Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate material in sourcenotes and footnotes.

Abegglen, James, 151n American system, 116 Abramsky, Chmien, 339n Amin, Samir, 437n Abu-Lughod, Janet, 460n Amos (prophet), 53 Adalah (justice), 100 Amsden, Alice H., 556n, 559n, 561n, 565n, 568n Adams, William James, 191n, 197n Amuzegar, Jahangir, 501n, 503n, 506n Adelman, Irma, 555n Anabaptists, 93 Adshead, S. A. M., 580n Analects (Confucius), 420, 421 Afghanistan, 3Ð4, 99, 278, 504, 506n, 507, 509, 580 Anarchism, 62Ð63 Agell, Susanne Ackum, 214n Andreano, Ralph, 502n Aggarwal, Rajesh K., 104n, 501n Andropov, Yuri, 323n, 368n, 370n Aggarwal, Vandana, 466n, 469n Anglo-American corporate form, 126 Aghnides, Nichalas P., 101n Anglo-Saxon economic model, 577 Agriculture Angresano, James, 204n, 205n Former Soviet Union (FSU), 273Ð276, 281, 287, Ansari, Mohammed I., 474n 320Ð333 Antall, József, 375–376 Hungary, 364, 366, 379Ð380 Anthony, Douglas, 147n India, 453, 464, 474 Anti-Manchesterian socialism, 371Ð372 Iran, 492, 495, 499, 503Ð504 Antithesis, 56 Mexico, 516Ð517, 519Ð525, 536 Antitrust policy, 31, 41n, 121Ð122, 128 North Korea, 550, 552, 554, 565Ð567 Anwar, Muhammed, 103n, 104n People’s Republic of China (PRC), 418, 422, Aoki, Masahiko, 127n, 157, 157n 425Ð428, 431Ð432 Appleby, E. Scott, 456n Poland, 340, 343, 346Ð347, 352Ð355, 364 Appleby, R. S., 93n, 107n, 502n South Korea, 556, 565Ð567 Appropriate technology, 91 Taiwan, 443 Aquinas, Thomas, 92 Yugoslavia, 393, 397 Arbitrage, 289 Agrokomerc Affair (1987), 399n Ardaland, Cyrus, 395n Ahluwalia, Montek S., 473n, 475n Arestis, Philip, 219n Ahmad, K., 101n Argenson, Marquis d’, 179, 182 Ahmed, Akbar, 97n Argentina, 538Ð539 Ahmed, Ehsan, 76n, 585n Argonauts of the Western Pacific Akaev, Asker, 326 (Malinowski), 85Ð86 Akamatsu, Kaname, 167n Aristotle, 92 Akbar, 459 Armenia, 266, 306, 317Ð319, 323, 325, 327Ð328. See Akerlof, George, 39, 39n, 247n also Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Albania, 65n, 394 Union (FSU) Albert, Michael, 69n Aronsson, Thomas, 217n Albert, Michel, 232n Arrow, Kenneth J., 26n, 27, 27n Alcott, Bronson, 55 Arthur Andersen, 136 Alemán, Miguel, 521, 530 Artificial market, 67 Alexander, G. S., 341n Asea Brown Boveri, 207, 222n Alexander, King of Serbia, 396 Asian financial crisis (1997), 167, 474–475, 545, 555, Alexander II, 62, 267n, 287, 339n 562, 579, 582 Alexander the Great, 394, 459, 490 Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APEC), 173, 581 Alexeev, Michael, 306n Asiatic mode of production, 86n, 423 Ali, Ausaf, 105n Asoka, 457, 459 Alienation, 58Ð59 Aspe, Pedro, 529n, 530n, 531n, 532n, 535n Ali (son-in-law of Muhammed), 96, 488 Asymmetric information, 39Ð40, 104, 333 Allocation mechanisms, 6Ð7 Atack, Jeremy, 118n Al Qaeda movement, 97n, 487n, 509, 582 Ataturk, Kemal, 491 Altepetalli, 523 Atkinson, Anthony B., 344n, 373n, 374n Amakudari (descend from heaven), 158Ð159 AT&T, 30, 121, 128, 129 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 41 Audi, 382 618 Index

Aujac, Henri, 191n Belka, Marek, 353n Austria, 208Ð209, 375Ð376 Bell, Alexander Graham, 121 Austrian School, 11Ð12, 38, 49Ð50, 67, 184 Bell Laboratories, 30 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 365Ð367 Benedict, Ruth, 146n Autarky, 309Ð314, 396 Benz, Otto, 235 Autogestion, 194 Berend, Ivan T., 340n, 366n Auxiliary household plots, 275Ð276 Berentsen, William H., 255n Azerbaijan, 266, 306, 311, 313Ð314, 318Ð320. See also Berghahn, V. R., 240n, 241n, 244n Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Bergstrom, Villy, 216n Berle, Adolph, 126, 126n Babeuf, François “Gracchus,” 54, 54n, 57 Bernanke, Ben, 123n Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, 463n Bernstein, Eduard, 60, 279n Bager-Sjögren, Lars, 218n Berry, Albert, 584n Bailey, Debra, 381n Beryaev, Nicolai, 269n Bakunin, Michael, 62 Besant, Annie, 479n Balassa, Bela, 161n, 162n Bhagavad Gita, 456 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 337Ð339, 338n, 348Ð353 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; India), 90, 454 Balcerowicz Plan (Poland), 337 Bhutto, Benazir, 508 Balkan Wars (1912Ð1913), 394 Big Bang economic reform Balladur, Éduard, 180, 187 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 286, 288Ð290, 294 Balling, Robert C., Jr., 585n Germany, 239Ð242, 250Ð251, 257Ð258 Baltic republics, 284, 301, 307Ð312, 318, 320, 323, Japan, 167 327Ð328, 330Ð331. See also Former Soviet Poland, 251, 288, 337Ð339, 348Ð355 republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Bihar, 478Ð479 Banaian, King, 332n Bildt, Carl, 205 Bangladesh, 462, 468n, 508 Biles, James J., 525n Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, 492Ð493, 496 Bina, Cyrus, 493n, 497n, 499n Banyad, 496Ð497, 507, 510 Bismarck, Otto von, 56, 231Ð232, 232n, 234Ð235 Baran, Paul A., 128n Black, Stanley W., 257n Barber, Bernard, 85n Black market, 276 Barbezat, Daniel, 196n Black Plague, 339 Bardhan, Pranab, 68n Blair, Clay, 549n Barkin, David, 524n, 530n Blanchard, Olivier, 369n, 585n Barone, Enrico, 66Ð68 Blau, Francine D., 136n Barter exchange, Former Soviet Union (FSU), 268, Blaut, James M., 460n 275Ð276, 291Ð292, 294 Blinder, Alan S., 584n Bartlett, David L., 319n Block, Walter, 91n Bartra, Roger, 517n Blum, Léon, 182–183, 185, 191 Barzini, Luigi, 197, 197n Boettke, Peter J., 10n, 69n BASF, 239n Bogdanowicz-Bindert, Christine A., 353n Basic Organizations of Associated Labor Bogetid, Zeljko, 398n (BOALs), 401, 402n Bogomolova, T. Iu., 292n Baumol, William, 584n Bokare, M. G., 480 Bayer, 239n Bokros, Lajos, 375Ð377, 380 Bayoumi, Tamim, 166n Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 3n, 9Ð10, 14, 62Ð63, Bechtel, 474 266, 269n, 308Ð309 Beckenstein, M. Alan, 32n Bolsheviks, 61 Becker, Charles M., 478n Boltho, Andrea, 251n Beed, Cara, 92n Bonapartist populist corporatism, 516Ð517 Beed, Clive, 92n Bonin, John P., 398n Behdad, Sohrab, 490n, 503n, 504n Borchardt, Knut, 236n, 238n, 239n Behrens, William III, 585n Borenstein, Severin, 129n Belarus, 266, 301Ð302, 305, 312, 313, 316, 318Ð320, Bornstein, Morris, 9n, 15n, 15Ð17, 67n, 399n, 578n 323, 324, 328, 330, 332. See also Former Soviet Bose, Atindranath, 464n republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Bosnia-Herzegovina, 389, 391n, 392, 407Ð409 Index 619

Bosworth, B. P., 213n, 221n Calmfors, L., 208n Botswana, 583 Calvinism, 93 Bourgeoisie, 57 Cambodia (Kampuchea), 66 Bowles, Paul, 433n Camp, Roderic A., 530n Bowles, Samuel, 398n Campbell, A. L., 69n Boycko, M., 289n Campbell, R., 490n Boyd, Robert, 6n Capital (Marx), 400 Boyer, Joseph, 585n Capitalism. See Laissez-faire market capitalism; Brada, Joseph C., 342n, 347n Market capitalism Braithwaite, J., 381n Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman), 14 Brandt, Loren, 435n Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Braudel, Fernand, 179n (Schumpeter), 30 Braun, Warren L., 74n Capitalist roader, 428 Brazil, 538 Carchedi, Guglielmo, 59n Bretton Woods conference (1914), 117, Cárdenas, Lázáro, 516, 521n, 521–524, 527, 530 124Ð125, 277n Carlin, Wendy, 251n, 254n Brezhnev, Leonid, 282, 323n Carnegie, Andrew, 122 Bribery, 49 Carré, J. J., 197n Brigades, 418 Cartelization, 237 British Petroleum, 491, 578 Carter, Bernard, 396n, 404n British Raj, 453, 456Ð459, 461Ð465 Carter, Jimmy, 125, 129, 492 British Telecom, 578 Cashdan, E., 6n Britoil, 578 Casimir (Kazimierz) the Great, 339 Bronfenbrenner, Martin, 164n, 165n Caste system, India, 6Ð7, 453, 455Ð457, 467, 480 Brook Farm (Massachusetts), 55 Castro, Fidel, 11, 521n, 538 Brown, Annette N., 76n, 79n Catherine the Great, 267n, 287 Brown, Naomi, 147n Caves, Richard, 156n Broz, Josip (Tito), 64, 72, 389Ð390, 392Ð394, Cecchini Report (1988), 190 396Ð397, 397n, 401 Central Asia, 308Ð309, 312Ð314, 318Ð323, 325, 326, Brun, Ellen, 548n, 552n 332, 580. See also Former Soviet republics; Former Brundenius, Claes, 18n Soviet Union (FSU) Bryan, William Jennings, 94 Central banks Bubble economy, 167Ð169 European Central Bank (ECB), 199, 233, 250Ð251 Buchanan, James, 39n Former Soviet Union (FSU), 289, 292, 313Ð317 Buddhism, 455Ð457, 546 France, 187n Buddhist economics, 87Ð89, 148n, 170Ð171, 420Ð421 Germany, 231Ð234, 239, 250Ð251, 256Ð257 Buddhist socialism, 88Ð89 Hungary, 370Ð371 Bukharin, Nikolai, 268Ð269, 269n Iran, 500Ð501, 506Ð507 Bulgaria, 394 Japan, 163 Bundesbank, 231Ð234, 239, 250Ð251, 256Ð257 Sweden, 207, 219Ð220 Burkett, John P., 399n United States, 47Ð48, 116Ð117, 119Ð120, 122, Burkett, Paul, 149n, 151n, 167n 125, 128 Burma (Myanmar), 88, 457 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 20n, 99, Burtless, Gary, 217n 245n, 491 Bush, George W., 31, 48n, 124n, 137, 173, 532n, 571 Centralized wage bargaining, 204 Bushido code, 148 Chaebol, 31Ð32, 545, 555Ð562 Business unionism, 41. See also Labor-management Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 127, 127n relations Chantladze, David, 328n Byrd, William A., 469n Chapra, M. Umer, 85n, 101, 101n, 107, 107n, Byron, William R., 179n 109Ð110, 109n Byung Chul Koh, 550n Charlemagne, 234, 391 Chaudhuri, K.-N., 460n Cable and Wireless, 578 Chechini, P., 190n Cain, Louis P., 118n Chechnya, 290, 294Ð295, 318. See also Former Caliphs, 96, 488 Soviet republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) 620 Index

Chen, Hongyi, 435n Collective consumption goods (public goods), 36Ð39 Chenggang Xu, 433n Columbus, Christopher, 54, 536 Chen Yun, 426n Cominform, 397 Chernobyl disaster (1986), 284, 419 Comintern, 397n, 425 Chiang Kai-Shek, 424Ð425, 443, 444 Command capitalism, 8Ð9, 237 Chicago School, 48Ð49 Command socialism, 8Ð9, 203Ð204. See also Former Childs, Marquis W., 203n Soviet Union (FSU); Poland Chile, 531, 538 allocation mechanisms, 7 Chilosi, Alberto, 371n central planning, 69Ð71, 268Ð285 China. See People’s Republic of China (PRC); Taiwan East Germany, 242Ð244 (Republic of China) environmental problems, 35 Chingiss (Genghis) Khan, 459 examples, 18Ð19 Chirac, Jacques, 180n, 181, 181n, 187, 189, 191, 192 Commercial crises (recessions), 59 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 585–587 Commerzbank, 232n Chongyi, F., 435n, 436n Commission Général du Plan (CGP; France), Choudhury, Masadul Alam, 101n 185Ð187, 190, 195 Christian economics, 60, 92Ð94 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 196 Christofferson, Gaye, 580n Commons, John R., 8n Chun Doo-hwan, 558, 561Ð562 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 301. Chung, Joseph San-hoon, 552n, 553n See also Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Cin, Beom-Cheol, 411, 411n Union (FSU) CIS customs union, 301Ð302 Communal ejido farms, 523Ð524 Civil rights movement, 467 Communes, 418 Civil War (1861Ð1865), 115Ð116, 119, 120Ð121 Communism, 12, 14, 54n Clarification of Questions, A (Khomeini), 489 in Former Soviet Union (FSU), 265, 268Ð270, Clark, Colin, 462n 281Ð282, 286Ð287 Classical School, 44Ð49 in France, 180, 183, 185, 189 Classical socialism, 4Ð5 in Germany, 242Ð244 Classifying economies, 5Ð15 in Hungary, 367Ð371, 378 allocation mechanisms, 6Ð7 in North Korea, 543Ð544, 547Ð555 forms of ownership, 7Ð9 in People’s Republic of China (PRC), 417, 419, incentive types, 10Ð11 424Ð440 income redistribution, 11Ð13 in Poland, 337Ð338, 341Ð347 politics and ideology, 13Ð15 War Communism (1917Ð1921), 9Ð10, 268 role of planning, 9Ð10 in Yugoslavia, 396Ð397, 401, 403 social safety nets, 12Ð13 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 7Ð8, 53Ð57 Clay, Lucius, 243n Competition, 25 Clayton Act (1914), 31, 41n Complete, 25 Clement V, Pope, 92n Composite Organizations of Associated Labor Clifford, Mark L., 545n (COALs), 401 Clinton, Bill, 125, 133Ð134, 171Ð172 Comte, Auguste, 54n Clive, Robert, 461 Concentration, industrial, 31Ð32 Clovis, 181 Concentration camps, 339n, 396Ð397 Club of Rome, 585 Concertation, 183Ð184, 186, 188, 189, 559 Coase, Ronald H., 8n, 34, 34n, 127, 127n, 129 Concerted Action (Globalsteureung), 241Ð242 Coase Theorem, 34Ð35, 49 Concerted economy, 184 Coca-Cola, 173, 474 Conflict corporatism, 209 Cockshott, Paul, 69n Confucian economics, 89Ð90, 148, 152n, 418, Codetermination (Mitbestimmung), 232, 241Ð242 420Ð421, 424, 445, 555Ð556, 565 Cohen, Stephen S., 188n Confucianism, 4, 545Ð546 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 182, 182n, 191 Confucius, 89, 420, 422 Colbertisme, 182, 199 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 41 Cold War, 124, 231Ð232, 238, 250, 257, 278, 548 Congress Party (India), 454, 468Ð471 Cole, J. R. I., 487n Consensus corporatism, 209 Coleman, James S., 86n Consumers’ sovereignty, 9 Index 621

