State Park and Forest Commission

$tate of (Eannecticixt PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 60

THIRTEENTH BIENNIAL

REPORT

OF THE

STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

For the Fiscal Years July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938

C^rrt Oct" ezi\, DEAN'S RAVINE. HOUSATONIC FOREST §tats of (Eatinecticut PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 60

THIRTEENTH BIENNIAL

REPORT

OF THE

STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

TO THE

GOVERNOR

For the Fiscal Term ended June 30, 1938

PRINTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATUTE

HARTFORD PUBLISHED BY THE STATE 1938 PUBLICATION

APPROVED BY

THE COMMISSIONER OF FINANCE AND CONTROL

The Peiper Press, Inc., WaUingford, Conn. Hartford, Connecticut November 16, 1938

To His Excellency, WILBUR L. CROSS, Governor of the State of Connecticut,

In accordance with Chapter 114, Revised Statutes of 1930, and on behalf of the Commissioners appointed under such statute, I have the honor to submit for your consideration the biennial report of the State Park and Forest Commission for the two years ended June 30, 1938, including the report of the State Forester for the same period.

HERMAN H. CHAPMAN Chairman of the Commission CONNECTICUT STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSIONERS

Appointed by the Governor

Arthur L. Peale, Norwich, Term ends Sept. 1, 1939 Dwight C. Wheeler, Bridgeport., Term ends Sept. 1, 1939 Herman H. Chapman, New Haven, Term ends Sept. L 1941 Edward H. Wilkins, Cobalt, Term ends Sept. 1, 1941 Lucius F. Robinson, Hartford, Term ends Sept. L 1943 Thomas Hewes, Hartford, Term ends Sept. 1, 1943

Ex-officio Walter 0. Filley, New Haven, Forester, C.A.E. Station

Officers, June 30, 1938

Chairman, Herman H. Chapman Vice-Chairman, Edward H. Wilkins Treasurer, Walter 0. Filley Secretary, Albert M. Turner

Office 165 Capitol Ave., P. O. Drawer 1558, Hartford, Conn. CONTENTS

Page Report of the Commissioners 8

State Parks Field Secretary : 10 General Superintendent 14 Treasurer 21

Shade Tree Inspector 20

Indian Tribes 17

Statutes of 1937 concerning State Parks and the State Park and Forest Commission 28

Report of the State Forester Introduction 32 Forest and the Economic Conditions of the State 32 Personnel and Educational Work 35 Prevention and Control of Forest Fires 36 The C. C. C. in Connecticut 39 Acquisition and Survey of the State Forests 43 State Forest Improvement 45 Forest Research 52 Forest Recreation 56 Private Forestry 57 Forest Taxation 59 Financial Statements . ... . 62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS

To His Excellency, WILBUR L. CROSS: Governor of the State of Connecticut.

The thirteenth biennial report of this commission was in preparation at the time of the hurricane which occurred on September 21, 1938. The damage done to the state parks and forests was appalling. Emergency funds must be made available at once if Hammonasset Beach and other parks are to be open for public use during the season of 1939. Down timber to the amount of several million feet must be salvaged on both forests and parks; not only to prevent waste of usable material but to remove a tremendous fire hazard and to make the areas accessible to the public. Such emergency needs only serve to emphasize the necessity for increased facilities for public use of both parks and forests. Buildings which have not been adequately cared for, because of insufficient funds, must be repaired even though not damaged by the hurricane. New structures are needed in some cases while others should be completely rebuilt. Some miles of permanent roads should be built to reduce the cost of upkeep and adequately serve the public needs. The budget which the commission has submitted for the biennium of 1939-1941 is divided in two portions as follows:

State Parks 1st Year 2nd Year Recurring expenses $282,740 $285,260 Equipment 25,000 25,000 Purchase of Land 300,000 180,000 Development 398,000 518,000 $1,005,740 $1,008,260 State Forests and Fire Wardens Recurring expenses 161,915 158,795 Equipment 24,135 20,135 $186,050 $178,930

Total Park & Forest $1,191,790 $1,187,190

The State Parks budget is based on a carefully planned program for extension and development of existing parks and their adequate maintenance during the two year period. It has not been altered by the hurricane and the present emergency needs are entirely supplemental to it. The budget for State Forests and Fire Wardens has been increased to cover increased expenses due to hurricane damage which must be met during the biennium. These include the cost of salvaging down timber on the State Forests and the necessarily increased cost of fire prevention in all the forest lands of the state. Only by adequate prevention measures can very heavy fire damage to forest property be avoided. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 9

Your commissioners submit this report in the sincere belief that the people of the state desire the extension and development of the state parks and forests as well as their proper and adequate maintenance. Your Excellency's appointment of Mr. Thomas Hewes in place of Commissioner Whittemore was duly approved by the Senate. Commis- sioner Hewes attended his first meeting on September 22, 1937 and has been active in the affairs of the commission since that date.

Respectfully submitted,

HERMAN H. CHAPMAN Chairman. REPORT OF THE FIELD SECRETARY

To the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission:

Gentlemen: During the two year period ended June 30, 1938, no new parks have been added to your list, but certain additions have been made to three parks, as follows:

SHERWOOD ISLAND Under Special Acts 242 and 243 of the General Assembly of 1937, you have acquired by purchase a total of 127.08 acres of land, with improvements, on Sherwood Island, making the total holdings on the Island and adjacent mainland about 175 acres. Of the additions, 106.46 acres, including the Elwood, Fairbanks, Gair, Luckey and Frese, and Burr parcels, are free and clear of encumbrance excepting only a life use of a small portion of the Elwood parcel; 20.62 acres, including ten parcels acquired from the Sherwood Island Co. or its successors in title, are subject to the restriction for residential use, which will lapse with the further acquisition of some eighteen acres adjacent thereto, now held in about thirty-three titles, of which thirteen include buildings for residential purposes. There remains on the Island but one upland holding of about fifteen acres, subject to no restrictive encumbrance, but in a high state of private development for residential use, and occupied throughout the year by its owners. While not immediately needed for park purposes, this parcel should not be overlooked, since a change of title might be seriously adverse to the public interest. Since you have now acquired by direct negotiation and agreement, within a period of two years, some 78% of all upland on the Island, at prices you considered fair, and including both improved and unimproved holdings, you are now in an excellent position to proceed with acquisition as rapidly as funds are made available. In appraising values in these recent acquisitions you have been guided largely by the Grand List valuations in the recent Assessors lists of the Town of Westport, with due allowance for special conditions and circum- stances in each case, and have thus purchased property carried on the Grand List at $243,400 for a total sum of $378,300, or an average of about 155% of the Grand List valuation. The remaining 33 acres of upland with improvements is carried on the Grand List for about $220,000, but being largely in small holdings and with some 2,800 feet of water frontage, it would be unsafe to estimate its proba- ble cost on the same basis, though many of the owners are now ready to sell, and some at prices well in line with those already paid. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 11

There are an unknown number of small holdings of salt meadow not included in this statement but the total value of such holdings is relatively small, and their acquisition may safely be left to the future. Rut until the eighteen acres of upland restricted to residential use is completely acquired, it is obviously impossible to undertake any satisfactory program of development for use, since so much of this area lies on or near the water front.

SLEEPING GIANT Ry gifts from the Sleeping Giant Park Association four small parcels have been added to this park, including about three acres on the mountain and eleven and one-quarter acres on the Whitney Avenue front, the latter including the very valuable parcel formerly held by the New Haven Water Co. from which the Association purchased it. The continuing interest and activity of the Association after its primary purpose of saving the Head was accomplished is especially note- worthy and gratifying.

FORT SHANTOK A small parcel of three-quarters of an acre was acquired from Frank and William Sautter, in exchange for twelve cords of wood which was cut on the park and delivered to the grantors in the course of ordinary silvicultural work. This parcel was badly needed in the construction of a new road through the park, under Federal aid, and the good-will and co-operation of the grantors in thus assisting in such improvement is sufficiently unusual to be duly recorded here.

