades produced in the region and reinforce Platts’ CHAD: DOBA commitment to providing greater market understanding, real time Doba is a heavy sweet acidic crude oil grade produced primarily in the news and analysis and more insightful and relevant information to its south of the country. Its production is currently around 100,000 b/d, subscribers. loaded from the Kome-Kribi terminal offshore Cameroon. WHAT NEW GRADES HAVE PLATTS BEGUN TO ASSESS? WHAT SPECIFICATIONS AND PHYSICAL LOGISTICS Platts started publishing daily assessments for four new West African DEFINE THESE NEW ASSESSMENTS? crudes from August 3, 2015. These new assessments complement Much of West Africa’s oil production is of a very high quality; light Platts’ previous coverage of 17 West African crudes, with eight and sweet in characteristic, with a high yield of middle distillates and from Nigeria, eight from Angola and one grade produced from the light-end products. -
Consequences of a Heavier and Sourer Barrel David Wood of David (Towards Lower Quality) and the Average Gulf of Mexico
63559_PetRev_pp30_32 08/03/2007 12:11 Page 30 R EFINING Oil Consequences of a heavier and sourer barrel David Wood of David (towards lower quality) and the average Gulf of Mexico. The market is continuing product barrel required by the market is to demonstrate its reluctance to buy Wood & Associates looks moving to the right (higher quality). Not heavier crudes by the increase in price only is this impacting refining costs and differentials between heavy-sour and the requirements for modern refineries light-sweet grades. For example, the at the impact of more to invest in deep conversion tech- average discount of Arab Heavy crude to nologies to remain competitive, it is also spot WTI almost doubled from $6.22 to heavy and sour crudes leading to a widening differential $11.77 between the periods 2000 to between light sweet crude grades and 2003 and 2004 to mid-2006. coming to the market, heavy sour crude grades. Synthetic crude oil derived by extensive and costly upgrading of tar including the emergence Heavier, sourer crudes are worth sands and bitumen deposits (eg Canada’s less Athabasca and Venezuela’s extra-heavy of a Middle East sour Several Opec members (eg Venezuela, crude (10° API) trade at even larger Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Kuwait) rich discounts to light-sweet crudes because crude futures market. in heavy-sour crude (eg Bachaquero BCF of high refining costs. Table 1 outlines 17 blend from Venezuela with 16.3° API the remaining fossil fuel reserves and he average quality of crude oil and 2.35% sulphur) are finding it their associated carbon contents.