Consumer’s surplus, 29 Prague Spring (1968), 282, 369 Contestable markets, 31 voucher scheme, 331 Cook, Edward C., 323n Czech Republic. See also Czechoslovakia Cook, Phillip J., 126n foreign direct investment, 354 Coolidge, Calvin, 115n inflation rate, 350 Cooperative economy, 72Ð74 macroeconomic policy, 349Ð351 Cooperatives, 73Ð74, 286 privatization, 351 Core competencies, 127 transition economics, 351 Cornelisse, Peter A., 104n, 508n unemployment rate, 349Ð351 Corporate states, 159n, 208, 237 Czekaj, Jan, 353n Corporations development of concept, 120, 126 Dabashi, Hamid, 489n France, 191Ð193 Dae-Sook Suh, 547n Japan, 127, 127n, 154Ð160 Daewoo, 561Ð562 United States, 116, 120Ð122, 125Ð130, 136 Dalai Lama, 88n Corporatism, 42, 194 Dalmatia, 392 Mexico, 516Ð517 Daniel, Krystyna, 341n Slovenia, 412 d’Arcy oil concession, 491 Sweden, 204, 208Ð212, 219 Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 126Ð127 Corporatist incomes policy, 517 Das, Dilip K., 557n, 568n Cortés, Hernando, 518–519, 522–523 Dasgupta, Ajit K., 467 Costa Rica, 538 Dasgupta, Partha, 86n, 476n Cost disease of the public sector, 584 Dassault Aircraft, 191 Cottam, Richard W., 487n Daviddi, Renzo, 309n Cottrell, Allin, 69n Dayton Peace Accord (1995), 392, 407 Council of Guardians (Iran), 493 de Bary, William Theodore, 420n Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA; Debreu, Gérard, 27 Comecon), 233Ð234, 244, 252Ð254, 277Ð279, 285, Debt. See Net foreign debt 293, 294, 317, 330, 349, 356, 364, 369Ð370, 376, Debt-for-nature swap, 538 378, 379, 381Ð383, 401, 551, 581 Debt peonage, 519 Cowling, Keith, 166n Dedijer, Vladimir, 397n Craig, Ben, 74, 74n Délégation a l’Aménagement du Territoire et a Cravey, Altha J., 531n l’Action Régionale (DATAR; France), 186, 187, Creative destruction, 25 190, 195, 196 Crédit Agricole, 193 De Long, J. Bradford, 583n Crédit Lyonnais, 192n, 193 Delors, Jacques, 198n Crimean War, 267 de Melo, Martha, 290n, 318n, 321n Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx), 12, 58 Deming, W. Edwards, 157n Croatia, 391n, 391Ð392, 408 Deng Xiaoping, 65n, 418, 425n, 426n, 428Ð440 Cromwell, Oliver, 577 Denizer, Cedvet, 321n Crony capitalism, 90 Denmark, 199, 222, 223 Crook, Frederick W., 432n, 440n Depression cartels, 159 Csaba, László, 376n Destalinization, 280Ð282 Csáki, Csaba, 23n Deutsche Bank, 232n Cuba, 4Ð5, 11, 277, 280, 538 Devine, Pat, 69n Cult of Personality, 550 Dialectic, Hegelian, 56Ð57 Cultural materialism, 102n Dialectical materialism, 57n Cumings, Bruce, 543n, 546n, 547n, 548n, 549n, 550n Díaz, Porfirio, 518, 520, 530 Currency board, 315, 538Ð539 Dictatorship of the proletariat, 14, 58, 61 Curzon, Lord, 462 Diener, Paul, 102n Curzon Partition, 462, 479 Ding, Lee, 445n Cyrus, 490 Diocletian, 391 Czechoslovakia. See also Czech Republic Direct privatization, 352Ð353 income distribution, 344, 374 Dirigisme, France, 179Ð180, 182, 183, 186, 188 net foreign debt, 357 Djankov, Simeon, 293n 622 Index

Djilas, Milovan, 389n, 397Ð398, 397n, 400n North Korea, 565 Djugeli, Emir, 328n People’s Republic of China (PRC), 417n, 439Ð440, Dobb, Maurice, 68Ð69 445Ð446 Dobroczyfiski, Michat, 356n Poland, 338, 342Ð344 Doheny, Edward L., 525 South Korea, 555Ð560, 565 Domhoff, G. William, 128n Sweden, 224Ð225 Dong, Xiao-yuan, 431n, 433n Taiwan, 442Ð446 Dong Sung Cho, 561n in transforming world, 582Ð585 Donnorummo, B., 412n Yugoslavia, 403Ð405 Dorn, James A., 420n Economic Planning Agency (EPA), 162Ð163 Dornbusch, Rudiger, 528n, 532n L’économie concertée, 184 Dow, Gregory K., 431n Economies of scale, France, 184Ð185 Draper, Theodore, 64n Economist, The, 10 Dresdner Bank, 232n Edgren, Gösta, 209, 209n Drèze, Jean, 476n, 477, 477n, 478n Edin, Pers-Anders, 213n Driffill, J., 208n Edison, Thomas, 121 Dual economy (dualism), 151 Edquist, Charles, 225n Dubois, P., 197n Education Duisenberg, Wim, 197n Japan, 170 Dumbaugh, Kerry, 436n Sweden, 207 Dunlop, John, 305n United States, 117Ð118, 136Ð137 Dunn, Malcolm H., 524n Education spending, 19 Du Pont, Pierre S., 127 Edwards, Michael, 456n Du Pont Company, 128 Edwards, Richard C., 128n Dutch disease, 505n Efficiency Dyboski, R., 339n dynamic, 17, 25 Dynamic efficiency, 17, 25 Pareto optimality, 16, 25Ð27, 49Ð50, 398 Dynasty cycle, People’s Republic of China (PRC), static, 16 422Ð424, 442 EFO Model, 209, 209n, 210, 224 Dynnikova, O. V., 293n Ehrlich, Éva, 363n, 364n, 369n, 374n, 377n, 378n, 379n, 380n, 381n, 382n Earle, John S., 330n Ehrmann, Henry W., 188n Easterlin, Richard A., 138n Eichengreen, Barry, 123n Easterly, William, 508n Einstein, Albert, 235n, 467 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic Ejidos, 516, 518, 520Ð525 (GDR; East Germany) Eke, S., 332n East India Company, 461 Ellman, Michael, 308n, 323n Eberstadt, Nicholas, 544n, 554n, 569n Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 55 Economic and Technological Development Zones Employee ownership, 331 (ETDZs), 435Ð436 Employee stock option plans (ESOPs), 399 Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 313Ð314 Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 5, 73Ð74 Economic freedom, 19 Employment. See Unemployment rate Economic Freedom Index (EFI), 17Ð20, 24n, Enclosure movement, 207 80Ð81, 129n Encomiendas, 519, 522n, 523 Economic growth and development, 18, 24 End of History and the Last Man, The (Fukuyama), 4 amount and kinds of pollution, 35, 37 Energy/environmental crisis, People’s Republic of Former Soviet Union (FSU), 283Ð285, 288, 295, China (PRC), 439Ð440 303Ð305, 311, 316Ð320 Engels, Friedrich, 7Ð8, 23, 53Ð56, 57n, 60Ð62, 66n, Germany, 234, 237, 240, 242, 245, 251Ð252, 258 242Ð244, 400 Hong Kong, 440Ð442, 445Ð446 Engerman, Stanley L., 121n, 133n Hungary, 367Ð368, 370Ð371, 378Ð379 Enron Corporation, 125Ð126, 129Ð130, 136, 474, 480 India, 454, 462, 465Ð477 Ensminger, Jean, 97n Iran, 493Ð496, 498 Enste, Dominik H., 217n, 274n, 585n Japan, 160Ð163, 166Ð168 Enterprise reforms, People’s Republic of China Mexico, 522 (PRC), 418, 433Ð435 Index 623

Enterprise unions, 153Ð154 Exhortive approach, 184 Entessar, Nader, 493n Exploitation, 58Ð59 Environment, 585Ð587. See also Pollution Export Processing Zones (EPZs), 443 Mexico, 533Ð534 Externalities, 32Ð36, 49 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 439Ð440 effects, 33 pollution as externality, 34Ð37 informational, 184Ð185 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 129 negative, 32Ð34 Equilibrium policies to resolve problem, 34Ð36 general, 25 positive, 32, 34 macroeconomic, 46 partial, 25 Fabian socialism, 466 Equity-efficiency trade-off, 12, 49 Fahlbeck, Erik, 431n Equivalences (relative prices), 66 Fairbank, John King, 424n Erdós, Paul, 383n Faisal, King, 106 Erhard, Ludwig, 238Ð239 ibn Faisal, Mohammed, 106Ð107 Ericsson, L. M., 207, 225 Falun Gong religious movement, 442 Erlander, Tage, 210 Familistic groupism, 85, 146Ð150, 154Ð156, 173 Ersson, Svante, 42n Fascist economies, 208 Espa, Efisio, 309n Fatal Conceit, The (Hayek), 54 Esposito, John L., 502n Faulkner, S., 353n Essence of Christianity, The (Feuerbach), 57 Faxén, Karl-Olof, 209, 209n Estonia, 307Ð312, 317, 318, 323, 327. See also Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 128Ð129 Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Union (FSU) 128Ð129 Estrin, Saul, 188n, 189n, 190n, 319n Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany). Ethnic mix See also Germany Former Soviet Union (FSU) before 1989, 302 comparison with East Germany, 245Ð249 Hungary, 363Ð364, 366 costs and outcomes of unification, 249–258 India, 455Ð459 formation, 231Ð232 Yugoslavia, 391Ð397 Wirtschaftswunder, 232, 238Ð241, 257Ð258 Eurasian Economic Community (EEC), 301Ð302 Federal Reserve System, 116Ð117, 122, 125, 128 Eurocrats, 198, 198n Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act (1914), 31 Euro (Euroland), 196, 199, 231, 233 Federation of Serbia and Montenegro, 389, 409 European Central Bank (ECB), 199, 233, 250Ð251 Feige, Edgar L., 217n, 276n, 344n, 383n European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), Ferfila, Bogomil, 410n, 412n 239Ð240 Feshbach, Murray, 284n European Commission, 190, 192Ð193, 196, 198, 198n Feudalism, 6 European Union (EU), 76Ð77, 578, 580Ð581, 583 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 365 Denmark in, 223 Japan, 146Ð149 France in, 181, 186, 189Ð190, 192Ð193, Feuerbach, Ludwig, 57 196Ð200, 222 Finland, 277, 318 Germany in, 233, 240, 256Ð258, 356 First International, 62 Hungary in, 364Ð365, 376, 379, 381, 382 First Pragmatic Phase (Iran, 1985Ð1989), 493Ð494 Poland in, 346, 347, 355Ð358, 381 First Radical Phase (Iran, 1979Ð1981), 493, 496 Slovenia in, 409Ð410 Fiscal federalism, 333 Sweden in, 205, 216, 220, 222Ð223, 225 Fischer, Michael M. J., 510n Eurosclerosis, 240Ð241, 257Ð258 Fischer, Stanley, 79n, 81n, 304n Euro zone, 225, 231 Fishlow, Albert, 121n Evaluating economies, 15Ð21 Fishman, A., 92n Evangelical left, 94 Flanagan, Robert, 213n Evangelical Protestants, 458 Flap, Henk, 247n Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein), 60 Flath, David, 153n Excess capacity theorem, 30 Flemming, John, 344n Exchange rate mechanism (ERM), 181, 220, 231, Fogel, Robert W., 121n 234, 256 Fölster, Stefan, 222n 624 Index