FEDERAL LANDS During the past few years, by Congressional authority, some eleven thousand acres of farm and woodland in eastern Connecticut have been acquired by the Federal Government under a general program of con- servational activity, which have this year been leased to the State for a period of 99 years through the Commission 011 Forests and Wild Life, for park and forest purposes. Most of these lands were by that Commission allocated to the State Forests, but one parcel of 316 acres in the Town of Griswold was thought to be eligible for park treatment and care and was so allocated. It is located on the easterly side of the Pachaug River, some two miles north of route 138 between Jewett City and Voluntown, on a backwater from the dam at Hopeville, and for the present is known as HOPEVILLE POND, though it cannot properly be added to the list of State owned parks at this time. The land is flat and partially wooded, with thin sandy soil, well adapted for camping, and was partially developed for use by the Federal agency. 12 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 12

The Pachaug River may in due time call for more particular attention, possessing as it does so many desirable features for park purposes.

STATE MONUMENTS In your sixth biennial report (1924) the four State Monuments placed in your charge under Chap. 159, P.A. 1923, were listed and described, and in your subsequent reports appear various notes on their care and maintenance. To this list two more have been added by deeds of gift (June, 1937) from the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut, as follows:

THE GREAT SWAMP FIGHT, Town of Fairfield A plain granite marker, standing on about four square rods of land, on the southerly side of the Post Road, a quarter of a mile easterly from the Westport Town Line, was placed there by the Society in 1904, and marks the general location of the final action in the Pequot War, in which on July 13, 1637, the combined forces of Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay were led by Captain John Mason. This site is much too small for proper treatment and attention, and should be suitably enlarged at the earliest opportunity.

DEATH OF MIANTONOMO, Town of Norwich Miantonomo, a sachem of the Narragansetts, was taken in battle by Uncas and the Mohegans, in the early part of 1643, in what is now the easterly part of the Town of Norwich. In the latter part of that year, after due deliberations in Hartford and Massachusetts Ray, Uncas was authorized to execute his prisoner, and did so near the battlefield where he was taken. His body was buried on the spot, and for many years a great heap of stones, said to have been placed there by his tribe, marked the burial place. In 1841, the heap of stones having disappeared, a rough granite monument was erected on the same spot by some agency at present unknown, where it remained until 1904. In 1903 the section was subdivided for building lots and the monument endangered, but by the prompt action of two ladies, Miss Maria Perit Gilman and Mrs. Louisa Gilman Lane, the two lots on which it stood and six others on a little rocky cliff about a hundred and fifty feet easterly were purchased, with the purpose of removal to the more prominent site. Wishing to insure its permanence, they then appealed to the Society of Colonial Wars, which in 1904 took title to the new site and removed the monument to it. It is located on the easterly side of route 12, leading from Norwich to Jewett City, about three miles from Norwich, and the rocky cliff is REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 13 plainly visible from the main road, with the plot of nearly a half acre, best approached by a short side street running just north of the cliff. The land here seems adequate and well chosen. One of the best accounts of the eveiits of 1643 may be found in DeForest's History of the Indians of Connecticut (1852) which is here followed.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING Progress in this work has been continued by renewals of Federal aid under the Works Progress Administration, in charge of Mr. T. M. Vader, of your staff. Since the field parties are formed wherever the men happen to live and since they cannot travel far, the work has been scattered all over the State and carried on under considerable difficulty, but on the whole is yielding excellent results, though the fully completed maps still cover but 64% of the State Park acreage. Another two year period, if the Federal aid continues, should see it well toward completion. For the past year this work has been further hampered by your loss of office space in Hartford, making it necessary to establish a branch office in an old building on the Humaston Rrook State Park, 26 miles from your main office. There was there an old fire-proof vault and space for a drafting room which has served the purpose, though with much loss of time and serious inconvenience to all engaged in the work.

Your staff still lacks a trained title searcher, draftsman and transit- man to make a beginning on the now urgent work of determining boundaries where uncertainty exists, and this work cannot be done to your satisfac- tion through Federal aid alone, though the base map work is a necessary preliminary, and the State is fortunate in having secured this preliminary work at such small expense. Requests of adjoining owners to have the park lines established on the ground are steadily increasing, and in many cases are extremely embarrassing, since so many lines run through woodlands unfenced and landmarks described in ancient deeds have long since disappeared. In such cases it is usually necessary to search the titles of adjoining lands, and if that is done piecemeal for each case as it arises, the cost is multiplied many times.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

During the last two fiscal years you have held twenty-four regular monthly meetings, at which formal action was taken, and numerous com- mittee meetings, hearings and consultations of the officers of which no minutes were made. Of these twenty-four meetings, twelve were held in Hartford, nine in various parks and three in forests. No special meetings were called. Respectfully submitted,

Sept. 1, 1938 ALRERT M. TURNER REPORT OF THE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT

Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission:

Gentlemen:

State Park improvement for the last six years has been limited by certain conditions. With exception of Sherwood Island, which had a special appropriation for acquisition and development, no funds were allotted for new work and except for what could be done by men paid from Federal funds there could be no improvements on units of the system in general. This situation could not produce well-distributed development on the parks and is not easily understood by people who are giving the park needs some thought, or by those who make active use of them. They are inclined to criticise park administration and to ask "Why are not conveniences provided for comfortable enjoyment where so many of us like to go? Is it not our own money that provides this equipment?" There is, of course, both truth and reason in these questions, which are countered by the fact that it is their own representatives who are sup- posed to say how, when and where the funds are to be spent, but are not definitely charged by their constituents to provide them with parks. Even under these conditions, the State parks have gained some improvements during this period that otherwise would have been delayed indefinitely, and the work being done will, when finished, be well done and will increase the usefulness of those units of the system where it was possible to schedule Federal projects. One advance step has been taken in the employment, July 1st, 1937, of a superintendent in charge of the Norfolk group of parks, which are Dennis Hill, Haystack and Campbell Falls. While not much could be done in the way of improvement, these parks have had some real maintenance care and a few much needed repairs have been made. The roof of the bungalow on top of Dennis Hill has been re-shingled. At Campbell Falls, the barn has been taken down and the salvaged lumber made into picnic tables. During the past two years the buildings on one Forest C. C. C. camp and a part of those on two others were assigned to the Commission for park use and the salvaged lumber will be distributed throughout the entire park system. Already some of it has gone to Hurd Park, Sherwood Island, Housatonic Meadows, Lake Waramaug, Hammonasset Beach, Sleeping Giant, Wharton Brook, Dennis Hill, Kent Falls, Macedonia Brook and Squantz Pond, for repair work and in a few cases for construction of additional equipment. Commencing in June 1938, a general parking charge was made on cars remaining in the shore parks more than two hours (120 minutes) with the intention of increasing revenue with which to care for the parks. Of course, it is too soon to draw any definite conclusion as to results; it REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 15 may be a step in the right direction. With the same purpose in view at Rocky Neck, Hammonasset Reach and Lake Waramaug, all free short- term camping was discontinued, starting June 15, 1938; the period of use was changed from two nights to three nights; and a charge was established of twenty-five cents per car per night. A restriction of fifteen days was made, at Hammonasset Beach only, on out-of-state campers in the long-term camp section. The purpose of this change was to make available more camp-sites for Connecticut residents where over-crowded areas seemed to be depriving them of the use of their own parks. Fort Shantok The stone-arch bridge is finished and the entire length of new road started in J936 by W. P. A. is sub-graded, ready for the gravel surface; side grading is still in process. Indian Well The stone-arch bridge, started in 1935 by W. P. A., is now carrying traffic on a section of town road relocated to conform with the lay-out of park road, which extends south from bridge to connection with the State Highway. Camping here was discontinued in 1938 to make room for car parking grounds for day visitors. This was used to capacity on week-ends through the bathing season. Two more self-service dressing shelters and another caustic soda toilet were built here, also a building for housing the life-guards. Most of the lumber for the construction of these buildings was salvaged from the C. C. C. Camp at Wooster Mt. Macedonia Brook Due to nation-wide curtailment of National Park C. C. C. camp work, Connecticut lost its one camp in the state on a purely park program. There was, perhaps, another—and I think a very serious contributing reason—for discontinuance of the camp, which was that we did not own and had no funds to buy a small tract of land needed to finish the south end of the park road on which the camp was working. However, they did finish about three miles of road in good shape and it is in use as a substi- tute for the town road. The re-location carries most of the traffic to the west of the brook and out of the bottom of the valley, thereby saving a very characteristic feature of this park from being overrun and its value as a recreation area destroyed by the necessary car travel. Wooster Mt. The Forest Service C. C. C. Camp, established here in 1935, was vacated in 1937 and with W. P. A. help we have been taking down the buildings, transferring the lumber for building purposes to other units throughout the park system. Black Rock Here another Forest Service C. C. C. Camp was discontinued and certain buildings came to us, affording salvage lumber which we will have use for in this and others parks for repairs and new work. 16 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 16