Forces of production, 57 Poland and, 340, 341 Ford, Gerald R., 125 politics, 61Ð62 “Fordist” assembly line production, 116 privatization process, 284Ð285, 289Ð295, 320Ð333 Ford Motor Corporation, 125, 382 religion and religious groups, 306, 308, 324 Foreign direct investment (FDI) retail economy, 273Ð274, 289 Czech Republic, 354 secessionist movements, 301Ð303 Former Soviet republics, 318, 382 Sino-Soviet Split, 425Ð426, 441, 553 Hungary, 354, 364, 381Ð384 taxes, 281, 287, 291 India, 473Ð474 technology development, 286 Poland, 354Ð355, 357 territory and population, 304 Slovenia, 410Ð412 transition away from planned economy, 285Ð295, South Korea, 563Ð564 317Ð333 Taiwan, 443Ð444 unemployment rate, 317 Yugoslavia, 402, 404Ð405 Forslund, Anders, 214n Foreman-Peck, James, 578n Förster, Michael F., 381n Formalists, 85n Fourier, Charles, 54Ð55 Former command socialism, 18Ð19 Fourth International, 63 Former market socialism, 18Ð19 Fox, Vicente, 515Ð518, 520n, 521n, 525, 532n, Former Soviet republics, 301Ð335, 580. See also 535Ð536 Former Soviet Union (FSU) France, 179Ð201 agriculture, 320Ð333 central bank, 187n divergent economic cultures, 305Ð309 Communism, 183, 185, 189 historical background of economy, 303Ð305 concertation, 183Ð184, 186, 188, 189 introduction, 301Ð303 corporations, 191Ð193 legacies of collective autarky, 309Ð314 dirigisme, 179Ð180, 182, 183, 186, 188 monetary disunion, 314Ð317 economies of scale, 184Ð185 privatization, 320Ð333 European Union (EU), 181, 186, 189Ð190, 192Ð193, transition away from planned economy, 317Ð333 196Ð200, 222 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 3, 265Ð335. See also historical background of economy, 181Ð183 Former Soviet republics indicative planning, 179Ð181, 183Ð198 agriculture, 273Ð276, 281, 287, 320Ð333 industrial policy, 182, 190Ð193, 195 barter exchange, 268, 275Ð276, 291Ð292, 294 inflation rate, 189, 189n Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 3n, 9Ð10, 14, 62Ð63, information externalities, 184Ð185 266, 308Ð309 information pooling, 183Ð184 central bank, 289, 292, 313Ð317 international trade, 181, 189Ð190, 192, 196Ð200 collapse of Soviet communism, 3, 265 introduction, 179Ð181 command socialist central planning, 69Ð71, 268Ð285 labor-management relations, 42, 193Ð194 Communism, 265, 268Ð270, 281Ð282, 286Ð287 politics, 183, 191Ð192 economic growth and development, 283Ð285, 288, regional planning, 195Ð196 295, 303Ð305, 311, 316Ð320 revolutionary tradition, 54, 57, 61Ð62, 180, 182 ethnic mix before 1989, 302 technology development, 189, 191, 193 Germany and, 243Ð244, 309 unemployment rate, 194 historical background of economy, 266Ð268 World War II, 180, 191, 196Ð197 Hungary and, 367 Francke, Rend Rahim, 507n income distribution, 306Ð307 Franco-Prussian War (1871), 235 industrial policy, 267Ð272 Franicevi, Vojmir, 408n inflation rate, 289, 314–315 Frank, Andre Gunder, 460n international trade, 276Ð280, 293Ð294, 301Ð303, Frank, Jeff, 185n 309Ð314 Frank, Robert H., 126n, 138, 138n introduction, 265 Frankel, Jeffrey A., 124n, 133n, 559n Iran and, 491 Franklin, Benjamin, 575n macroeconomic policy, 314Ð317 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 389, 397n Manchuria, 548 Franz Josef, Emperor, 520 monetary disunion, 311, 313Ð317 Freeman, Alan, 59n North Korea and, 543, 548, 551, 553, 554 Freeman, Richard B., 42n, 213n, 214n, 217n, 222n Index 625

Free rider problem, 38 Germany, 231Ð261, 318. See also German Freund, Caroline, 293n Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany) Frey, R. Scott, 531n Big Bang economic reform, 239Ð242, 250Ð251, Friedman, Milton, 14, 48, 48n, 49, 123n 257Ð258 Friendly, Alfred, Jr., 284n central bank, 231Ð234, 239, 250Ð251, 256Ð257 Frydman, Roman, 330n comparison of two economies, 245Ð258 Frykenberg, Robert Eric, 455n, 456n, 457n, 463n, 479n costs and outcomes of unification, 249–258 FSU. See Former Soviet Union (FSU) division after World War II, 231Ð232, 238Ð244 Fukuyama, Francis, 3n, 4, 23, 86n, 147n, 148n, 152n, East German command socialist economy, 242Ð244 575, 582 economic growth and development, 234, 237, 240, Fuller, Graham E., 507n 242, 245, 251Ð252, 258 Fuller, Margaret, 55 European Union (EU), 233, 240, 256Ð258, 356 Full information, 25 Former Soviet Union (FSU) and, 243Ð244, 309 Furobotn, Eirik G., 73n, 399n France and, 196Ð197 Fuyo, 150, 155 historical background of economy, 234Ð237 income distribution, 249 Gaddy, Clifford G., 288n inflation rate, 236–237, 248 Gaidar, Yegor, 289, 575, 575n international trade, 233, 235, 239, 256Ð258 Galbraith, James K., 45 introduction, 231Ð234 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 10, 10n, 123n, 468n labor-management relations, 232, 237, 241Ð242 Galbraithian socialism, 372 macroeconomic policy, 238, 248 Gallais, Sylvain, 195n Poland and, 337, 339n, 340, 341n, 354 Gama, Vasco da, 460 pollution, 247Ð248, 252 Gandhi, Indira, 454, 454n, 458, 467Ð470 privatization process, 253Ð255 Gandhi, Mahatma (Mohandas), 90Ð91, 454n, 457, quality of life, 246Ð247 462, 466, 467, 479Ð480 reunification in 1991, 233–234, 249–258 Gandhi, Rajiv, 454, 454n, 469, 471, 472 taxes, 232 Gang, Ira N., 474n technology development, 233, 235Ð236, 244, Gastarbeiters (guest workers), 401 252Ð253, 258 Gaulle, Charles de, 179n, 180n, 183, 185, 189, unemployment rate, 240Ð242, 248, 253 192, 198n welfare policies, 232, 242, 249 Gavrulenkov, Evgeny, 293n West German Wirtschaftswunder, 232, 238Ð241, Gedeon, Shirley J., 371n 257Ð258 Gelb, Alan, 76, 318n, 321n Germany’s fading miracle, 233 Gender equality. See Women Gerschenkron, Alexander, 16n, 562n, 582Ð583 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), Gervasi, Sean, 407n 117, 401, 531, 581 Gharar (avoidance of chance), 102Ð103 General Electric Corporation, 121, 193, 367 Ghaussy, A. G., 247n General equilibrium, 25, 27 al-Ghifari, Abu Dharr, 108 General Motors Corporation, 116, 125, 127, 128, Gierek, Edward, 341Ð342 156Ð157, 222n, 382 Gigantomania, 272 General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money Gilded Age, 122 (Keynes), 45 Gill, Anthony J., 92n Geneticists, 269Ð270, 329Ð330 Gillette, 173 Genovese, Eugene D., 121n Gini coefficient, 20–21, 77–79, 164 Georgia, 266, 301, 306, 314, 317, 318, 323, 325. Gintis, Herbert, 398n See also Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Girnius, S., 327n Union (FSU) Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 187, 189, 192, 196 German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany). Glasnost (openness), 284, 370, 419 See also Germany Glinsky, Dmitri, 294n comparison with West Germany, 245Ð249 Global warming hypothesis, 585Ð587 costs and outcomes of unification, 249–258 Gobelins, 182, 191 development of command socialist economy, Godwin, William, 62 242Ð244 Goetz, Stephan, 325n formation, 231Ð232 Goldin, Claudia, 136n 626 Index

Goldman, Marshall I., 274n, 275n, 353n Haciendas, 519Ð524, 536 Goldstein, Joshua, 584n Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, 502n Gompers, Samuel, 41 Hadith, 95, 97, 98n, 100, 101, 103, 104 Gomulka, Stanislaw, 343n, 344n Hahn, Frank, 27n Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 341 Hahnel, Robin, 69n Gonce, R. A., 93n Halecki, O., 339n Goody, Jack, 453n, 460n, 463n Hallet, A. Hughes, 251n Gorbachev, Mikhail, 48n, 245n, 250n, 267n, Halliday, John, 549n 283Ð285, 287, 289n, 302Ð303, 326n, 363, Halperin, Rhoda, 85n 369, 370, 509Ð510 Halpern, Barbara Kerewsky, 393n Gosplan, 69, 271, 280n, 281 Halpern, Joel M., 393n Goulash communism, 369 Hamilton, Alexander, 119Ð120 Government expenditure, 19 Hamilton, N., 517n, 524n Government regulation and deregulation Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.Ð220 C.E.), 420Ð423, 442 in transition economies, 80Ð81 Hanke, Steve H., 408n United States, 31, 35Ð36, 117, 121Ð123, 125, Hansa League, 320 128Ð130 Han-xin Chen, 436n Gradual transformation, 363Ð364 Harbury, Colin, 578n Grajdanzev, Andrew J., 547n Harding, T. F., 517n, 524n Grand Industrial Policy, 192, 195 Hardt, John P., 302n, 305n Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 55 Harris, Marvin, 102n Granick, David, 429n Harsanyi, John, 383n Grayson, George W., 526n Hartfield, John P., 197n Great Britain Hart-Landsberg, Martin, 149n, 151n, 167n Hong Kong and, 423, 441 Hashimoto, Masanori, 152n, 153n India and, 453, 456Ð465 Hasse, Rolf, 251n Industrial Revolution, 23 Hassig, Ralph C., 568n labor-management relations, 41 Hauser, Karl, 236n, 238n, 239n privatization, 576Ð579 Havrylyshyn, Oleh, 75n, 353n United States colonial period and, 117Ð118 Hayek, Friedrich A., 11Ð14, 38, 38n, 40, 50, 54, 66n, Great Depression, 45, 117, 122Ð123, 219, 236Ð237, 67Ð68, 67n, 69 294, 366 Hayekian monetary trade cycle, 105 Great Leap Forward, 64Ð65, 418, 427, 429, 431 Health, 19 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 11, 14, 64Ð65, Heclo, Hugh, 203n, 206n 418, 428Ð429 Hedlund, Gunnar, 216n Great Schism (1064), 391 Heenan, Patrick, 325n Great Society programs, 124Ð125 Hefley, Dennis, 398n Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 85 Hegel, Georg W. F., 56Ð57 Green Revolution, 521, 523, 524 Hegelian dialectic, 56Ð57 Greenspan, Alan, 135 Hegemonism, 581Ð582 Gregory, Paul, 245n Heilbroner, Robert, 118n Grootaert, C., 381n Heinisch, R., 412n Gros, Daniel, 283n Heinrich, Hans-Georg, 374n Grósz, Károly, 371 Helliwell, John F., 86n Grote, Jürgen R., 208n Hendrischke, H., 435n, 436n Growth poles, 195 Henwood, Doug, 135n Growth rate. See Economic growth and Herbert, Susan, 149n development Heritage Foundation, Economic Freedom Index Guangxi, 430n (EFI), 17Ð20, 24n, 80Ð81, 129n Guatemala, 531, 537 Hermit Kingdom, 543, 550, 552 Guinnane, Timothy W., 232n Hersh, Jacques, 548n, 552n Gustafsson, Björn, 204n Hessenius, Helga, 247n Guzman, Abimael (aka Chairman Gonzalo), 65 Hewett, E. A., 342n Gwartney, James D., 16n Heym, Stefan, 256n György, István, 381n Hibbs, Douglas A., Jr., 212n Index 627

Hidalgo, Miguel, 519 Human development, 18. See also Quality of life Hidden Imam, 489 Asian countries, 476Ð480 Hijra, 95 France, 180 Hinayana Buddhism, 87Ð88 India, 475Ð479 Hind Swaraj (Gandhi), 90Ð91, 467 Japan, 163 Hindu caste system, 6Ð7, 453, 455Ð457, Sweden, 204 467, 480 United States, 118, 130Ð134 Hindu economics, 90Ð91, 480 Human Development Index (HDI), 17, 18, 77Ð79 Hindu Economics (Bokare), 480 Hungarian Revolution, 367Ð368 Hindu equilibrium, 464 Hungary, 328, 363Ð387, 393, 406 Hindu fundamentalism, 4 agriculture, 364, 366, 379Ð380 Hindu nationalism, 458, 479Ð480 central bank, 370Ð371 Hindu rate of growth, 475 economic growth and development, 367Ð368, Hindutva, 458 370Ð371, 378Ð379 Hinton, William, 424n economic policies under Communism, 367Ð371, 378 Hirohito, 147, 150n ethnic mix, 363Ð364, 366 Historical materialism, 57Ð58 European Union (EU), 364Ð365, 376, 379, Hitachi, 155 381Ð382 Hitler, Adolf, 9, 233n, 235Ð238, 235n, 242Ð243, foreign direct investment, 354, 364, 381Ð384 339n, 341, 397 gradualist transition, 364 H-mode structure, 127n, 157 historical background of economy, 365Ð371 Hobson, John, 61 income distribution, 344, 373Ð374, 380Ð381 Hoechst, 239n industrial policy, 367, 383 Hofstede, G., 216n inflation rate, 350, 367n, 372Ð373 Hoke, Donald R., 117n international trade, 370, 376, 381Ð384 Holcombe, Randall, 16n introduction, 363Ð365 Holistic system, 56 life expectancy, 374 Holm, J., 412n macroeconomic policy, 349Ð351, 372Ð373, 378Ð379 Holmes, Kim R., 18n, 24n, 79n, 129n, 537n market socialism, 369Ð374 Holmes, Peter, 185n, 188n, 189n, 190n net foreign debt, 357Ð358 Holocaust, 237, 339, 339n New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 68, 363, Holy Roman Empire, 234, 391 369Ð370 Honda, 160 politics, 366Ð367, 375Ð376 Honecker, Erich, 245n privatization, 376Ð378, 380 Honeywell, 193 unemployment rate, 349Ð351, 372Ð373 Honeywell-Bull, 191 World War II, 366Ð367 Hongbin Li, 435n Hung-chao, T., 90n Hong Dong Kim, 545n Huntington, Samuel P., 507, 507n, 579, 579n, 582 Hong Kong, 440Ð442, 444Ð446, 544, 556, 563Ð564, al-Huq, Zia, 508 576, 582 Husayn (grandson of Muhammed), 96, 488Ð489 Great Britain and, 423, 441 Hussein, Saddam, 492, 506n, 509 laissez-faire market capitalism, 15, 24, 440Ð442 Hu Yaobang, 430 Shenzhen special economic zone, 436 Hwang, Eui-Gak, 544n, 551n, 552n, 554n, 567n, Horizontal keiretsu, 154Ð156 568n, 569n Horn, Gyula, 375 Hydraulic (oriental) despotism, 423 Hotta, Masayoshi, 172 Hyperconservatism, 179Ð180 Hough, Jean, 197n Hyperinflation Hounshell, David A., 117n Germany, 236Ð237 Household Old Traditional Economy, 85Ð86, 147 Poland, 340, 348 Household responsibility system, 418, 431 Hysteresis effect, 329, 329n Hoxha, Enver, 65n Hyundai Motor, 561 Hu, X., 436n Huagang Li, 433n Iannacone, Laurence R., 93n Hughes, Jonathan, 118n IBM, 173 Hu Jintao, 418, 430, 438 Ickes, Barry W., 288n 628 Index