Sleeping Giant The path up the mountain to the new stone look-out tower is finished and is in use. The tower is far enough along to call it finished and is safe for public use. This tower is a fine piece of work and a credit to W.P.A., and is a structure that will afford much pleasure to people using this park. A very large part of the credit for this work is due to the efficient management of Mr. Webb, W.P.A. foreman, who brought fine results out of what, he had to work with because of his knowledge and experience in this type of construction. Devils Hopyard The three stone-arch bridges, begun in 1933, are now ready to carry the projected park road. The road itself, however, is still in process of construction and progress seems to be at a standstill under W.P.A. No predictions as to time of completion can be attempted. For the good of the park service it became necessary to change caretakers here last March. Hurd Park In 1937-8, W. P. A. workers finished the mile of road started by the Forest Service C. C. C. in 1935, and it is now being extended more than a mile through the park with the quarry shelter as its terminus. This crew also built four caustic soda toilets and there are four more similar buildings in prospect. The men on this Federal Project have done excellent work and, considering the number of days worked, a good record for the amount accomplished has been made. Squantz Pond Nothing has been done here by way of improvement. The Forest Service C. C. C. Camp, established on this park in 1933, was discontinued and was dismantled in 1935 except for four buildings we asked to have left, not because they would be of much use for park purposes but for the salvage of material that we hope to use in building a caretaker's house. I wish to call attention once more to the fact that camping equipment and general conveniences are very inadequate to meet the needs of the increasing use of this park. In 1937, a gesture was made in the direction of stopping all camping here in view of the undesirable conditions, but the plan was abandoned under protest. Demand is so great that, unless camp grounds can be laid out, equipped and controlled, a dangerous condition will develop because of lack of sanitary equipment, police protection, lights and drinking water. To provide what the situation calls for required more funds than were available even if it had been handled in the limited way applied on some other camp areas. Sherwood Island By use of special funds appropriated by the last General Assembly for acquisition and improvement, equipment here was increased by four caustic-soda toilets and six self-service dressing shelters. An entrance road was also built through the newly acquired Gair property, which cleared up the traffic situation that at times had been a serious problem REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 17 in former seasons; and some desirable changes were made in the exit road. Another much needed addition was made in the construction of a first-aid building with some equipment to handle this park service. INDIAN TRIBES Schaghticoke Indians The personnel resident on this reservation was increased by two births in March 1938. The present record for this tribe follows; Frank Coggswell 69 years old Mrs. Bertha Riley 58 " " " Katherine Riley 21 " " Louise Riley 6 " " Edward Riley 3 months old Mrs. Julia Clinton 25 years old Doris Clinton 3 months old Robert Kilson 51 years old Earl Kilson 40 Mrs. Emma Kilson 39 Gloria Kilson 11 Earl Kilson Jr. 10 ' Charles Kilson 7 Russell Kilson 5 The old Harris house has been repaired and made habitable for the use of the Earl Kilson family, as the house occupied by them for several years had become unfit for further use and is being removed. All of the other houses need more or less repairs which should be made soon to prevent more extensive repairs later. The real estate of this reservation is estimated as follows: 400 acres of land valued at $3,000 4 houses (iqsurance included in blanket policy) Pequot Indians These tribes are located on two separate reservations, one in the town of Ledyard and the other in North Stonington. Each of theSe tribes still have some tribal funds a statement of which appears in the report of the Treasurer. The Ledyard reservation contains 179 acres of land valued at with three houses, two of which are in poor condition and need extensive repairs. There is, in addition, a detached parcel of 5 acres or more with a small house also in need of repairs. The persons of Indian blood now living on this reserv ation are Mrs. Eliza Plouffe 43 years old Donald Clady 16 Eva B. Clady 14 Theresa Y. Plouffe 9 Loretta E. Plouffe 8 Mrs. Martha Ellal 37 The North Stonington or Lantern Hill reservation contains 220 acres of land valued at $3000. with eight houses, one having been built by a resident member of the tribe since my last report. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 18

The Indian residents on this reservation are Mrs. Calvin Williams 73 years old Mrs. Sarah Holland 52 William H. Jackson 66 Edna H. Jackson 36 Mrs. Grace J. Grandy 34 Mrs. Olive J. Spellman 32 Arlena F. Jackson 29 Paul Spellman 31 Franklin Williams 52 Mrs. Helen LeGault 30 Mrs. Grace G. Boss 62 Mrs. Catherine Harris 52 Mrs. Rachel J. Crumb 26

State Monuments Within the past two years two more monuments have been placed under the care of the Commission making a total of six. The Miantonomo Monument in Norwich, which marks the approximate place of the death of the Narragansett Chieftain by that name, stands on a sparsely wooded, rocky plot which had received little care for several years. The accumula- tion of rubbish, dead wood and brush has been removed and the whole plot restored to a more nearly natural condition. The other monuments have received only general care and such minor repairs as appeared necessary. Respectfully submitted

A. Y. PARKER Superintendent, State Parks REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 19

Reported Attendance December 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938 Record - 19 months

Visitors Camp Days Hammonasset Beach ^Hof ^o'Si!? Rocky Neck 398,786 13,314 Indian Well 239,255 3,662 Wharton Brook 208,092 191 Sherwood Island 200,531 Squantz Pond 158,737 23,244 Black Bock 156,204 2,974 Devil's Hopyard 144,210 111 Housatonic Meadows 138,076 Sleeping Giant 120,889 582 Kent Falls 117,213 246 Mt. Tom "">426 448 Hurd Park 65,920 a89 Lake Waramaug 64,507 13,969 Mashamoquet Brook 58,043 839 Buttonball Brook 45,339 20 Macedonia Brook 35,211 1,627 Fort Shantok 30,382 65 Wolf Den 18,882 Quinebaug Pines 13,008 Haystack 6,552 4 Campbell Falls 4,148 Dennis Hill 1,467 Wooster Mt 963 West Peak HO Above All 57 Southford Falls 9 Black Pond 8 1936 to 1938—total 19 months 3,401,780 193,050

Comparative records 1934 to 1936—total 24 months 4,667,052 273,099 1932 to 1934—total 24 months 3,927,406 209,134 1930 to 1932—total 24 months 3,609,676 216,118 REPORT OF THE SHADE TREE INSPECTOR

To the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission:

Gentlemen: The conditions concerning our public shade trees are practically unchanged since my last report. About three fourths of the tree wardens appointments are reported promptly to the state park and forest commission office but the others are slow and require more or less urging. There are still altogether too many of these appointments made without any particular interest in the trees. Many of the tree wardens who are interested in the job and anxious to care for the trees are severely handi- capped by lack of funds and public sentiment. Altho they see deliberate violations of the shade tree laws they hesitate to prosecute the offender because of this lack of support, the doubtful action of the local court and the danger of arousing the enmity of a neighbor. This naturally en- courages some persons to take advantage of this condition. A number of federal projects on trees and roadsides have been carried out. While most of these show good work they have, as a rule, been con- ducted without regard to the local tree warden or state laws. This may have been advisable in some cases but in others it has had the effect of causing the tree warden to lose what interest he may have had in his job. Most of these projects, as well as the work done by the tree wardens, have been trimming and removing trees and cleaning roadsides. This is all very well but it would be better if they would also give more attention to spraying and preserving present trees and providing for the future. In conjunction with the tree wardens and others interested we have attempted a survey of the so called Constitution Oaks, trees given by United States Senator Joseph R. Hawley to the delegates representing the several towns at a constitutional convention in 1902. To date we have been able to definitely locate and measure 109 of these trees; 35 are reported dead and of the remainder we have not yet been able to get definite information. Some of these are probably dead, others have been entirely forgotten, but we still hope that more may finally be located.

Respectfully submitted,

ALLEN R. COOK Supervisor of Tree Wardens

20 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 21

Report of the Treasurer

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS

Summary of Receipts and Expenditures Covering Fiscal Years October 1, 1913 to June 30, 1938

RECEIPTS State Appropriations:

acquisition, development and maintenance $3,714,054.97 supplies for resale (1929-1931) 75,000.00 sales and service fund (1931, revolving) 30,000.00 for aid of Schaghticoke Indians (1925-1939) 20,526.31 for care and repair of public monuments (1929-1939) 3,500.00 $3,843,081.28 Cash revenue: from service operations and sales (1919-1938) $1,476,538.94 from rents, products and repayments 39,831.28 1,516,370.22 by interest on Schaghticoke mortgage note 810.00 Cash gifts: including endowments and interest 89,642.55 Schaghticoke Trust fund with interest 382.84 Pequot Indian Trust funds with interest and revenue 6,029.01 6,411.85 Total receipts $5,456,315.90

EXPENDITURES Capital outlay: acquisition of land $1,226,292.40 development of parks 761,430.80 $1,987,723.20 Recurring expenses: distributed on parks, care and replacement 1,197,194.68 service operations and sales 1,376,936.36 general in administration and exhibition 293,908.39 office and publication 117,746.68 Commissioners'expenses 8,159.67 2,993,945.78 $2,993,945.78 revenue, as above 1,516,370.22 net maintenance 1,477.575.56 Special accounts: Schaghticoke Indians (State aid of) 19,096.22 State monuments (care and repair) 2,089.26 Town tree wardens (supervision of) 21,109.62 Pequot Indians 2,064.18 44,359.28 Total expenditures $5,026,028.26

BALANCES, UNEXPENDED Appropriations of 1937 (for 1938-1939) $281,536.31 Sales and service fund 21,414.09 Cash receipts (1929-1938, in Treasury) 85,508.75 Gifts, including endowments 1,536.28 Indian Trust funds 4,230.17 394,225.60 Reverted to Treasury from appropriations 1913-1937 36,062.04 $5,456,315.90 22 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 22

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937, Second Year

Expended Expended Expended APPROPRIATIONS OF 1935 (continuing) Acquisition Development Maintenance Acquisition—Sherwood Island $135,000.00 Expended 60,000.00 $60,000.00 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37 . 75,000.00 APPROPRIATIONS OF 1935 (annual) New Equipment $10,150.00 Expended 9,994.27 $ 9,994.27 Balance reverting to Treasury 155.73 Maintenance—State Parks Personal services $87,470.00 Deficiency allotment $27,775.00 Added for cut return 7,074.31 34,849.31

Funds available. 122,319.31 Expended 122,319.31 $122,319.31 Contractual services $19,930.00 Deficiency allotment $6,846.00 Cash repayments added. .. 15.68 6,861.68 26,791.68 Transfer to Supplies and materials. 1,500.00 Funds available. 25,291.68 Expended 25.017.78 25,017.78 Balance reverting to Treasury 273.90 Supplies and Materials $11,448.00 Deficiency allotment $5,379.00 Transfer from: Contractual services.... 1,500.00 6,879.00 18,327.00 Cash repayments added. 152.12 Funds available. 18,479.12 Expended 18,368.05 18,368.05 Balance reverting to Treasury. 111.07 Sales and Service Fund Balance brought forward 7-1-36. . $11,753.05 Cash receipts added 95.462.79 Funds available. 107,215.84 Expended 93,529.14 93,529.14 Balance carried forward 7-1-37 13,686.70 Care and Maintenance of Public Monuments $250.00 Expended 72.70 72.70 Balance reverting to Treasury 177.30 Schaghticoke Indian Reservation Fund $1,700.00 Deficiency allotment $619.60 Interest on mortgage note.. . 67.50 687.10 Funds available. 2,387.10 Expended 2,246.12 2,246.12 Balance reverting to Treasury. 140.98 APPROPRIATIONS OF 1937 available before July 1st Acquisition and development—• Sherwood Island $350,000.00 Expended 31,393.71 $27,610.43 $ 3,783.28 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37. 318,606.29 Mapping project—State Parks $5,000.00 Expended 341.64 341.64 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37. 4,658.36 Total $87,610.43 $14,119.19 $261,553.10 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 23

Distribution of Expenditures July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937, Second Year

Expended Expended Expended Expended Acquisition Development Maintenance STATE PARKS Total $ Above All $ 29-25 29.25 73.80 14.00 Black Pond r 87.80 Black Bock 5'93HJ 3.37 5,931.34 1 2.25 Brainard Homestead 901.83 Buttonball Brook 901.83 '.'. 1'.'.'....'. 31.44 59.98 Campbell Falls ?1.42 15.00 Dart Island 15.00 1,304.97 Dennis Hill 2,034.57 .' .'.' .'.' .'.'.'.'.' 729.60 74.22 4,003.07 Devil's Hopyard ^,077.29 3,357.14 FortShantok 3'380'3i 23.17 82.48 16.50 Great Hill 98.98 94,561.64 Hammonasset Beach 97,94Z.»8 3,381.24 412.75 Haystack 412.75 2,770.18 Housatonic Meadows 2,773.76 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 3.58 800.04 Humaston Brook 800.04 4,757.05 Hurd Park 4,778.47 !.'"!!!!!! 21.42 3,586.84 Indian Well ?'658 ?2 71.38 5,708.88 Kent Falls 6,545.60 836.72 6,723.82 Lake Waramaug 12.45 12.48 Lamentation Mt 12-48 3,091.48 Macedonia Brook 3,091.48 2,761.50 Mashamoquet Brook 2,847.78 '.'.':'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 86.28 133.87 Mohawk Mt 165.63 31.76 17.87 Mt. Bushnell 17.87 1,973.02 Mt. Tom .'.'.' 6.52 6.50 Nathaniel Lyon Memorial 6.50 748.24 Quinebaug Pines 748.24 30,411.31 Bocky Neck 31,846.80 :::::::::: " i,435.49 9.50 Saptree Bun 9.50 10,819.70 Sherwood Island 102,947.57 ' 87,610.43 ' ' '4,517.44 6,686.50 Sleeping Giant 6,943.20 256.70 26.45 Southford Falls 26.45 3,184.10 SquantzPond 3,211.46 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 27.36 Sunset Bock 16.00 16.00 West Peak 44.31 " " 44.3i Wharton Brook 13,013.63 ! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 24.74 12,988.89 Wolf Den 1,565.43 1,565.43 Wooster Mt 45.65

General Expense Commissioners' expenses 356.57 356.57 Field Work, Salaries and expenses 15,473.63 15,473.63 Cars, upkeep and purchase 2,812.35 ;; " " 403.76 2,408.59 Exhibits, publication, etc 109.45 109.45 Tools and equipment 212.51 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 12.80 199.71 Office: clerks and supplies 10,206.92 118.76 10,088.16 Storehouse 12,338.94 1,836.71 10,502.23 Undistributed stock 6,769.96 6,769.96

Special Accounts Shade Trees 1,787.16 1,787.16 State Monuments 149.13 149.13 State Service 1,290.53 1,290.53 Schaghticoke Indians 2,934.65 2,934.65 $363,282.72 $87,610.43 $14,119.19 $261,553.10 24 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 24

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938, First Year Expended Expended Expended APPROPRIATIONS OF 1935 (continuing) Acquisition Development Maintenance Acquisition—Sherwood Island Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37 $ 75,000.00 Expended. . ..' 65,500.00 $ 65,500.00 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-38 9,5.00.00 APPROPRIATIONS OF 1937 (continuing) Acquisition and development—Sherwood Island Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37 $318,606.29 Expended 231,955.96 225,283.20 $ 6,672.76 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-38 86,650.33 Mapping project—State Parks Unexpended balance forward 7-1-37 $4,658.36 Expended 2,578.96 2,578.96 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-38 ...... 2,079.40 Improvements to Schaghticoke Reservation. . $2,000.00 Expended 1,183.42 1,183.42 Unexpended balance forward 7-1-38 816.58 APPROPRIATIONS OF 1937 (annual) New Equipment $12,000.00 Expended 11,515.06 11,515.06 Balance reverting to Treasury 484.94 Maintenance—State Parks Personal services $119,270.00 Transfer from Supplies and materials. . . 5,700.00 Funds available 124,970.00 Expended 124,669.18 $124,669.18 Balance reverting to Treasury 300.82 Contractual services $19,695.00 Transfer to Supplies and materials 643.75 19,051.25 Cash repayments added 245.71 Funds available 19,296.96 Expended 16,426.84 $ 16,426.84 Balance reverting to Treasury 2,870.12 Supplies and materials $28,600.00 Transfer to personal services 5,700.00 22,900.00 Transfer from contractual services 643.75 23,543.75 Cash repayments added 159.19 Funds available 23,702.94 Expended 22,086.64 22,086.64 Balance reverting to Treasury 1,616.30 Sales and Service Fund Balance brought forward 7-1-37 $13,686.70 Cash receipts added 111,870.57 Funds available 125,557.27 Expended 104,143.18 104,143.18 Balance carried forward 7-1-38 21,414.09 Care and Maintenance of Public Monuments $250.00 Transfer to Schaghticoke Indians 125.00 Funds available 125.00 „„ Expended 105.80 105.80 Balance reverting to Treasury 19.20 Schaghticoke Indian Reservation Funds $1,675.00 Transfer from State Monuments 125.00 Interest on mortgage note 67.50 Funds available 1,867.50 ,„,„,., Expended 1,810.61 1,810.61 Balance reverting to Treasury 56.89