Ideology, 13Ð15 international trade, 453Ð454, 460, 463Ð464, capitalist, 7, 25Ð27 466Ð467, 472Ð474 Marxian, 56Ð59 introduction, 453Ð455 socialist, 53Ð56 nationalization, 468, 470Ð472, 475, 478 I.G. Farben, 239n politics, 90, 454Ð455, 459Ð460, 462, 465Ð466, Ikarus, 382 468Ð470, 472, 479Ð480 Ikkan, 150, 155 privatization, 454 Il KaSong, 559n problems, 455 Illarionov, A., 315n quality of life, 462Ð463 Imam, 488, 488n, 489 railroads, 462, 465 imam, 488, 488n religions and religious groups, 455Ð458, 479Ð480 Imperialism technology development, 453Ð454, 480 Germany, 235Ð236 unemployment rate, 474 Japan, 149n Indicative planning, 10, 196Ð198 Russia, 266Ð268 concertation, 183Ð184, 186, 188, 189, 559 Spain, 518Ð520 economies of scale, 184Ð185 Imperialism (Lenin), 61 France, 179Ð181, 183Ð198 Imperialism thesis, 61 general arguments, 183 Imperial overreach, 577 India, 569 Import substitution, 324 informational externalities, 184Ð185 Import substitution policies, 466 information pooling, 183Ð184 Incentives, 10Ð11 Japan, 162Ð163 Income distribution, 49 South Korea, 555Ð559 comparative, 218 Indirect privatization, 353 Czechoslovakia, 344, 374 Individual-use ejido farms, 523Ð524 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 306Ð307 Indonesia, 563Ð564, 582 Germany, 249 Industrial concentration, 31Ð32 Hungary, 344, 373Ð374, 380Ð381 Industrial policy India, 456Ð457, 475 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 267Ð272 Iran, 488, 503Ð507 France, 182, 190Ð193, 195 Japan, 164 Hungary, 367, 383 Mexico, 534Ð536 India, 453, 462, 463, 467 North Korea, 564Ð565, 567Ð568 Iran, 495 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 437Ð439 Japan, 149, 158Ð160, 162Ð163, 169Ð170, 173 Poland, 344 Mexico, 516, 521Ð522, 530Ð533 South Korea, 564Ð565, 567Ð568 North Korea, 552Ð554, 565Ð567 Sweden, 204, 204n, 217Ð218 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 426Ð428, 437Ð438 United States, 118, 125, 130Ð134 South Korea, 558, 560Ð562, 565Ð567 Yugoslavia, 405Ð406 Sweden, 207 Income redistribution, 11Ð13 Yugoslavia, 397 Incompleteness of markets, 33, 35 Industrial Revolution, 23, 423, 463 India, 453Ð485 Inflation rate, 18 agriculture, 453, 464, 474 Czech Republic, 350 British conquest and domination, 453, 456Ð465 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 289, 314Ð315 caste system, 6Ð7, 453, 455Ð457, 467, 480 France, 189, 189n economic growth and development, 454, 462, Germany, 236Ð237, 248 465Ð477 Hungary, 350, 367n, 372Ð373 ethnic mix, 455Ð459 India, 472 foreign direct investment (FDI), 473Ð474 Iran, 488, 495Ð496, 498, 504, 505 Hindu economics, 90Ð91, 480 Japan, 145 historical background of economy, 455Ð465 Mexico, 528, 537 human development, 475Ð479 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 372Ð373, 430 income distribution, 456Ð457, 475 Poland, 337, 340, 343, 348Ð350, 372Ð373 industrial policy, 453, 462, 463, 467 Slovenia, 410 inflation rate, 472 Sweden, 220 Index 629

in transition economies, 77Ð79 Islamic economics, 487 Yugoslavia, 372Ð373, 389Ð390, 399, 401Ð404, 408 Islamic Revolution (1979), 487Ð492 Information labor-management relations, 500 asymmetric, 39Ð40, 104, 333 macroeconomic policy, 504Ð507 full, 25 nationalization, 494, 496Ð499, 501, 505Ð506 Information externalities, France, 184Ð185 as New Traditional Islamic Economy, 494, 507Ð510 Information pooling, 183Ð184 oil production and trade, 488, 491Ð492, France, 183Ð184 495Ð497, 582 Input-output analysis, 70Ð71 politics, 493 Insider buyouts, 410 privatization, 494, 506 Institut Nationale Statistique des Études Économiques religions and religious groups, 487Ð490, 507Ð510 (INSÉE), 186 taxes, 489 Integral Humanism (Upadhyaya), 91, 480 Iraq, 504Ð505, 508Ð509, 575 Integrally planned worker management, 400Ð401 Isard, Walter, 71n Interest-free banks, 103Ð104, 106Ð107, 487, Ishihara, Shintaro, 145n, 172 500Ð502, 507 Islam, 94Ð108. See also Islamic economics International Monetary Fund (IMF), 117, 277n, 314, in India, 456, 458 348, 352, 370, 401, 472, 504, 517, 526Ð528, 555, New Traditional Islamic revival, 98Ð100 562, 581Ð582 origins of, 94Ð96 International trade rise and fall of Islamic civilization, 96Ð98 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 276Ð280, 293Ð294, Islamic banking, 103Ð104, 106Ð107, 487, 301Ð303, 309Ð314 500Ð502, 507 France, 181, 189Ð190, 192, 196Ð200 Islamic Development Bank (IDB), 106Ð107 Germany, 233, 235, 239, 256Ð258 Islamic economics, 100Ð108, 500Ð502 Hungary, 370, 376, 381Ð384 basic concepts, 100Ð101 India, 453Ð454, 460, 463Ð464, 466Ð467, 472Ð474 gharar (avoidance of chance), 102Ð103 Iran, 488, 491Ð492, 495Ð497, 504Ð507 hard work and fair dealing, 102 Japan, 170Ð173 Islamic banking, 103Ð104, 106Ð107, 487, Mexico, 515, 517Ð519, 525Ð528, 530Ð533, 537 500Ð502, 507 North Korea, 568Ð569 proper consumption, 102 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 418, 432, qirad (profit sharing), 103–104 435Ð436, 460 riba (forbidding of interest), 103Ð105, 500Ð502 Poland, 347, 355Ð358 zakat (almsgiving), 101Ð102, 105, 489, 507 Slovenia, 409Ð410 Islamic fundamentalism, 15, 98Ð100, 493 South Korea, 568Ð569 Islamic Republic, 8 Sweden, 225Ð226 Islamic Revolution (1979), 487Ð499, 509 United States, 117, 124, 139Ð140, 171Ð173 historical overview, 490Ð492 Yugoslavia, 396, 401, 406Ð407 revolution after the revolution, 492Ð494, 502 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 121, revolutionary tradition in Shi’i Islam, 488Ð490 128Ð129 Islamic socialism, 490Ð491 Investment share, 18 Islamic workers’ councils (Shourahs), 500 Invisible hand (Smith), 27 Islamism, 493 Ioffe, Gregory, 326n Islamov, Bakhtior, 312n, 313n Iran, 487Ð513 Isma’il, 490 agriculture, 492, 495, 499, 503Ð504 Ismailis, 108 central bank, 500Ð501, 506Ð507 Isolationism economic growth and development, 493Ð496, 498 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 278 historical background of economy, 492Ð494 North Korea, 543, 549Ð552 income distribution, 488, 503Ð507 Israel industrial policy, 495 Judaic economics, 91Ð92 inflation rate, 488, 495–496, 498, 504, 505 kibbutzes, 55n, 92 international trade, 488, 491Ð492, 495Ð497, Issawi, Charles, 97n 504Ð507 Ito, Takatoshi, 154n, 155n introduction, 487Ð488 Ivan the Terrible, 267, 339n Islamic banking, 487, 500Ð502 Iwai, Katusuhito, 153n 630 Index

Jachimczyk, Maciej, 339n Jönsson, Berth, 216n Jacobs, J. Bruce, 435n Jordan, Mary, 534n, 536n Jainism, 455Ð457 Joshi, Vijay, 472n, 473n Jajmani system, 90, 453, 456Ð457 Jospin, Lionel, 64, 180n, 181, 187, 192 Jaksch, Tanja, 325n Juárez, Benito, 520 Japan, 145Ð177, 582Ð583 Jubilee Year, 91Ð92 central bank, 163 Juche, 544, 549Ð551, 553, 566, 568 corporations, 127, 127n, 154Ð160 Judaic economics, 91Ð92 degree of concentration, 31Ð32 Julius Caesar, 181 economic growth and development, 160Ð163, Just price, 92 166Ð168 education, 170 Ka’bah, 95 environmental pollution, 165 Kádár, János, 363n, 368–369, 371, 375 failure to become number one, 160Ð170 Kahn, Herman, 90n, 555n familistic groupism, 149Ð150, 154Ð156, 173 Kai-yuen Tsui, 437n historical background of economy, 147Ð160 Kalaska, Malgorzata, 344n income distribution, 164 Kamamura, Y., 164n industrial policy, 149, 158Ð160, 162Ð163, Kami«nski, Bartlomiej, 356n, 383n 169Ð170, 173 Kanban (just-in-time) delivery, 156 inflation rate, 145 Kandal, Terry R., 337n international trade, 170Ð173 Kantorovich, Leonid V., 71 introduction, 145Ð147 Kapstein, E. B., 381n Korea and, 149, 543, 545Ð548, 559 Kardelj, Edvard, 389, 397, 397n labor-management relations, 41Ð42, 146, 150Ð158 Károlyi, Mihály, 366 life expectancy, 145, 161, 163, 165 Karzai, Hamid, 4 macroeconomic policy, 160Ð163 Katz, Richard, 166n politics, 150 Kaufer, Erich, 32n quality of life, 163Ð165, 168 Kaufman, Daniel, 306n savings rate, 158, 161, 166Ð167, 173 Kaufman, Richard F., 302n, 305n stock market, 156, 158, 166Ð169 Kautsky, Karl, 60, 279n technology development, 145, 158Ð159, Kazakhstan, 301Ð302, 305, 311Ð313, 318, 323, 325, 169Ð171, 173 326, 332. See also Former Soviet republics; Former unemployment rate, 145, 152, 153, 161 Soviet Union (FSU) World War II, 145, 149Ð150, 154, 170, 547 Keane, Michael P., 344n Japan That Can Say No, The (Ishihara), 172 Keddie, N. R., 487n Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 342, 354 Keefer, Philip, 86n, 585n Jasinski, Piotr, 346n Keiretsu, 31Ð32, 68, 149, 150, 154Ð157, 160, 167, Jászi, Oscar, 365n 173, 545, 556, 560 Jefferson, Thomas, 115n Kekkonen, Urho, 277n Jeffries, Keith, 583n Kennedy, John F., 124, 468n Jeon, Yeong-Dok, 556n Kennedy, Paul, 577n, 586n Jews. See also Israel Kennet, David, 81n Holocaust and, 237, 339, 339n Kerala, 476Ð478 Judaic economics, 91Ð92 Kerner, R. J., 391n in Poland, 339, 339n Kessler, Timothy, 532n Jiang Zemin, 418, 430 Keyes, Charles F., 88n Jikun Huang, 440n Keynes, John Maynard, 45, 123n, 183Ð184, J-mode structure, 127n, 157 183n, 219n Johannesson, J., 214n Keynesian School, 44Ð48 John Paul II, Pope, 91Ð92, 92n, 339 Khajehpour, Bijan, 506n Johnson, Chalmers, 159, 159n Ibn Khaldun, 97n, 101n Johnson, Christopher, 577n, 578n Khamene’i, Ayatollah Sayed Ali, 489, 493, Johnson, Lyndon B., 124Ð125, 468n, 530 493n, 506n Johnson, Simon, 306n Khan, Aizur Rahman, 438n Jones, Derek C., 398n Khan, Mohsin S., 104n Index 631

Khatami, Mohammed, 489, 493, 494, 494n, 498n, reunification hopes, 545, 570–571 506Ð507, 509Ð510 South Korea, 543Ð544, 555Ð571 Khilafah (viceregency), 100 Korean War (1950Ð1953), 425, 477, 543, 548Ð549, 565 Khomeini, Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah, 487n, Kornai, János, 68, 68n, 76, 368–370, 369n, 372, 372n, 489Ð490, 492, 493, 496, 497n, 499, 500, 502, 373n, 374n, 376n, 377n, 378, 378n, 383n 504, 509 Kos, M., 412n Khrushchev, Nikita, 60n, 64, 70, 278n, 279Ð282, Kosovo, 393Ð395 281n, 323, 341, 368, 425, 426, 550, 550n Kosovo War (1998), 393Ð394, 408 Khums (taxes), 489 Kostunica, Vojislav, 393, 408 Kiafar, Ali A., 499n Kosygin, Aleksey, 282n, 369 Kian-Thiébaut, Azadeh, 502n Kosygin reforms, 369 Kibbutzes, 55n, 92 Kotz, David, 69n Kidri«c, Boris, 389, 398 Kraft, Evan, 395n, 399n, 405n, 408n Kim, Byoung-Lo Philo, 544n, 549n, 553n, 556n, Krajewska, Anna, 353n 565n, 566n, 567n, 568n, 569n Krajewski, Stefan, 353n Kim, J. Y., 553n Kramer, Mark, 381n Kim Dae Jung, 544, 545, 546n, 551n, 555n, 559, Kremer, Michael, 585n 562, 570Ð571 Kresl, Peter Karl, 195n Kim Il Sung, 543, 543n, 544, 546n, 547Ð552, 570 Kreuger, Alan B., 214n Kim Il Sungism, 549Ð551 Kropotkin, Peter, 62n Kim Jong Il, 543, 545, 550, 554, 566Ð567, 568n, Krueger, Anne, 49, 528n 570Ð571 Kuchma, Leonid, 315, 319, 328 Kimura, Mitsuhiko, 552n Kulaks, 274 Kim Young Sam, 545, 559, 561n, 562 Kun, Béla, 366 Kindleberger, Charles W., 123n Kuran, Timur, 87n, 106n, 107n, 110, 110n King, Arthur E., 347n Kurosawa, Akira, 146n King, Frank H. H., 425n Kuzio, T., 332n King, Martin Luther, Jr., 467 Kuznets, Paul W., 557n, 558n, 559n Kingkade, W. Ward, 302n Kwan-yu Wong, 436n Kirkpatrick, Malanie, 24n Kwas«niecki, Alexander, 338, 352 Kirzner, Israel M., 128n Kwieci«nski, Andrzej, 356n Kiss, Yudit, 367n Kyoto Accords, 35, 586Ð587 Klein, L. R., 555n Kyrgyzstan/Kyrgyz Republic, 301Ð302, 308Ð309, Kleiner, Georgy, 291n 312Ð314, 318, 322, 326, 332, 580. See also Former Klevmarken, Anders, 218n Soviet republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Knack, Stephen, 86n, 585n Knell, M., 371n Labor days, 275 Knight, John, 438n Labor-managed economy, 72Ð74 Koh, B. C., 553n Labor-management relations Kohl, Helmut, 233Ð234, 234n, 250 France, 42, 193Ð194 Koizumi, Junichiro, 146n Germany, 232, 237, 241Ð242 Kolankiewicz, George, 340n Great Britain, 41 Kolkhoz (collective farms), 274Ð275 Iran, 500 Kolodko, Grzegorz, 352, 352n Japan, 41Ð42, 146, 150Ð158 Kombinat, 244, 254 laissez-faire market capitalism, 40Ð43 Kongdan Oh, 568n Poland, 342, 344, 346, 348 Kontovorich, Vladimir, 308n, 323n Slovenia, 412 Kook, Abraham, 91 Sweden, 207Ð214 Korea, 543Ð574 United States, 41, 123 division post-World War II, 543Ð545, Yugoslavia, 403 548Ð549 Labor theory of value, 58Ð60 historical background of economy, 545Ð549 Labor unions. See Labor-management relations introduction, 543Ð545 La Botz, Dan, 531n Japan and, 149, 543, 545Ð548, 559 Lackó, Maria, 274n North Korea, 543Ð544, 549Ð555, 564Ð571 Laffer Curve, 217 632 Index

Laibman, David, 69n Liberation theologists, 92Ð93 Laissez-faire, 14, 179, 179n Liberman, Evsei, 281Ð282 Laissez-faire market capitalism Libertarianism, 14Ð15 collective consumption goods, 36Ð39 License-Permit Raj, 467, 470, 474 examples, 24, 203Ð204, 440Ð442 Life expectancy, 18 externalities, 32Ð36 Hungary, 374 Hong Kong, 24, 440Ð441 Japan, 145, 161, 163, 165 imperfect information, 39Ð40 Mexico, 534 labor union role, 40Ð43 North Korea, 567Ð568 limits to efficiency, 28Ð43 South Asian economies, 439 monopoly power versus, 28Ð32 South Korea, 567Ð568 New Zealand, 24 United States, 118 Singapore, 24 Lifetime employment, 151Ð152 strong case, 48Ð50 Limited liability corporation, 120 theoretical efficiency, 25Ð27 Lin, Cyril, 433n United States, 121Ð122 Lin, Justin Yifu, 431n Lal, Deepak, 464n, 480n Lin Biao (Lin Piao), 428, 428n Lamontagne, Monique, 325n Lincoln, Abraham, 120Ð121 Lamoureaux, Naomi R., 121n, 122n Lindbeck, Assar, 205n, 207n Landes, David S., 16n, 460n Linear programming, 71 Landsorganisationen (LO; Sweden), 207, 209Ð214 Li Peng, 430 Land tenure Lithuania, 307Ð312, 317Ð318, 323, 327Ð328, 330, India, 464 331. See also Former Soviet republics; Former Mexico, 522Ð525 Soviet Union (FSU) People’s Republic of China (PRC), 422 Little, I. M. D., 471n, 472n, 473n Land-to-the-tiller production, 443 Living standards. See Quality of life Landua, Detlef, 247n, 249n Local state corporation, 433n Lane, Jan-Erik, 42n Locking, Håkan, 212n Lange, Oskar, 67Ð69, 371 LO (Landsorganisationen; Sweden), 207, 209Ð214 Lao-Tzu, 420, 420n Long March, 424, 425, 426n Lardy, Nicholas R., 429n, 433n, 436n Long-wave Kondratiev cycle, 584 La Reforma (the Reform), 520 López Portillo, José, 526 Latifundia, 536 Lorenz curves, 20Ð21 Latin America. See also specific countries Louis XIV (“Sun King”), 182 economic perspectives, 536Ð539, 582 Louis XVI, 182 quality of life, 537 Lowe-Lee, Florence, 564n Latvia, 307Ð312, 318, 325, 327, 330, 331. See also Lucky-Goldstar, 561 Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Lukashenka, Alexander, 319, 332 Lavigne, Marie, 76, 79n, 278n, 350n Lundberg, Erik, 223Ð226, 223n Lawson, Robert A., 16n Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, 225n Lazi«c, Mladen, 409n Lustig, Nora, 518n, 526n, 527n, 529n, 530n, 532n, LeClair, Edward E., Jr., 85n 534n, 535n Lee, Changsoo, 568n Lutz, Vera C., 189n Lee, H., 550n Luxemburg, Rosa, 61 Lee Ho-chul, 554n Luxury fever, 138 Lee Teng-hui, 444 Legalism, 421 Ma, Y., 251n Leloup, L., 412n Maastricht Treaty (1991), 190, 198, 199, 256, 356, Lenin, Vladimir Illich, 14, 57n, 58n, 61Ð63, 61n, 69, 579Ð581 180, 266, 278n, 279n, 287, 308Ð309 MacArthur, Douglas, 150, 549 Leontief, Wassily, 70 Maccoby, M., 216n Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 98, 180n, 181n Macedonia, 391n, 394, 408 Leptin, Gerd, 245n Macmillan, Harold, 578n Lewis, Paul G., 340n Macroeconomic policy Liberal corporatism, 208Ð209 Czech Republic, 349Ð351 Index 633

Former Soviet Union (FSU), 314Ð317 Market economy. See also Market capitalism; Market Germany, 238, 248 socialism Hungary, 349Ð351, 372Ð373, 378Ð379 allocation mechanisms, 7 Iran, 504Ð507 planned, 10 Japan, 160Ð163 Market failure, 28 macroeconomic equilibrium, 46 Market socialism, 8Ð9, 319, 399. See also Hungary; Mexico, 517Ð518, 521Ð522, 528Ð529 People’s Republic of China (PRC); Poland; North Korea, 552Ð555 Socialist market economies; Yugoslavia Poland, 349Ð351 examples, 18Ð19 Slovenia, 412 Marshall, John, 126 Sweden, 214, 219Ð221, 224 Marshall Plan, 124, 186, 186n, 188, 238Ð240, 243 tools, 46Ð48 Martin, M. T., 337n United States, 47, 116Ð117, 124Ð125, 124n Martins, Joaquim Oliveira, 350n Yugoslavia, 390, 402 Marty, Martin E., 93n, 107n, 456n, 502n Macroeconomic stability, 17, 43Ð48 Maruti Udhyog Limited (MUL), 471 Maddison, Angus, 44n, 45n Marx, Karl, 7Ð8, 12, 14, 23, 53Ð59, 56n, 57n, 59n, Madrid Hurtado, Miguel de la, 526Ð528, 527n 61Ð62, 66n, 72, 180, 193Ð194, 242Ð244, 243n, 266, Madsen, Henrik, 203n, 206n 337n, 369n, 389, 400, 423, 464 Mahavira, 457 Marxian, 56n Mahayana Buddhism, 88 Marxian worldview, 56Ð59 Makarov, Victor, 291n Marxism-Leninism, 61 Maki, Dean M., 131n Marxist, 56n, 180 Malaysia, 563, 582 Massé, Peter, 183Ð184, 183n, 189 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 85Ð86 Material balance method, 69 Malinvaud, E., 197n Material incentives, 10Ð11 Maliszewska, Maryla, 356n Mathieu, Paul, 311n Malthusian low-level equilibrium traps, 16, 476 Maududi, Sayyid Abdul A’la, 101n, 105, 105n Manchesterian socialism, 371Ð372 Maximilian, 520 Manchuria, 425, 545Ð548 Maximin criterion, 12 Mandel, Ernest, 63Ð64, 64n Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, 502n Mandelbaum, M., 381n Mayer, Colin, 254n Manhattan Project, 235n May Fourth Movement (1919), 425 Mannon, Mohammed Abdul, 108n Mazarei, Adnan, Jr., 498n, 504n Maoism, 64Ð66, 425Ð426 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 351Ð352 Mao Zedong, 11, 60n, 64Ð66, 418, 421n, 422, McAuley, Alastair, 308n 424Ð429, 424n, 432n, 437Ð438, 549 McBridge, George McCutcheon, 520n Maquiladora program, 521Ð522, 530Ð533 McClellan, Woodford, 281n Marco Polo, 422n McGettigan, Donal, 75n, 353n Marcos, Subcommandante, 515n McIntyre, Robert, 324n, 379n Mariátegui, Carlos, 65n McKinley, William, 62 Market capitalism, 8Ð9, 15, 23Ð52. See also France; McLoughlin, J., 353n Germany; Japan; Sweden; United States McMillan, John, 431n examples, 18Ð19 Meade, James E., 184n forms of ownership, 7Ð9 Meadows, Dennis L., 585n ideology, 7, 25Ð27 Meadows, Donella H., 585n introduction, 23Ð25 Means, Gardiner C., 126, 126n limits to efficiency, 28Ð43 Mehdi, 488 macroeconomic instability, 43Ð48 Meidner, Rudolph, 212Ð214, 212n, 222n Mexico, 516 Meiji Restoration (Japan), 149 monetary policy, 47 Mencinger, Joze, 410, 410n Protestant ethic, 93 Mensheviks, 61 strong case for laissez-faire, 48Ð50 Mercantilist policy, 119, 196Ð197 theoretical efficiency, 25Ð27 Mestizos, 523, 536 transition from socialism, 74Ð81, 285Ð295, 375Ð384, Methodological individualism, 38 402, 429Ð440 Meurs, Mieke, 380n 634 Index

Mexico, 515Ð541, 581 Mohammed, Faiz, 101n agriculture, 516Ð517, 519Ð525, 536 Mohan, Rakesh, 466n, 469n economic growth and development, 522 Moldova, 301, 305, 314, 323, 328, 330, 332. See environment, 533Ð534 also Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet foreign debt crisis, 526Ð528 Union (FSU) historical background of economy, 518Ð522 Molle, Willem, 196n income distribution, 534Ð536 Momen, Moojan, 488n industrial policy, 516, 521Ð522, 530Ð533 Monetarism, 47Ð48 inflation rate, 528, 537 Monetary overhang, 238 in Latin American perspective, 536Ð539 Monetary policy, 46Ð47 international trade, 515, 517Ð519, 525Ð528, Monnet, Jean, 186Ð187, 196 530Ð533, 537 Monopolistic competition, 30Ð31 introduction, 515Ð518 Monopoly power, 28Ð32, 48, 311 macroeconomic policy, 517Ð518, 521Ð522, Monopoly rent, 29 528Ð529 Montenegro, 389, 392, 409 nationalization, 527 Montreal Accords (1989), 586Ð587 oil production and trade, 517, 520Ð521, 525Ð530, Mookerjee, Rajen, 433n 532, 582 Moral hazard, 40 politics, 515Ð516, 520Ð521 Moral incentives, 11 privatization, 522, 527Ð530 More, Thomas, 54 quality of life, 534Ð537 Morgan, J. P., 122 revolutions, 519Ð521, 523Ð524 Morishima, Michio, 148n, 150, 152n, 154n Mezzogiorno problem, 234, 251 Morita, Akio, 156 M-form structure, 127n, 127Ð128, 157 Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, 148n “MH” Group, 561 Morthy, Miklos, 366 Michaels, Patrick J., 585n Moseley, Fred, 59n Michalek, Jan J., 356n Mossadegh, Mohammed, 99, 491 Micklewright, John, 344n, 373n, 374n Motonishi, Taizo, 166n Microsoft, 31 Motorola, 173 Middle way, 371Ð372 Mu’awiya, 96 Mikoxajczyk, Stanislaw, 337n Mudarabah (venture capitalism), 103, 106, 501 Milanovic, Branko, 274n, 381n, 584n Muhammed (Prophet), 87, 94Ð99, 98n, 103, 108, 488 Milenkovitch, Deborah D., 400n Mukerjee, Radhakamal, 462n, 464n Military spending, 19 Müller-Armack, Andreas, 239n Millenarian tradition, 54 Mumme, Stephen, 533n Miller, Leszek, 352 Mundell, Robert A., 199n Mills, Edwin S., 478n Munroe, Darla, 347n Mills, Paul S., 103n Munzer, Thomas, 54 Millward, Robert, 578n Murabaha, 106Ð107 Miloˇsevi«c, Slobodan, 393Ð394, 402, 407n, 408Ð409 Murasaki, Lady, 146n Ming dynasty (1368Ð1644), 422Ð424, 442 Murphy, R. D., 32n Ministerial compartmentalism, 280 Murrell, Peter, 355n Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Muslim League, 462 158Ð160, 162Ð163, 169Ð170, 173 Mussavi, 506n Minniti, Maria, 410n Mussolini, Benito, 208 Mirakhor, Abbas, 104n Mustaz’afan Foundation, 496–497 Miszei, Kálman, 376n Myanmar (Burma), Buddhism in, 88, 457 Mitbestimmung (codetermination), 232, 241Ð242 Myrdal, Gunnar, 207n Mitsubishi, 149Ð150 Mitsui, 149Ð150, 154 Nagorno-Karabakh, 319 Mitterand, François, 180–181, 186, 187, 189, 191, Nagy, Imre, 368, 368n 194, 195, 256 Najmabadi, Afsaneh, 502n Mizoguchi, Toshiyuki, 164n Nanak, Guru, 457Ð458 Moaddel, Mansoor, 493n Napoleon Bonaparte, 182, 417n Mode of production, 57 Napoleon III, 516, 519 Index 635

Naqvi, Syed Nawab Haider, 105, 105n Newly industrializing countries (NICs), 13, 440Ð442, Narasimha Rao, R. V., 472 544n, 562Ð564, 582Ð583 Nasser Social Bank, 106 New Traditional Economy, 4, 15, 86Ð87, 418, National Investment Funds (NIFs), 352Ð353 579Ð580. See also Japan Nationalization examples, 18, 19 France, 191Ð193 Hindu nationalism, 479Ð480 India, 468, 470Ð472, 475, 478 Iran, 494, 507Ð510 Iran, 494, 496Ð499, 501, 505Ð506 New village movement, 558 Mexico, 527 New Zealand, 24 Native population Nicholas II, Tsar, 61n Mexico, 518Ð519, 523, 536 Nikonov, Alexander, 324n, 326n United States, 116, 118Ð119 Nilsson, Christian, 210n Natural monopoly, 29Ð30 Nixon, Richard M., 125, 468n Naughton, Barry, 434n Nobel Prizes, 136, 170, 207 Nayar, Baldev Raj, 466n, 470n, 471n Noguchi, Yukio, 149n, 168n Nazi Germany, 9, 191, 192, 208, 236Ð237, 242, 244, Nojszewski, Piotr, 342n, 343n 255, 337, 366, 396 Nokia, 225 Neal, Larry, 196n Noland, Marcus, 161n, 162n, 441n, 556n, 560n Needham, Joseph, 423n Nomenklatura, 272, 290, 295, 302, 330, 332, 354, Needler, Martin C., 516n 376, 380, 397n, 408Ð409 Nefedova, Tatyana, 326n Nonaligned Nations Movement, 406, 468, 551 Negative externalities, 32Ð34 Nordhaus, William D., 585n Nehru, Jawaharlal, 454, 462, 466, 466n, 468, 468n North, Douglass, 8n, 23n Nelson, R. R., 225n North, Gary, 94n Nemawashi (consensual decision making), 157 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Neo-Confucianism, 89Ð90, 418, 579Ð580 515, 518, 522, 525, 531Ð533, 537, 581, 583 Neo-Confucian synthesis, 421 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 225, Neo-Nazism, 233, 240Ð241 244, 376 Neo-Old Traditional Economy, 487n North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Net foreign debt Korea; DPRK), 543Ð544, 549Ð555, 564Ð571. See Czechoslovakia, 357 also Korea high-debt countries, 139 agriculture, 550, 552, 554, 565Ð567 Hungary, 357Ð358 classical socialism in, 4Ð5 Mexico, 526Ð528 Communism, 543Ð544, 547Ð555 North Korea, 551, 569 economic growth and development, 565 Poland, 357Ð358 establishment, 543, 544, 548Ð549 United States, 139Ð140 foreign debt, 551, 569 Network externalities, 156 income distribution, 564Ð565, 567Ð568 Neuberger, Egon, 6n industrial policy, 552Ð554, 565Ð567 Neumann, John von, 383n international trade, 568Ð569 Neusner, Jacob, 91n isolationism, 543, 550Ð552 New Christian Right, 93Ð94 juche, 544, 549Ð551, 553, 566, 568 New Deal, 41, 123 macroeconomic policy, 552Ð555 New Economic Mechanism (NEM; Hungary), 68, military hardware, 570Ð571 363, 369Ð370 stages of economy, 552Ð555 New Economic Policy (NEP), 68Ð69, 268, 277 technology development, 553Ð555 New Economic System (Manchuria), 149Ð150 Norway, 208 New Economy, 117, 134Ð137 Noyes, George Rapall, 391n, 394n New Harmony (Indiana), 55 Nuti, D. Mario, 352n Ne Win, 88Ð89 New industrial states, 10 Oberori, Harjot, 457n New Institutionalist economics, 127 Objectivism, 38 New Left, 64 Odhner, Clas-Erik, 209, 209n Newly independent states (NIS). See Former O’Driscoll, Gerald P., Jr., 18n, 24n, 79n, 129n, 537n Soviet republics Ofer, G., 290n 636 Index