Tota] $290,783.20 $21,950.20 $269,242.25 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 25

Distribution of Expenditures July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938, First Year

Expended Expended Expended Expended STATE PARKS Total Acquisition Development Maintenance Above All..... ? 152.05 $ 54.32 $ 97.73 R^nrh Pond 07.00 o l .00 Black Pond 303.11 244.24 58.87 B ark Rock 7,096.38 15.48 7,080.90 B"d Homestead V. 103.99 95.04 8.95 Buttonball Brook 1,014.60 88.20 926.40 Campbell Falls 707.27 325.86 381.41 Dart Inland 10.50 10.50 Dennis Hill 2,784.76 78.54 2,706.22 Devil's Hopyard. 4,412.07 388.19 4,023.88 FortShantSk 2,734.47 59 2,733.88 Great Hill 54.38 54.38 Hammonasset Beach... 95,426.98 4,296.39 91,130.59 Havstack 1,400.53 105.84 1,294.69 Housatonic Meadows 3,632.90 13.13 3,619.77 Hooeville Pond 17.10 17.10 Humaston Brook 1,677.12 263.35 1,413.77 Hurd Park 6,041.17 1,322.09 4,719.08 Indian Well.'.' 4,423.47 8.67 4,414.80 Ivy Mountain 61.44 61.44 Kent Falls 6,191.98 69.64 6,122.34 LakeWaramaug 5,738.85 23.42 5,715.43 Lamentation Mt 27.19 27.19 Macedonia Brook 3,643.19 390.92 3,252.27 Mashamoquet Brook 3,741.05 622.20 3,118.85 Mohawk Mt 755.52 562.16 193.36 Mt. Bushnell 27.43 27.43 Mt. Tom 2,351.63 2,351.63 Nathaniel Lyon Memorial 4.70 4.70 Quinebaug Pines 707.41 43.36 664.05 Rocky Neck 31,105.54 948.85 30,156.69 Saptree Run 15.33 15.33 Sherwood Island 308,945.33 290,783.20 7,013.42 11,148.71 Sleeping Giant 6,910.41 167.13 6,743.28 Southford Falls 94.99 80.64 14.35 Squantz Pond 3,391.31 76.03 3,315.28 Sunset Hock 1.42 1.42 Trimountain 38.92 38.92 West Peak 112.21 1.68 110.53 Wharton Brook 12,173.75 12,173.75 Wolf Den 1,142.30 1,142.30 Wooster Mt 1,346.36 17.13 1,329.23

General Expense Commissioners'expenses 342.37 342.37 Field Work, Salaries and expenses 19,401.26 19,401.26 Cars, upkeep & purchase 4,056.27 1,543.44 2,512.83 Exhibits, publication, etc 23.50 23.50 Tools & equipment 1,345.87 1,179.58 166.29 Office: clerks and supplies 10,043.09 320.66 9,722.43 Storehouse 12,275.46 139.54 12,135.92 Undistributed stock 6,188.98 74.95 6,114.03

Special Accounts Shade Trees 2,532.28 2,532.28 State Monuments 378.80 378.80 State Service 1,283.79 1,283.79 Schaghticoke Indians 3,545.51 1,183.42 2,362.09 $581,975.65 $290,783.20 $21,950.20 $269,242.25 26 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 26

Gifts Account July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938

Burnham Endowment: ($500.) income only available (for Mt. Bushnell) Interest received $ 49.92 Previously reported 480.43 $530.35 Dart Endowment: ($200.) income only available (for Dart Island) Unexpended balance brought forward July 1, 1936 $129.35 Interest received 17.52 $146.87 Hawley Bequest: Unexpended balance brought forward July 1, 1936 $73.45 Interest received 3.73 $77.18 White Memorial Foundation: Unexpended balance brought forward July 1, 1936 $77.94 Interest received 3.94 $81.88

State Parks Service Operations Second Fiscal Year: July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937

Receipts: from sales of commodities $53,215.97 from fees for special privileges: bathing $15,326.18 camping 16,217.02 parking 10,703.62 42,246.82 $95,462.79 Expenditures: for labor $47,923.95 for supplies 45,605.19 93,529.14 surplus receipts 1,933.65

First Fiscal Year: July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938 Receipts: from sales of commodities $58,357.64 „ from fees for special privileges: bathing $18,290.94 camping 20,619.30 parking 14,602.69 53,512.93 $111,870.57 Expenditures: for labor $59,752.84 for supplies 44,390.34 104,143.18 surplus receipts 7,727.39 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 27

Schaghticoke Indian Reservation Fund

Second Year, Appropriations of 1935 July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937 Allotment for 1936-1937, including deficiency appropriation $2,319.60 Interest on Conkrite mortgage note 67.50 2,387.10 Expenditures: Medical attendance $ 684.50 Household supplies, food, fuel, etc 1,470.32 Maintenance, buildings and grounds 16.30 Overseer's salary (one year) 75.00 2,246.12 Unexpended balance reverting to Treasury 140.98 First Year, Appropriations of 1937 July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938 Allotment for 1937-1938, including transfers $1,800.00 Interest on Conkrite mortgage note 67.50 1,867.50 Expenditures: Medical attendance and funeral expenses $ 301.48 Household supplies, food, fuel, etc 1,432.98 Maintenance, buildings and grounds 1.15 Overseer's salary (one year) 75.00 1,810.61 Unexpended balance reverting to Treasury 56.89

Schaghticoke Trust Fund July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938

Funds carried forward July 1, 1936 $354.95 Bank interest received—2 years 16.89 $371.84 Expended—medical attendance 106.50 Balance carried forward July 1, 1938 265.34

Pequot Indian Reservation Funds July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938

Ledyard Tribe of Pequots Funds carried forward July 1, 1936 $4,216.36 Interest on bank account 212.59 $4,428.95

Expenditures: Medical attendance $339.00 Household supplies 607.54 Maintenance of buildings 122.68 Overseer's salary 90.00 1,159.22 Balance carried forward July 1, 1938 3,269.73 Eastern Tribe of Pequots Funds carried forward July 1, 1936 $709.55 Received from rents, interest and dividends 316.42 $1,025.97 Expenditures: Medical attendance $ 4.00 Household supplies 134.85 Maintenance of buildings 132.02 Overseer's salary 60.00 330.87 Balance carried forward July 1, 1938 695.10 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 28

Legislation affecting State Parks, 1937

Special Act No. 9 (in part) The following sums are appropriated to supply deficiencies in appropriations for the two years ending June 30, 1937. STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION Division of State Parks Personal Services $27,775 Contractual Services 6,846 Supplies and Materials 5,379 40,000 Approved Feb. 25, 1937.

Special Act No. 242 The first section of number 473 of the special acts of 1935 is amended to read as follows: The state park and forest commission is authorized to purchase lands or rights in land on Sherwood Island for state park purposes. Approved April 29, 1937. (Under Sec. 2 of No. 473, the sum of $135,000 was appropriated, but under Sec. 1 the words "or rights in land" did not appear, and the Attorney- General had refused to approve any purchases.)

Special Act No. 243 The sum of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars is appropriated to the state park and forest commission for the acquisition, by purchase or otherwise, of land or rights in land or both on Sherwood Island and for the development thereof for state park purposes. Approved April 29, 1937.

Special Act No. 248 Section 1. The sum of five thousand dollars is appropriated to the state park and forest commission, to be used in carrying on the work in connection with the state park system, known as its "mapping project". Said sum shall become available as follows: Four hundred dollars between April 16, 1937 and June 30, 1937; two thousand six hundred dollars between July 1, 1937 and June 30, 1938, and two thousand dollars during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1939. Section 2. If the federal government shall cease to contribute to said project, any portion of said five thousand dollars which shall remain unexpended at the time of such cessation shall revert to the general fund of the state. Approved May 14, 1937. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 29

Special Act No. 568 The sum of two thousand dollars is appropriated to the state park and forest commission for repair of buildings and establishment of water supply on the Schaighticoke Indian Reservation in the town of Kent. Approved June 22, 1937.

Special Act No. 610 (in part) Section 1. The following sums are appropriated for the objects here- inafter specified for the biennium ending June 30, 1939: STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION, STATE PARK DIVISION Ordinary recurring expenses, 1937-38 1938-39 Personal services $119,270 $119,270 Contractual services 19,695 19,295 Supplies & materials 28,600 28,000 Capital outlay General plant equipment 4,000 4,000 Heavy Construction equipment 3,000 3,000 Motor vehicles 5,000 7,000 179,565 180,565 Schaghticoke Indians 1937-38 1938-39 State aid $1,675 $1,675 Care of Monuments Care and repair of monuments 250 250 Approved June 9, 1937.

(NOTE by the Secretary The mass of general legislation affecting the administration of all State departments contains many provisions which appear to conflict with or supersede prior statutes governing the procedure of this department, but which are here omitted, pending official revision of the 1930 edition.)

§tati» of (Emmgctirnt

REPORT

OF THE

STATE FORESTER

FOR THE BIENNIUM ENDED

JUNE 30, 1938 REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER Austin F. Hawes, M. F. for the biennium ended June 30, 1938

(1) INTRODUCTION As pointed out in previous reports the burden of handling the increased Federal forestry program with the small state appropriations available for supervision has been considerable. This situation will become even more serious during the present year because of the necessity of cur- tailing expenditures by ten per cent. Appropriations for the past four bienniums have been as follows:

Biennium Biennium Biennium Biennium beginning beginning beginning beginning July 1,1931 July 1,1933 July 1,1935 July 1,1937 Administration and Development of State Forests $133,520 $72,836 $74,290 $90,685 Administration Forest Fire Service 104,200 101,362 82,868 100,040 Maintenance of Trained Fire Crews 10,000 Acquisition of State Forests 84,470

$332,190 $174,198 $157,158 $190,725

(2) FORESTS AND THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STATE In spite of the fact that economic conditions in eastern Connecticut have been getting steadily worse, no action was taken by the General Assembly to bring about an adjustment of land use so essential to the permanent welfare of the region. It may be of interest to review briefly the most important develop- ments in forest land use of the present century. Although a beginning was made in forestry as early as 1901, it must be admitted that the need of recreational areas rather than the danger of a timber shortage was the reason for the first state-wide policy of land use which crystallized in a system of state parks begining in 1913. Similarly the demand of the sportsmen of the state for public hunting grounds resulted in an enlarged program of state forests in 1925. Since that time the area of the state forests has been increased from 11,473 acres to over 70,000 acres. It will be observed that both state parks and state forests have received their principal support from groups interested in recreation. It remained for the Federal Government during the present Administration to undertake the transfer of land from one use to another for purely economic reasons. During the past two years the Resettlement Adminis- tration, now the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has acquired over 10,000 acres of sub-marginal farm land for the primary purpose of removing this land from agricultural production in competition with land much better suited for that purpose. This REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 33 land has now been leased to the State for a period of ninety-nine years as described elsewhere in this report. Although the area acquired is relatively small, the policy based as it is upon economic conditions is a most important development particularly for eastern Connecticut. In his first report printed in 1922 the writer recommended specific state forests aggregating 240,000 acres. In this list was an area of 50,000 acres bordering the Rhode Island line. During the sixteen years that have intervened approximately 20,000 acres in this region have come into public ownership, State and Federal. During this period the need for such ownership has increased to an unexpected degree because of the serious economic crisis in which the region now finds itself.

Lumber Production and Consumption in Connecticutilln his last biennial report the writer called attention to the fact that lumber production in Connecticut had fallen by 1932 to the ridiculously low figure of 5,613,000 board feet. The extent of the fall can only te realized by comparing it with the peak production of 1909 which was 168,000,000 board feet or 30 times as much as the low point. Of course, the production during the years when the chestnut was being salvaged, 1905 to 1920, was far beyond the capacity of our forests. The result was that they were left in a greatly depleted condition. Competition of western lumber as well as the cut out condition of our woods resulted in a greatly reduced cut even before the depression of 1929. The cut of 1932 probably represents the all time low point in lumber production in Connecticut. In 1934 thirty-nine saw mills produced 11,412,000 board feet. In 1935 twenty-seven mills produced 8,477,000 board feet and in 1936 thirty-two mills produced 9,034,000 board feet. The average for the last three years was 9,641,000 board feet or an increase of 72 per cent over the production of 1932. In 1932 Connecticut consumed 96,187,000 board feeet so that the lumber cut in the state amounted to only 5.8 per cent of the lumber used. In 1934 Connecticut consumed 117,012,000 board feet which is an increase of 22 per cent over 1932. The production of 11,412,000 board feet was 9.7 per cent of the amount used. The striking feature about the cut of 1934 was that for the first time in many years the amount of softwood cut, 5,796,000 board feet, was greater than the amount of hardwood, 5,616,000 board feet. The softwood was evenly divided between pine and hemlock, while the various species of oak comprised over 90 per cent of the hardwood cut. The per capita consumption of lumber in 1934 was 71 board feet. The per acre production of our forest land for the same year was 6.4 board feet. To produce all the lumber consumed in the State would require a per acre production of 65 board feet or ten times the present production. Under good forestry practice we should eventually be able to produce twice as much as the total consumption of 1934. According to our best estimates, the present stand of saw timber in Connecticut is about 1,775,000,000 board feet.1 On this basis an annual cut of 11,412,000 board feet is conservative. Unfortunately we have little accurate information on the amount of cordwood and other minor products •Estimate before the hurricane of September 21, 1938. 34 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 34

such as poles and posts cut from our forests. Reducing all products to wood the forests of the state now have approximately 13,000,000 cords. Our latest information indicates that the gross increment of all our forests is about 800,000 cords a year which represents a growth of about 6 per cent. Of this gross increment we estimate roughly that 250,000 cords are utilized in lumber, posts and wood; about 250,000 cords rot on the ground; and 300,000 cords represent the net growth of our forests or the increase in growing stock. Employment Possibilities in Connecticut Forests—In the older countries where forestry has been practiced for a long time comparatively few people aside from the forest olEcers find full time employment in the forests. In the Prussian state forests,1 for example, 50 per cent of the employees work 51 to 150 days a year; 10 per cent 151 to 200 days; 8 per cent 201 to 250 days and only 5 per cent over 250 days. Women and children mostly employed in forest planting work in the forests less than 25 days a year. In Bavaria before the War forest work was the main occupation of only 22 per cent of the male forest workers; 47 per cent were small farmers; 16 per cent workers in seasonal industries. Now 70 per cent of the work in Bavarian forests is done by small farmers. In considering the problem for Connecticut, we should think of forest work as supplementing work on the farms, in our village industries and various forms of public employment such as work on the highways. In other words we should try to build up in our rural communities self- respecting people who will derive their living from two or three kinds of work including perhaps 100 days a year in the forest. In Germany the average forest employment is 80 to 90 days a year. Obviously a forest with a large amount of mature timber will support more people than an area covered with young sprouts where there are no merchantable products. That is the trouble with our Connecticut forests today. Only 8 per cent of the total forest area or 143,000 acres has a stand old enough to produce ties and lumber. The remaining area is either in the conlwood stage or younger. German forests with their proper distribution of age classes alford employment at the rate of one person fully employed for approximately 100 acres of productive forest. Several times as many are actually employed. For our Connecticut forests it is fair to estimate forestry operations would be warranted at the following rates based upon full time employment of 250 days a year: Sapling forest 1 man per 1000 acres Cordwood" 1 " " 500 " Timber " 1 " " 250 " Obviously it is necessary to prevent clear cutting for cordwood if our forests are ever to serve their greatest usefulness in employment. The more valuable the forest products, the greater the employment possibilities. 'U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 471, Washington, 1938. Forests and Employment in Germany by W. K. Sparhawk. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 35