Offsets, 36 Parastatal sector, 529 O’Grady, Mary Anastasia, 18n, 79n, 129n, 537n Pareto, Vilfredo, 25, 27 Oi, Jean C., 433n Pareto optimality, 16, 25Ð27, 49Ð50, 398 Oil production and trade Paris Commune (1871), 61Ð62, 400 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 277, 306Ð307, 318Ð319 Park, J. K., 553n Iran, 488, 491Ð492, 495Ð497, 582 Park Chung-hee, 544, 545, 547n, 556Ð559, 561 Mexico, 517, 520Ð521, 525Ð530, 532, 582 Parsons, Talcott, 93n oil shock (1973Ð1974), 30Ð31, 99Ð100, 125, 210, Partial equilibrium, 25 224, 277n, 488, 492, 495 Participatory economy, 72Ð74, 399 Okazaki, Tetsuji, 149n, 152n Passell, Peter, 118n Okumura, Hiroshi, 147n Pattanaik, D. D., 453n, 479n Okun, Arthur, 12n Paveli«c, Ante, 396 Okuno-Fujiwara, Masahiro, 149n, 152n Pawilica, Monika, 342n, 343n Old Traditional Economy, 85Ð86 Payments union, 314Ð315 household, 85Ð86, 147 Paz, Octavio, 515n India, 453 Pearlman, Michael, 65n reciprocal, 85Ð86 Pearson, Weekman, 525 redistributive, 85Ð86 Peck, Merton J., 152n Oligopoly, 30Ð31, 48 Pedersen, Peder J., 204n Olson, Mancur, 50, 577, 577n Pejovich, Svetozar, 73n, 399n Olszewski, Dariusz, 342n, 343n Pekkarinen, J., 209n O’Neil, John, 69n Peltzman, Sam, 222n OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Pencavel, John, 74, 74n Countries), 30Ð31, 99Ð100, 488, 488n, 492, Penson, J. H., 339n 495, 496 Peons, 521 Opel, 382 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 277, 417Ð440, Opium Wars (1839Ð1842), 423, 424, 424n, 441 582. See also Hong Kong; Taiwan (Republic Ordo-liberals, 238Ð241 of China) Organic composition of capital, 59 agriculture, 418, 422, 425Ð428, 431Ð432 Organization for Economic Cooperation and classical socialism in, 5 Development (OECD), 137, 156, 220, 401, 403, Communism, 417, 419, 424Ð440 533, 555, 578 dynasty cycle, 422Ð424 Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC), 509 Economic and Technological Development Zones Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (ETDZs), 435Ð436 (OPEC), 30Ð31, 99Ð100, 488, 488n, 492, economic growth and development, 417n, 439Ð440, 495, 496 445Ð446 Orszag, Peter, 124n, 133n energy/environmental crisis, 439Ð440 Osama bin Laden, 97n, 487n, 509, 582 enterprise reforms, 418, 433Ð435 Osgood, Cornelius, 546n, 548n, 568n historical background of economy, 419Ð439 Ossis (East Germans), 234 income distribution, 437Ð439 Ott, K., 276n, 344n, 383n industrial policy, 426Ð428, 437Ð438 Ottoman Turks, 365, 392Ð394, 491 inflation rate, 430 Owen, Robert, 54, 54n, 55 influence on Japan, 147–148 Ownership forms, 7Ð9 international trade, 418, 432, 435Ð436, 460 Owsiak, S., 353n introduction, 417Ð419 Ozanam, Frédéric, 194n Korean War (1950Ð1953), 425, 477, 543, 548Ð549 land tenure, 422 Pacto, 517 market socialism, 9, 418Ð419 Pae, Sung Moon, 543n, 564n moral incentives, 11 Pailhé, Ariane, 367n politics, 424Ð440 Pakistan, 454Ð455, 468, 500, 508 privatization, 355, 434Ð435 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 99n problems, 418Ð419 Palme, Olof, 210n, 214 quality of life, 437Ð439 Palumbo, Michael G., 131n religions and religious groups, 418Ð421, 424 Panagariya, Arvind, 469n social structure, 422 Index 637

Special Enterprise Zones (SEZs), 418, 429Ð430, income distribution, 344 433Ð436, 438 inflation rate, 337, 340, 343, 348–350, 372–373 technology development, 423, 428 international trade, 347, 355Ð358 transition away from planned economy, 429Ð440 introduction, 337Ð339 World War II, 424 labor-management relations, 342, 344, 346 Pepsi-Cola, 474 macroeconomic policy, 349Ð351 Per capita gross domestic product (GDP), net foreign debt, 357Ð358 17Ð18, 77Ð79 politics, 337Ð338, 340Ð347, 351Ð352 Perelman, Michael, 40n pollution, 345Ð347 Perestroika (economic restructuring), 283Ð285, 301, privatization, 337, 338, 346Ð347, 352Ð355, 576 363, 369, 370 shock therapy, 251, 288, 337Ð339, 348Ð355 Perfect collusion, 30Ð31 taxes, 349 Perfect competition, monopoly versus, 29 unemployment rate, 349Ð350, 354 Peritore, N. Patrick, 502n World War II, 337, 339, 339n, 340 Permanent revolution, 63 Polanyi, Karl, 6n, 85 Péron, Juan, 538 Politics, 13Ð15 Perry, Matthew, 149 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 61Ð62 Pershing, George, 520n France, 183, 191Ð192 Persian Gulf War (1990Ð1991), 505, 509 Hungary, 366Ð367, 375Ð376 Persson, Göran, 206 India, 90, 454Ð455, 459Ð460, 462, 465Ð466, Persson, Torstein, 13n 468Ð470, 472, 479Ð480 Peru, 65, 538 Iran, 493 Pesaran, M. Hashem, 504, 504n, 505n Japan, 150 Pétain, Marshall, 183 Mexico, 515Ð516, 520Ð521 Péter, György, 368, 368n, 372 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 424Ð440 Peter I, King of Serbia, 396 Poland, 337Ð338, 340Ð347, 351Ð352 Peter the Great, 267, 287 Sweden, 205Ð207 Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), 521, 526–527, United States, 120Ð121 529, 530 Yugoslavia, 393, 396Ð398, 401 Peyrefitte, Alain, 179, 181 Pollution Phalansteries, 55 as externality, 34Ð37 Phillips, Paul, 410n, 412n China, 440 Physiocrats, 182 Germany, 247Ð248, 252 Pigou, A. C., 34, 34n greenhouse gas emissions, 586 Pigozzi, Bruce W., 525n Japan, 165 Pilsudski, Józef, 269n, 340 Mexico, 533Ð534 Pinglé, Vibha, 465n, 471n Poland, 345Ð347 Pinochet, Augusto, 538 Polonsky, Antony, 339n Planification, 10n Pol Pot, 66 Planned market economy, 10, 18, 19 Polutnik Lidija, 410n Planners’ preferences, 9 Pomer, M., 555n Plato, 53 Pomfret, Richard, 307n, 327n Plekhanov, Georgi, 57n Pompidou, Georges, 192, 195 Plowiec, Urszula, 342n Popov, Vladimir, 293n Pohjola, Matti, 209n Popular capitalism, 577Ð578 Poland, 267, 269n, 337Ð361 Portes, Richard, 351n agriculture, 340, 343, 346Ð347, 352Ð355, 364 Positive externalities, 32, 34 Communist regime, 337Ð338, 341Ð347 Post Keynesians, 219 economic growth and development, 338, 342Ð344 Poverty economic reforms, 348Ð355 Hungary, 374, 380 European Union (EU), 346, 347, 355Ð358, 381 Mexico, 534Ð536 foreign direct investment (FDI), 354Ð355, 357 relative poverty rates, 131 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 340, 341 Sweden, 204n Germany and, 337, 339n, 340, 341n, 354 United States, 130Ð134 historical background of economy, 339Ð345 Poya, Maryam, 502n 638 Index

Pragmatic market socialism, 68 Qarmatians, 108 Prasad, Eswar, 344n Qian, Yingyi, 433n Prasnikar, Janez, 403n, 404n Qianlong (Ch’ien-lung), 417n, 423 Pregl, Zivko, 404n Qiao Yu, 433n Preobrazhensky, E. V., 68, 269n Qing dynasty (1645Ð1911), 422Ð424, 442 Prescott, William H., 518n Qin Shi Huang, 421 Prescriptive, 558 Qirad (profit sharing), 103–104 Presley, John R., 103n Quality circles, 151 Prestowitz, Clyde V., Jr., 171Ð172, 171n, 172n Quality of life. See also Human development Price, Tristan, 350n Germany, 246Ð247 Princip, Gavrilo, 389 India, 462Ð463 Principal-agent problem, 40, 104, 126 Japan, 163Ð165, 168 Privatization, 75, 575Ð579 Mexico, 534Ð537 Czech Republic, 351 North Korea, 567Ð568 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 284Ð285, 289Ð295, People’s Republic of China (PRC), 437Ð439 320Ð333 South Korea, 558, 567Ð568 Germany, 253Ð255 Sweden, 204 Great Britain, 576Ð579 United States, 137Ð140 Hungary, 376Ð378, 380 Quasi-syndicalism, 64 India, 454 Quesnay, François, 182, 421n Iran, 494, 506 Qur’an, 94Ð95, 97, 98n, 100Ð104, 108 Mexico, 522, 527Ð530 Qur’anic suras, 95 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 355, 434Ð435 Poland, 337Ð338, 346Ð347, 352Ð355, 576 Rabushka, Alvin, 428n, 429n, 445n Slovenia, 410 Radner, Roy, 184n Yugoslavia, 346, 402, 408Ð409 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 489, 493Ð496, Producer cooperatives, 399 505Ð506 Producer’s surplus, 29 Railroads Product cycles, 159 India, 462, 465 Production possibilities frontier (PPF), 26 United States, 121n, 127 Production teams, 422 Raisian, John, 152n, 153n Progressive Era, 122 Rákosi, Mátyas, 366–368 Proletariat, 11, 14, 57, 58, 61, 63Ð64, 418, 428Ð429 Ranchos, 522Ð524 Proper consumption, 102 Rand, Ayn, 38 Protectionism, 463. See also International trade Randers, Jorgen, 585n in Former Soviet Union (FSU), 279 Ránki, György, 340n, 366n in France, 196Ð200 Rankovi«c, Alexsandr, 397, 397n Protestant ethic, 93, 205 Rapacyznski, Andrzej, 330n Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 57, 62 Rascan, S., 412n Pruban, Grazyna, 342n, 343n al-Rashid, Harun, 96Ð97 Prychitko, David L., 72n, 74n Rashkovsky, E., 324n Pryor, Frederic L., 194n, 208, 208n, 341n, 347n, Ratchet effect, 70, 70n, 272 379n, 566n Rate of exploitation, 59 Public choice, 39, 49 Rate of profit, 59 Public goods (collective consumption goods), 36Ð39 Rationalization cartels, 159 Public sector. See also Government regulation and Rawls, John, 12, 12n deregulation Razavi, H., 495n comparative, 215 Reagan, Ronald, 124n, 125, 129, 492, 576n in Sweden, 210Ð212, 215Ð216 Reaganomics, 124n, 125 in the United States, 39 Reagan revolution, 12 Pure communism, 12. See also Communism Real per capita income, 16 Putin, Vladimir, 287, 295, 301, 333 Recessions, 59 Putnam, Robert D., 86n, 120n, 585n Reciprocal Old Traditional Economy, 85Ð86 Putterman, Louis, 398n Rectangle of redistribution (Tullock rent), 29n Pu-yi, 422n Reddaway, Peter, 294n, 339n Index 639