Under the old system of timber mining, temporary roads were made suitable for horse or ox-drawn vehicles and were abandoned after clear cutting. There are hundreds of miles of such old wood roads in Connecticut. Selective logging of mature trees and inferior trees requires a permanent system of roads. As truck transportation direct from the woods to the manufacturing plant is the most economical form of transportation, our forests should be served by truck trails in addition to public roads at the rate of at least 1 mile per 1000 acres. To adequately serve the 1,790,000 acres of woodland in the state would require approximately 1790 miles of truck trails. A large number of men could be kept employed for several years in building such forest roads. Of course, this work would have to be suspended during the winter months resulting in the actual employment of more men for part time. It is useless to speculate on the employment possibilities of our forests under their present ownership. Much of the land is held by owners who cannot afford to employ the required labor. Much more is held by owners so prosperous that they hold their forests simply as a luxury and are not interested in deriving an income from it. We need a redistribution of forest land, education of owners and simple regulatory measures to prevent clear cutting. If all forest owners should begin to practice forestry as outlined above, the market for fuel wood would be filled many times over, but Connecticut would have to continue importing 90 per cent of its lumber for several years. We need several new industries that would utilize low grade material. Possibly wood acid and charcoal manufacture offer a solution. Perhaps hogged wood can be substituted for coal and other imported fuels in rural manufacturing plants. In any case it would be bad for the State to have those new industries established before we have legislation to prevent clear cutting, as they would only deplete our forests as they have been in the past by the brass and brick industries. We also need small stationary sawmills where a forest owner can be sure of a market for his logs without having to sell to a portable mill man who will strip his forest.1

(3) PERSONNEL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK The only change in the personnel of the Department during the biennium has been the addition of Mr. William C. Shepard of New Haven as Forest Products Technician. His is the first appointment made by the Department under the new Merit System. He has the responsibility of finding a market for the products of the state forests. Under his direction the Department operates two small mills and a shingle mill to make lumber and shingles for use in connection with CCC construction projects. He also has charge of the cr'eosoting plant in the Meshomasic Forest which has been rented to Webster & Webster Company; and a brick charcoal kiln in the same forest. The Department has continued its policy of exhibiting at the Danbury Fair and furnishing lectures on forestry subjects. Mr. E. M. C. Eddy, •Since the above was written the hurricane has brought about a serious emergency which requires the disposal of a tremendous amount of lumber. 36 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 36

Supervisor of Fire Wardens, has given illustrated lectures in a great many schools throughout the western part of the state. The Department is well equipped with lantern slides and motion pictures illustrating its work. The Nature Museum in the Peoples Forest continues very popular. Because of curtailment of Government C. C. C. funds it became necessary for the State to take over the maintenance of this museum in the fall of 1937. On October 3, 1936, a beautiful fall day, the Connecticut Forest and Park Association met in the Cockaponset Forest. After a drive over the roads made by the CCC since the Association's last visit to this forest, the meeting was held in Chatfield Hollow in Killing worth. On June 4, 1938 the Connecticut Forest and Park Association held its spring meeting on Mt. Parnassus in East Haddam at the foot of the lookout tower. The main purpose of this meeting, arranged by Mr. C. H. Lathrop, was to dedicate a tablet to the memory of the late Captain George Comer, who gave to the State a portion of the land upon which the tower is located. The inscription on the tablet reads: "To the memory of Captain George Comer, able seaman, Arctic mariner, navigator of the Seven Seas, 1858-1937". Several prominent speakers paid tribute to Captain Comer including Governor Cross, Senator Walcott, and Bobert Cushman Murphy of the American Museum of Natural History. The Moodus Fife and Drum Corps furnished music. On June 21,1938, a beautiful summer day, the Federation of Women's Clubs held a meeting in the Peoples Forest to dedicate as Constitution Grove an area of 50 acres recently donated to the State by the Federation. Speakers included Mrs. Laura H. Gorton, President of the Federation, and Miss Florence L. Sutton, Past President, who was mainly responsible for the gift. (4) PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF FOREST FIRES The fact that the unusually bad fire years occurred in 1915, 1922 and 1930 at intervals of seven or eight years created the fear that this condition would be repeated in 1937 or '38. Although the number of fires increased, no fires got out of control during the biennium. Increasing confidence is, therefore, felt in the present organization and equipment. The organization consists in an efficient force of fire wardens well equipped with fire tools especially knapsack pumps; seventeen lookout towers; nine trucks with gasoline engines and long lengths of hose; seven forest protective associations employing patrolmen and a few general patrolmen in the fire season. Many wardens maintain trained fire crews and such crews are also maintained at all C. C. C. camps. These crews have been an important factor in confining the fires within small areas. Connecticut has been able to maintain its position in the lead of all states for smallness of fires. Under the merit law passed by the General Assembly of 1937 it became necessary for several wardens of long standing to resign when they ran for other state or town office. During the biennium a new steel tower was erected in Redding on land donated to the State by the protective associations of the region. The wooden tower at Mohawk which was built in 1922 was replaced with a steel tower in 1937. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 37

Table No. 1—Number of Fires by Area 1936 Under M to 10 to 101 to 10 acres 100 acres 500 acres Total County Jit acre 17 84 6 107 13 51 22 86 5 27 2 34 Windham. . . 9 58 11 78 Fairfield. . . . 4 140 22 166 New Haven. 7 231 32 270 Middlesex... 1 17 8 26 11 103 15 129

Total 67 711 118 896

Table No. 2—] of Fires by Area 1937 Under yi to 10 to 101 to County M acre 10 acres 100 acres 500 acres Total Litchfield 10 176 19 1 206 Hartford 12 160 24 196 Tolland 3 44 7 54 Windham 8 77 24 109 Fairfield 3 249 52 304 New Haven 35 305 43 383 Middlesex 1 37 17 i 56 New London 13 152 34 l 200 Total 85 1,200 220 3 1,508

Table No. 3—Number of Fires by Cause, Area and Damage 1936 Area Average Number of Burned Area per Damage Cause Fires Per Cent Acres Fire—Acres Reported Lightning 6 1 10 1 $100 Railroad 65 7 263 4 1,324 Camp Fires 30 3 86 3 304 Smokers 335 38 1,311 4 3,609 Debris Burning 175 19 653 4 2,755 Incendiary 52 6 200 4 465 Miscellaneous 162 18 470 3 986 Unknown 71 8 349 5 381 Total 896 100 3,342 3.73 $9,924

Table No. 4—Number of Fires by Cause, Area and Damage 1937

Area Average Number of Burned Area per Damage Cause Fires Per Cent Acres Fire—Acres Reported L'ghtning 1 1 11 $10 Railroad , 75 4 438 6 2,138 Camp Fires 34 2 148 4 8,621 Smokers 549 37 2,314 4 8,560 Debris Burning 327 22 1,632 5 5,288 Incendiary 91 6 369 4 1,504 Miscellaneous 261 17 1,199 5 7,384 Unknown 170 11 1,148 7 2,165 Total 1,508 100 7,249 4.8 $35,670 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 38

The best protection which can be provided for forests in Connecticut is a system of roads making all parts of a forest accessible and a system of water holes. The best kind of fire lines for our conditions are strips kept free from underbrush and inflammable material but well shaded by large trees. Our experience indicates that the maintenance of cleared strips in the forests is too expensive. If enough large trees are left to keep the strips shaded and moist, they will afford an excellent place to control a fire. The strip should be at least 50 feet wide. Since the establishment of the C. C. C. about 1000 water holes have been made on state forests and 200 on private property near the camps. In order to eliminate the danger of animals drowning all water holes in the state forests are now made saucer shape so that any animal can easily walk out. A circular hole four feet deep at the center having a radius of six feet will hold 350 cubic feet of water; one with a radius of eight feet 500 cubic feet; and one with a radius of twelve and one-half feet 1000 cubic feet.