Red Guards, 426 Reyna, José Luis, 517n Redick, M. E., 42n Reynolds, Clark W., 522n, 523n, 525n, 530n Redistributive Old Traditional Economy, 85Ð86 Reza Shah Pahlavi, Mohammed, 490n, 491, 492, Rehn, Gösta, 212–214 494Ð496 Rehn-Meidner Plan (1951), 213 Rhineland model, 232n Reich, Michael, 128n Rhöne-Poulenc, 191 Relations of production, 57 Riba (forbidding of interest), 103Ð105, 500Ð502 Relative backwardness hypothesis, 16, 582Ð583 Ricardo, David, 45, 58, 59n Religions and religious groups, 87Ð108. Richards, Alan, 495n, 502n See also Islam Richter, Sándor, 381n Buddhist economics, 87Ð89, 148n, 170Ð171 Rider, C., 371n Christian economics, 92Ð94 Rig Veda, 456, 480 Confucian economics, 89Ð90, 148, 152n Ringi-sho (writing of memos), 157 in Former Soviet Union (FSU), 306, 308, 324 Riphahn, Regina T., 255n Hindu economics, 90Ð91 Ripley, George, 55 in Hong Kong, 442 Rise and Decline of Nations, The (Olson), 50 in India, 90Ð91, 455Ð458, 479Ð480 Riskin, Carl, 426n, 428n, 437n, 438n, 445n in Iran, 487Ð490, 507Ð510 Rivlin, Alice M., 213n, 221n in Japan, 147Ð148, 170Ð171 Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 13Ð14 Judaic economics, 91Ð92 Roberts, Joanne, 435n Marxist system and Christianity, 60 Robertson, Pat, 94 in People’s Republic of China (PRC), 418Ð421 Robespierre, 54, 180 precursors to socialist ideology, 53Ð54, 57 Robinson, Joan, 552n property ownership, 8 Robkin, Eugene E., 102n Shinto, 147Ð148 Rockefeller, John D., 122, 525 in Taiwan, 444 Rockoff, Hugh, 118n, 123n in Yugoslavia, 391Ð392 Rodrik, Dani, 508n Renault, 191Ð192, 222n Roemer, John E., 68n Ren (benevolence), 421 Roett, Riordan, 532n Rent-seeking, 49Ð50, 272 Roh Moo Hyun, 545 Republic (Plato), 53 Rojec, Matija, 411n Research and development. See also Technology Roman Catholic Church, 8, 92Ð93, 105, 181, 181n, France, 191, 193 194, 339, 341, 352, 391Ð392, 458, 519Ð520, 520n Germany, 258 Roman Empire, 460 Japan, 159, 169Ð170, 173 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 41, 117, 122Ð123, 235n, South Korea, 560 467, 548 Sweden, 225 Roosevelt, Kermit, 491n United States, 136 Roosevelt, Theodore, 28, 122 Reservation system, 470, 474 Rose, Andrew K., 247n Resnick, Stephen, 8n Rosen, Sherwin, 216n Responsibility contracts, 433 Rosenberg, Dorothy, 256n Retail economy, Former Soviet Union (FSU), Rosenthal, F., 97n 273Ð274, 289 Rosevear, Adam, 319n Révész, Gábor, 363n, 364n, 374n, 377n, 378n, 379n, Ross, David, 32n 380n, 381n Ross, John B., 523n Revisionism, 60Ð61 Rosser, J. Barkley, Jr., 13n, 76n, 85n, 90n, 577n, Revolutions 584n, 585n, 586n Bolshevik (1917), 3n, 9Ð10, 14, 62Ð63, 266, 269n, Rosser, Marina V., 13n, 76n, 85n, 90n, 584n, 585n 308Ð309 Rothbard, Murray, 38n, 123n France, 54, 57, 61Ð62, 180, 182 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 54 Hungary, 367Ð368 Rowthorn, B., 209n Industrial, 23, 423, 463 Roy, Tirhankar, 463n, 465n Mexico, 519Ð521, 523 Royal Dutch Shell, 525 in Shi’i Islam, 487Ð499 Rozelle, Scott, 440n United States, 119Ð120 Rozman, G., 90n 640 Index

Rubin, Marc, 305n Seligson, Mitchell A., 531n Ruble zone, 314Ð315 Sen, Amartya K., 476n, 477, 477n, 478n Russell, Bertrand, 60 Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 65, 538 Russia, 301Ð303, 305, 311Ð313, 318, 319, 324, 325, Seniority wages, 152Ð153 328, 330Ð332. See also Former Soviet republics; Sepoy Rebellion, 462 Former Soviet Union (FSU) September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 3Ð4, 575 Russian Empire, 3n, 266Ð268, 305Ð307 Serageldin, J., 86n Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR), Serbia, 389, 393Ð394, 407Ð409 266, 287Ð288, 309 Serfdom Austro-Hungarian Empire, 365 Saab-Scania, 222n Russian Empire, 267 Sacilor, 191 Setterfield, Mark, 577n SAF (Svenska Arbetsgivaegforening; Sweden), 207, Sèvres, 191 209Ð211, 214 Shadow economy, 217, 276, 292, 408 Sahay, Ratna, 79n, 81n Share economy, 5, 152 Saint-Simon, Henri de, 54 Yugoslavia, 72Ð74, 389Ð390, 398Ð407 Saito, A., 412n Share Economy, The (Weitzman), 74 Sakuma, Ken, 153n Shari’a, 15, 95, 95n, 97Ð101, 103, 108, 507 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 515, 517Ð518, 520, 522, Shawcross, William, 363n 525, 527Ð528, 527n, 532Ð534 Sherman Act (1890), 31, 41n, 121Ð122, 128 Saltsjöbaden Agreement (1938), 209 Shiells, Clinton R., 311n Samsung, 561 Shi’is, 96, 96n, 108, 306, 487, 488Ð490, 488n, Sanford, George, 340n 507Ð509 Sanwa, 150, 155 Shiller, Robert J., 135, 135n Sargent, Thomas J., 124n Shinto, 147Ð148 Sato, Kazuo, 162n Shleifer, Andrei, 289n, 306n, 585n Saudi Arabia, 106Ð107, 508Ð509 Shock therapy, 286, 288Ð290. See also Big Bang Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), 106Ð107 economic reform Savings rate, Japan, 158, 161, 166Ð167, 173 Poland, 251, 288, 337Ð339, 348Ð355 Scalapino, R. A., 550n, 553n Shoguns, 148Ð149 Scaramazzion, Pazquale, 251n Shorter, Edward, 194n Schacht, Joseph, 97n Short-term state bonds (GKOs; Former Soviet Schaffer, Mark E., 349n Union), 292Ð293 Scherer, Frederic M., 32n Shujie Yao, 437n Schlifer, W., 247n Shutte, Clemens, 351n Schmitter, Philippe C., 208n Siberia, 323. See also Former Soviet republics; Schneider, Friedrich, 217n, 274n, 585n Former Soviet Union (FSU) Schneider, Harold K., 85n Sibilska, Miroslawa, 342n, 343n Schnitzer, Martin, 245n, 247n, 249n Sick, Gary, 498n Schor, Juliet B., 138n Siddiqi, Muhammed Nejatullah, 101, 101n Schrenk, Martin, 395n Sider, Ronald, 94n Schröder, Gerhard, 234, 257 Siebert, Rosemarie, 325n Schroeder, Gertrude, 283n Sierra Leone, 25 Schumacher, E. F., 87n, 87Ð89, 88n Sik, Endre, 383n Schumpeter, Joseph, 25, 25n, 30, 50 Sikhism, 455Ð458 Schwartz, Anna J., 123n Silla Kingdom, 546 Schwartz, Lee, 305n Silva, Lulu da, 538 Scott, Tom, 234n Silverman, Bertram, 212n, 222n Secessionist movements, 301Ð303 Singapore, 15, 24, 544, 563Ð564, 576, 582 Second Pragmatic Phase (Iran, 1989Ð1997), 494, 505 Singer, Aaron, 118n Second Radical Phrase (Iran, 1982Ð1984), 493 Singh, Jitendra, 477 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 123 Singleton, Fred, 396n, 404n Seigniorage, 289 Sinkyo, 546n Sekelj, Laslo, 409n Sinn, Hans-Werner, 246n, 249n Selden, Mark, 427n, 432n, 437n, 445n Sino-Soviet Split, 425Ð426, 441, 553 Index 641

Sizov, Andrei, 317n, 322n Social Reform Phase (Iran, 1997Ð ), 494 Ska˛pska, G., 341n Social safety net, 12Ð13 SKF, 207 Société Générale, 191 Slavery, United States, 115Ð116, 120Ð121, 121n, Softbank S. A., 355 133, 520n Soft budget constraint policy, 68, 75, 285Ð286, 288, Slay, Ben, 347n, 353n 345, 369Ð370, 372, 399 Slezy«« nski, Jerzy, 346n Sokoloff, Kenneth L., 121n, 133n Slider, Darrell, 290n Solidarity (Solidarno«s«c), 338, 342, 344, 346, 351Ð352 Sloan, Alfred P., 127 Song dynasty (960-1275), 422 Slovenia, 390, 391, 391n, 394Ð395, 406, 407, 409Ð412 Song, Lina, 438n European Union (EU), 409, 410 Sony, 156, 160 foreign direct investment, 410Ð412 Soofi, Abdol, 101n inflation rate, 410 Southern Baptist Convention, 94 international trade, 409Ð410 South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK), 543Ð544, labor-management relations, 412 555Ð571, 582. See also Korea macroeconomic policy, 412 agriculture, 556, 565Ð567 privatization, 410 chaebol, 31Ð32, 545, 555Ð562 unemployment rate, 409 degree of concentration, 31Ð32 worker-managed firms, 411Ð412 among East Asian NICs, 562Ð564 Smeeding, Timothy M., 381n economic growth and development, 555Ð560, 565 Smil, Vaclav, 427n, 440n establishment, 543, 544, 548Ð549 Smith, Adam, 7, 25, 27, 119 foreign direct investment (FDI), 563Ð564 Smith, Alasdair, 356n income distribution, 564Ð565, 567Ð568 Smith, Eric A., 6n industrial policy, 558, 560Ð562, 565Ð567 Smith, Eric Owen, 232n international trade, 568Ð569 Smith, Helen Lawton, 346n quality of life, 558, 567Ð568 Smith, Stephen C., 411, 411n social development, 477 Smyser, W. R., 240n, 241n, 258n technology development, 559Ð560 Snow, Edgar, 424n Soviet Union. See Former Soviet republics; Former Social capital, 21, 86n, 584Ð585 Soviet Union (FSU) Social democracy, 14 Sovkhoz (state farms), 275 Social Democrats, 205Ð206, 236, 243n Spain, 518Ð520 Social development. See Human development Spartacus League, 242Ð244 Social dividend, 67 Special Enterprise Zones (SEZs), 418, 429Ð430, Social engineering, 54Ð55 433Ð436, 438 Social Gospel movement, 93 Spéder, Zsolt, 381n Socialism, 53Ð84, 54n Spiro, Melford E., 89n Buddhist socialism, 88Ð89 Sri Lanka, 88, 478 controversies up to Bolshevik Revolution Srinivasan, T. N., 472n, 473n, 475n (1917), 60Ð63 Stalin, Joseph, 14, 57n, 60n, 62Ð64, 68, 71, 88, development of ideology, 53Ð56 268Ð270, 272, 274, 276Ð277, 279Ð281, 302, divisions since 1917, 63Ð66 337n, 340Ð341, 368, 397, 397n, 400, 425, 426, forms of ownership, 7Ð9 548Ð550, 550n in France, 180Ð181, 191 Standard Oil, 122 in India, 465Ð472 Stanislaw, Joseph, 189n, 472n lack of individual freedom, 14 State and Revolution, The (Lenin), 61Ð62, 66 Marxian worldview, 56Ð59 State capitalism, 7Ð8, 517 theory of economic socialism, 66Ð74 State-owned enterprises (SOE) transition to capitalism, 74Ð81, 285Ð295, 375Ð384, France, 191Ð193 402, 429Ð440 India, 468, 470Ð473, 475, 478 Socialist market economies, 13, 18, 19, 68, 203Ð204, Iran, 494, 496Ð499, 501, 505Ð506 239, 418Ð419. See also Germany; Market Poland, 337, 338, 347, 352Ð355 socialism; People’s Republic of China (PRC); town and village enterprises, People’s Republic of Sweden China, 68, 418, 429, 433Ð435 Socialist planning controversy, 66Ð69 Yugoslavia, 64 642 Index

Static efficiency, 16. See also Efficiency industrial policy, 207 Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, 524n inflation rate, 220 Stebelsky, Ihor, 329n international trade, 225Ð226 Steffelaar, Wouter, 104n, 508n introduction, 203Ð206 Steinharr, A., 283n labor-management relations, 207Ð214 Steward, Francis, 584n macroeconomic policy, 214, 219Ð221, 224 Stiglitz, Joseph, 539n politics, 205Ð207 Stockholm School, 207n public sector, 210Ð212, 215Ð216 Stock market quality of life, 204 Japan, 156, 158, 166, 167Ð169 tax rates, 216Ð218 United States, 117, 123, 135Ð136, 584 technology development, 207, 225 Stodder, James, 85n unemployment rate, 204Ð205, 208Ð209, 211, Stoffaes, Christian, 191n 214, 222 Stojanovi«c, R., 405n wage solidarism, 204, 209, 212Ð213 Stolper, Gustav, 236n, 238n, 239n welfare policies, 204, 214Ð218, 223 Stolypin, Piotr, 287 Swedenborg, B., 213n, 214n, 217n, 222n Stone, I. F., 549n Swedish Model Stoppard, Tom, 55n described, 204Ð206 Storming, 272Ð273 historical and cultural roots, 206Ð207 Strang, Gunnar, 210 status of, 223Ð226 Streibel, Günter, 247n, 248n Sweezy, Paul M., 128n Stuart, Charles E., 217n Swinnen, Johan F. M., 380n Subsidies, of positive externalities, 34 Syndicalism, 62Ð63, 527 Substantivists, 85n Syngman Rhee, 547, 548, 556, 561 Sudan, 500 Synthesis, 56 Sullivan, Kevin, 534n, 536n Syrian (Nestorian) Christians, 458 Sumitomo, 149, 150 Sztyber, Wladyslaw, 353n Summers, Lawrence H., 583n Sungwoo Kim, 551n Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa, Natalia, 293n Sunkyong, 561 Tabellini, Guido, 13n Sunnis, 96, 308, 487, 488n, 489, 507, 508 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 41 Sunnism, 487 Taiwan (Republic of China), 417n, 424n, 441Ð446, Sun Yat-sen, 424, 443 544, 556, 562Ð564, 582 Superindustrial policy, 269Ð270 Tajikistan, 301Ð302, 308Ð309, 312, 313, 318Ð320, Suras (chapters of Qur’an), 94Ð95 325, 326. See also Former Soviet republics; Surplus value, 58Ð59 Former Soviet Union (FSU) Sutherlin, John W., 346n Takeuchi, Yasuo, 147n Suzuki, 382 Taliban regime, 4, 99, 487n, 506n, 507, 509, 580 Svejnar, Jan, 403n Taliqani, Ayatollah Mahmud, 490n, 490Ð492 Svenska Arbetsgivaegforening (SAF; Sweden), 207, Tamari, Meir, 91n 209Ð211, 214 Tang dynasty (618Ð906), 422, 423 Svenska Cellulosa, 207 Taoism, 419Ð421 Svetli, Marjan, 411n Tao Te Ching (Lao-Tsu), 420 Swadeshi, 480 Tapilina, V. S., 292n Swaraj (national self-sufficiency), 466, 480 Tatawy, Nawal El, 395n Sweden, 203Ð229 Tatsuno, Sheridan, 171n central bank, 207, 219, 220 Tawhid (divine unity), 100 corporatism, 204, 208Ð212, 219 Taxes, 19 economic growth and development, 224, 225 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 281, 287, 291 education, 207 Germany, 232 euro and, 199 Iran, 489 European Union (EU), 205, 216, 220, 222Ð223, 225 on negative externalities, 34 historical background of economy, 206Ð207 Poland, 349 income distribution, 204, 204n, 217Ð218 Sweden, 216Ð218 Index 643

United States, 134 Tokugawa shogunate, 148Ð149 Yugoslavia, 402 Toledano, Lombardo, 521n Taylor, John B., 124n, 340n Tomlinson, B. R., 463n, 464n, 465n Taylor Rule, 124n Tomlinson, Philip R., 166n Technocratic populist corporatism, 517 Toninelli, Pier Angelo, 578n Technology. See also Research and development Topel, Robert, 213n, 214n, 217n, 222n Former Soviet Union (FSU), 286 Torah, 91 France, 189, 191, 193 Tornell, Aaron, 528n Germany, 233, 235Ð236, 244, 252Ð253, 258 Török, Adám, 383n India, 453Ð454, 480 Toshiba Corporation, 154, 159 Japan, 145, 158Ð159, 169Ð171, 173 Total factor productivity (TFP), 134Ð135, 346 New Economy, 117, 134Ð137 Tóth, István György, 381n North Korea, 553Ð555 Town and village enterprises (TVEs), 68, 418, 429, People’s Republic of China (PRC), 423, 428 433Ð435 South Korea, 559, 560 Toyota, 159 Sweden, 207, 225 Tradeable emissions permits, 35Ð36 United States, 116Ð117, 120Ð122, 134Ð137 Trade unions. See Labor-management relations Techpromfinplan, 70 Traditional economy, 85Ð87 Teichman, Judith A., 526n allocation mechanisms, 6Ð7 Téléfonos de México, 530 New Traditional Economy, 86Ð87 Teleologists, 269Ð270 Old Traditional Economy, 85Ð86 Teller, Edward, 383n Transcaucasus republics, 306Ð307, 313Ð314 Temin, Peter, 123n, 136n Transition economies, 74Ð81 Teranishi, Juno, 149n Treisman, D., 292n Teresa, Mother, 456 Treuhandstalt (THA), 253Ð254 Terrorist attacks (September 11, 2001), 3Ð4, 575 Triangles of inefficiency (Harberger triangles), 29n Terry, Barbara Boyle, 381n Trichet, Jean-Charles, 197n Thailand, 88, 563, 582 Trotsky, Leon, 63Ð64, 268 Thatcher, Margaret, 12, 198n, 376, 451, 576Ð579, Trotskyism, 63Ð64 577n, 578n Tsao, James T. H., 427n Thatcherism, 576Ð579 Tudjman, Franjo, 397n Theravada Buddhism, 87Ð88 Tullock, Gordon, 39n, 49 Thesis, 56 Tungsram, 367 Third Front policy, 429, 437Ð438 Turgeon, E. Lynn, 124n, 367n, 379n Third Way, 72, 99, 108, 265, 510, 510n Turgot, Jacques, 182, 182n Thirty Years’War (1618Ð1648), 206Ð207, 235, 339 Turkmenistan, 308Ð309, 311, 312, 317Ð320, 325, 326. Thomas, Robert Paul, 23n See also Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Thomas (apostle), 458 Union (FSU) Thompson, Gary D., 522n Thomson, 191 U Ba Swe, 88 Thorpe, M., 560n Ueda, Atsuko, 558n Three sacred treasures (Japan), 151Ð154 Uekasa, Masu, 156n Tian, W., 432n Uematsu, Tadihiro, 166n Tiananmen Square uprising (1989), 430, 441 U-form structure, 127, 127n, 157 Tiberius, 460 Ukraine, 266, 270n, 301, 305, 314, 315, 318Ð320, Tietenberg, Tom, 36n 323, 325, 328Ð332, 376. See also Former Soviet Tikhomirov, Vladimir, 293n, 310n republics; Former Soviet Union (FSU) Tilly, Charles, 194n Ulama, 99, 107, 489, 493 Timofeev, Lev, 275n, 276, 276n, 324n Ulbricht, Walter, 242Ð243 Timur Ling (Tamerlane), 459 Ultra-Keynesian policy, 219Ð221 TISCO, 470 Ulyanov, Vladimir Illich. See Lenin, Titoism, 64, 369 Vladimir Illich Tito (Josep Broz), 64, 72, 389Ð390, 392Ð394, Umma, 95, 488 396Ð397, 397n, 401 Underground economy, 217, 276, 292, 408 644 Index

Unemployment rate U Nu, 88 Czech Republic, 349Ð351 Upadhyaya, Deendayal, 91, 480 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 317 Upanishdads, 456 France, 194 Urban flight, 325–326 Germany, 240Ð242, 248, 253 Uruguay, 538 Hungary, 349Ð351, 372Ð373 Usinor, 191 India, 474 Usufruct rights, 72 Japan, 145, 152, 153, 161 Usury, 92n market capitalism, 43Ð46 Utopia (More), 54 Poland, 349, 350, 354 Utopian socialism, 54Ð56 Slovenia, 409 Uttar Pradesh, 476, 478 Sweden, 204Ð205, 208Ð209, 211, 214, 222 Uzbekistan, 308Ð309, 312, 314, 317Ð320, 323, 326, in transition economies, 77Ð79 331. See also Former Soviet republics; Former United States, 122Ð123, 134 Soviet Union (FSU) Yugoslavia, 389, 395, 404 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 453n, 454Ð455, 458, 479Ð480 See Former Soviet republics; Former Soviet Vakil, F., 495n Union (FSU) Valentin, Veit, 231n Unions. See Labor-management relations Valibeigi, Mehrdad, 498n, 499n, 500n, 504n United Nations (UN), 117, 549, 551 Value-added tax (VAT), 217 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 565Ð566 Van Atta, Don, 325n Human Development Index (HDI), 17 Vanek, Jaroslav, 72Ð73, 72n, 398Ð399, 398n United States, 115Ð143 Van Ree, Eric, 548n antitrust policy, 31, 41n, 121Ð122, 128 Vaubel, Ronald, 196n central banks, 47Ð48, 116Ð117, 119Ð120, 122, Veri Service, 355 125, 128 Vernadsky, Vladimir I., 586n corporations, 116, 120Ð122, 125Ð130, 136 Versailles Treaty (1919), 236 education, 117Ð118, 136Ð137 Vertical keiretsu, 154Ð156, 173 government regulation and deregulation, 31, 35Ð36, Vichy regime, 183, 187n, 194, 208 117, 121Ð123, 125, 128Ð130 Vickers, John, 579n Great Depression, 45, 117, 122Ð123 Vietnam War, 124Ð125 historical background of economy, 118Ð126 Vijay, Joshi, 471n human development, 118, 130Ð134 Villa, Francisco (Pancho), 520 income distribution, 118, 125, 130Ð134 Virginia School, 39, 39n international trade, 117, 124, 139Ð140, 171Ð173 Virtual economy, 288 introduction, 115Ð118 Viˇsegrad Group, 376, 379 labor-management relations, 41, 123 Vishny, Robert W., 289n, 585n macroeconomic policy, 47, 116Ð117, 124n, 124Ð125 Vodopivec, Milan, 399n, 405n, 411, 411n Native Indian population, 116, 118Ð119 Vogel, Ezra F., 145n net foreign debt, 139Ð140 Vojni«c, Dragomir, 405n politics, 120Ð121 Vojvodina, 393 postwar occupation of Japan, 150 Völcker, Beate, 247n public sector, 39 Volcker, Paul, 125 quality of life, 137Ð140 Voltaire, 234n railroads, 121n, 127 Volvo, 222n slavery system, 115Ð116, 120Ð121, 121n, 133, 520n von Mises, Ludwig, 9, 9n, 11Ð12, 38n, 50, 67Ð68 stock market, 117, 123, 135Ð136, 584 Voucher schemes, 331Ð332, 377, 576 taxes, 134 technology development, 116Ð117, 120Ð122, Wa (harmony), 148 134Ð137 Wachtel, Howard, 405n unemployment rate, 122Ð123, 134 Wade, Robert, 441n Washington Consensus, 77 Wadensjö, E., 214n World War II, 11, 117, 124, 125, 150 Wage drift, 210Ð212, 219Ð220 U.S. Savings and Loan crisis, 40, 168 Wage solidarism, Sweden, 204, 209, 212Ð213 Universal Idea (Hegel), 56Ð57 Wagner Act (1935), 41 Index 645

Wagner’s Law, 25n, 584 Wilson, Peter W., 107n Walesa, Lech, 338, 342, 351Ð352, 358, 358n Wilson, Woodrow, 122, 520n Walker, James R., 217n Wing-tsit Chan, 420n Wallenberg, Marcus, 207n Wirtschaftswunder (West Germany), 232, 238Ð241, Walras, Léon, 27 257Ð258 Walton, Gary M., 118n, 123n Wise, Carol, 532n Wang, Yijang, 355n Witkoufski, Janusz, 344n Waqfs (religious endowments), 491Ð492 Wittfogel, Karl August, 86n, 423, 423n War Communism (1917Ð1921), 9Ð10, 268 Wolf, Holger C., 238n, 239n, 310n Ward, Benjamin, 73, 73n Wolf, T. A., 342n Warlordism, 424 Wolff, Richard, 8n Warsaw Pact, 244, 282Ð283, 356, 368, 369n, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 62 376, 397n Women Washington, George, 119Ð120 in Hungary, 367, 367n Washington Consensus, 77 in India, 467, 476 Waterbury, John, 495n, 502n in Iran, 502 Watson, Burton, 420n in Japan, 151, 151n, 165 Watt, James, 119 in Latin America, 537 Watt, W. Montgomery, 97n in People’s Republic of China, 427, 439 Wealth of Nations (Smith), 7, 27, 119 in South Korea, 568 Weber, Adolf, 265n in Sweden, 204, 216, 223 Weber, Max, 93, 93n in the United States, 136Ð137 Wei Ding, 407n Wong, John, 445n Weimar Republic, 236Ð237 Woolcock, Michael, 86n Weinert, R. S., 517n Worker-managed economy, 398Ð402 Weinrich, Gerd, 398n Worker-managed market socialism, 64 Weirton Steel Company, 73 breakdown, 401Ð402 Weisskopf, Thomas E., 128n implementation, 399Ð401 Weitzman, Martin, 5n, 74 performance and evaluation, 402Ð407 Welfare policies Slovenia, 411Ð412 Germany, 232, 242, 249 theory, 398Ð399 Sweden, 204, 214Ð218, 223 Yugoslavia, 389Ð390, 398Ð407 Welfens, Paul J. J., 246n, 247n, 285n Workers’ Council Law, 399Ð401 Werner, Alejandro, 528n, 532n Workers’ management, 369, 398Ð402 Wessis (West Germans), 234 Working Organizations of Associated Labor West, Rebecca, 389n (WOALs), 401, 402n West German economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), Works councils, 232 232, 238Ð241, 257Ð258 World Bank, 117, 291, 332, 370, 538, 567, 581Ð582 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany World Trade Organization (WTO), 63, 117, 173, 294, (FRG; West Germany) 401, 419, 432, 436, 473, 531, 581 Whalley, John, 431n World War I, 116, 122 What Is Property? (Proudhon), 62 World War II What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 61 division of Germany following, 231Ð232, Whetten, Nathan, 516n, 524n 238Ð244 Whitehall, A. M., 545n, 561n France, 180, 191, 196Ð197 White Revolution (Iran), 492 Hungary, 366Ð367 Whitney, Eli, 120 Japan, 145, 149Ð150, 154, 170, 547 Wigforss, Ernst, 207n Korea, 543Ð545, 548Ð549 William the Conqueror, 577 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 424 Williams, Edward J., 531n Poland, 337, 339, 339n, 340 Williamson, Jeffrey, 478n Taiwan, 443 Williamson, John, 537n United States, 11, 117, 124Ð125, 150 Williamson, Oliver E., 8n, 127, 127n Yugoslavia, 389, 396Ð397 Willmot, E., 560n Woronoff, Jon, 145n, 151n, 543n Wilson, Paul N., 522n Wright, Gavin, 121n 646 Index

Wu, Emperor, 421 international trade, 396, 401, 406Ð407 Wu, Harry X., 417n introduction, 389Ð390 Wu-wei (no action), 420 macroeconomic policy, 390, 402 market capitalism, 9 Xinjiang, 580 market socialism, 8Ð9, 369 Xu, Lixin Colin, 438n politics, 393, 396Ð398, 401 privatization, 346, 402, 408Ð409 Yalta Conference (1945), 340 regional inequality, 390 Yang, Y., 432n share economy, 5, 72Ð74, 389Ð390, 398Ð407 Yangban, 546 state-owned enterprises, 64 Yarrow, George, 579n taxes, 402 Yasuba, Yasukuchi, 164n, 165n unemployment rate, 389, 395, 404 Yasuda, 149Ð150 World War II, 389 Yazid I, 96 Yunker, James A., 68n Yellen, Janet L., 247n Yu-you Deng, 436n Yeltsin, Boris, 267n, 286Ð290, 294, 301n Yergin, Daniel, 189n, 472n, 491n Zadruga (communal farm), 393 Yeung, Y., 436n Zaibatsus, 149, 150, 154, 545, 560 Ying, Long Gen, 438n Zakat (almsgiving), 101Ð102, 105, 489, 507 Yinger, John, 133n Zangeneh, Hamid, 493n, 497n, 499n, 505n Yoo, S.-H., 568n Zapata, Emiliano, 515, 520, 520n, 522, 524 Yoshikawa, Hiroshi, 166n Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), 515 Yossifov, P., 290n Zaslow, David, 305n Young, Alwyn, 436n Zecchini, S., 376n Young-Yong Kim, 556n Zedillo, Ernesto, 517Ð518, 527, 535 Yousef, Tarik, 104n, 501n Zembatova, B. V., 271n Yuan dynasty (1276Ð1367), 422 Zettelmeyer, Zeromin, 316n, 318n Yugoslavia, 277, 389Ð415, 581. See also Slovenia Zetterberg, Johnny, 214n agriculture, 393, 397 Zhang, Wei-Bin, 148n, 421n Communism, 396Ð397, 401, 403 Zhao, Renwei, 438n data on former republics and regions, 395 Zhao Ziyang, 430 dissolution, 389, 409 Zhou En-Lai, 182 economic growth and development, 403Ð405 Zhu, Lijang, 431n ethnic mix, 391Ð397 Zhu Rongji, 430 foreign direct investment, 402, 404Ð405 Zimmerman, Klaus, 248n, 255n formation, 389, 396 Zionist movement, 91Ð92 historical background of economy, 391Ð398 Ziˇzmond, Egon, 402n, 404n, 405n income distribution, 405Ð406 Zoroastrianism, 456 industrial policy, 397 Zou, Heng-fu, 438n inflation rate, 372–373, 389–390, 399, Zuhui, Huang, 431n 401Ð404, 408 Zúylicz, Tomasz, 345n, 346n