Table No. 5—Summary of Work of Lookout Towers 1937 Days on Fires Number of Tower Duty Located Visitors Beacon Falls* 44 70 112 Burlington 87 132 411 East Haddam 81 53 363 Groton 92 80 262 Guilford* 50 77 Hartland 52 47 173 Mohawk* 36 77 3,210 Norfolk 51 62 3 Norwich 104 251 397 Oxford* 60 192 472 Pomfret 86 168 195 Bedding* 36 69 135 Boxbury 72 132 253 Somers 87 319 3,552 Sterling 82 121 114 74 237 777 Union* 43 29 128

Total 1,137 2,116 10,557 *Open during spring only

Law Enforcement July 1, 1936—June 30, 1938 Section of General Statutes No. of Revision of 1937 Subject Arrests 2191 Kindling fire in the open 2 2192 (537d) Permit for kindling fires 21 2195 Portable steam boilers to be equipped with spark arresters.... 2 6130 (1694c) Fires kindled by cigars or burning substances 2 Total 27 Tried by Judges 10 cases (7 fines; 2 remitted) " "Justices 17 " (9 "5 " ) Arrested by patrolmen 15 " " wardens 12 1 man committed to Hospital for Insane REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 39

1 case appealed 1 " discharged In 4 cases, fire bill and court costs were paid In 7 cases, fines were remitted Total amount of fines—-$73.

(5) THE C. C. C. IN CONNECTICUT During the five years since the establishment of the C. C. C. there have been 21 camps in Connecticut all but one of which have been administered by the State Forester so far as work projects are concerned. The other camp did work for the State Park Department on Macedonia Brook State Park. Table No. 6—Connecticut C. C. C. Forestry Camps as of June 30, 1938 Name Number Established Closed Superintendent Camp Cross S-51 6-23-33 T. C Hood Camp Toumey S-52 6-25-33 A. J. Brooks Camp Robinson S-53 6-13-33 S. Niven Camp Walcott P-54 5-28-33 5-28-37 Camp Graves S-55 5-27-33 4-22-36 Camp Fernow S-56 6-29-33 E. II. Walker Camp Jenkins P-57 6-14-33 1- 7-36 Camp Lonergan S-58 6- 6-33 J. P. Boche Camp Roberts S-59 5-30-33 9-28-37 Camp Roosevelt S-60 5-23-33 3-31-37 Camp Chapman S-61 6- 1-33 10-30-35 Camp Hook S-62 5-24-33 10-30-35 Camp White S-63 12-28-33 O. H. Schroeter Camp Filley S-64 12- 9-33 B. F. Coughlin Camp Hadley S-65 9- 5-35 H. Y. Potter Camp Britton P-66 9-12-35 5-26-37 Camp Buck S-67 9-13-35 L. C. Blair Camp Conner S-68 9- 5-35 A. W. Jack Camp Fechner P-69 9-12-35 5-24-37 Camp Stuart S-70 7- 8-35 5-31-37 The following disposition has been made of the closed camps. Since no State or Federal funds were available for the maintenance of closed camps and they could not be rented for amounts sufficient to cover maintenance, Camps Graves, Roberts, Chapman, Hook, Fechner and Stuart have been demolished. Part of Camp Jenkins has been retained as a central warehouse for the ten remaining camps. Camp Britton, which was on property controlled by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, was turned over to the Station. Portions of Camps Walcott and Roosevelt have been retained because of their location on ponds. The latter was rented to the Bureau of Teacher Preparation, New Haven State Teachers College. Camp Walcott has been occupied temporarily by a survey crew of the U. S. Geodetic Survey. All work done by the C. C. C. in Connecticut is in accordance with plans approved by the U. S. Forest Service. Up to June 20, 1936 this work was supervised from a branch office in Amherst, Mass. Since that date it has been supervised direct from Washington, but the camps have been inspected by Mr. T. C. Flint who has an office in Springfield, Mass. and also inspects Rhode Island camps. 40 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 40

From the establishment of the camps in 1933 they have been administered by Major-General Fox Conner, Commanding the First Corps Area in Boston. Up to June 30, 1937 the Connecticut camps constituted the 5th C. C. C. District with headquarters at Fort H. G. Wright on Fishers Island, N. Y. Col. (now Brigadier General) William H. Wilson commanded the 5th District from June 10, 1933 to June 11, 1935. When he was transferred to Boston he was followed successively by Lt. Col. Monte J. Hickok, Col. Edward J. Cullen, and Col. Bobert W. Collins, 11th Coast Artillery. On June 30, 1937 the 5th C. C. C. District was discontinued and all army affairs are now handled direct from First Corps Area in Boston. The State Forester, through the three District Foresters, supervises all work projects in the camps. In each camp there is a Camp Superin- tendent, a blacksmith, auto mechanic and several foremen, all appointed by the State Forester under authority from the U. S. Forest Service. Since 1935 the supervisory personnel, including overhead, has been limited to an average of eleven persons. This means that for each of the ten camps which have been closed it has been necessary to drop eleven employees. Although Federal employees these positions have not as yet been placed under Civil Service. Early in 1936, by special order of the President, a non-competitive Civil Service examination was set up for enrollees and the grade of Junior Assistant to Technician established. Nine men of this rank were assigned to Connecticut camps. During the summer of 1937 eight Forest School students were also assigned to Connecticut camps for temporary employment. These men proved very helpful. From the inception of the C. C. C. the State Forester has been assisted by Mr. Courtice H. Berry, who has had charge of all administrative details. Among his duties is that of keeping an accurate record of all motor accidents. During the period February 1, 1936 to June 30, 1938 the C. C. C. motor vehicles traveled 3,525,458 miles and experienced 58 accidents which is an average of one accident in each 60,783 miles. It is gratifying to note that no fatalities nor personal injuries more than of a minor nature were involved. Property damage claims were not excessive.

COST OF LABOR AND SUPERVISION, JULY 1, 1937 TO JUNE 30, 1938 Average Cost of Enrollees Per Man-Day Worked Total salaries paid to Enrolled Personnel per camp.. .. $67,302.00 Total average number of days worked per camp 32,400 Average cost per man-day worked = $2.10 per man-day

Average Cost of Supervision Per Man-Day Worked 1. Camp Payroll (all camps) $195,340.58 2. Overhead Payroll (Hartford Office). 22,795.18

3. Total payroll $218,135.76 4. Man-days worked for year— 327,298 a. Total Cost per man-day = $.666 b. Cost for camps per man-day = $.596 c. Cost for overhead per man-day = $.07 TOUMEY ROAD, MOHAWK FOREST

C. C. C. BOY OPERATING TRAIL BUILDER OLD COMSTOCK BRIDGE REPAIRED BY C. C. C. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 41

Percentage of Total Cost d. For camps = 89.5% e. For overhead = 10.5% The total cost per man-day worked is therefore: Paid enrollee $2.10 Paid for supervision.. . .66 $2.76

This figure obviously does not include the cost to the Government for food, clothing, hospitalization, officers' salaries, etc. Education of Enrollees—The chief purpose of the C. C. C. is undoubtedly the employment of a large number of young men in useful work and their education to be useful citizens. The discipline of regular work under competent supervision is in itself a most important factor in molding the character of men, many of whom had never had regular jobs before. The fact that large numbers have been transferred from one part of the country to another lias broadened their viewpoint and helped to educate them. Under the set up of the C. C. C. the real educational work in the camps is entrusted to educational advisers who work under the Bureau of Educa- tion of the U. S. Department of Interior. Believing that this movement offered a splendid opportunity for general education in the fundamentals of forestry and allied subjects, the Department arranged during the past two winters to have a series of courses given by the supervisory force of the camps. These courses were as follows: 1. Conservation and General Forestry 2. Tree Identification and Forest Life 3. Forest Protection 4. Forest Improvement and Use 5. Roads and Forest Structures 6. Machine Construction and Operation 7. Seminar Advanced Course in General Conservation and Land Use for Foremen This work in camp is supplemented by job instruction aimed to teach the men the best way of performing each job. While the courses are op- tional it has been possible through the job instruction to impart to all the men in the camps certain fundamental information about the work. Insect and Disease Control—The responsibility for Insect and Forest Disease Control is that of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Work done by the C. C. C. camps under the direction of this department has been at the request of the Experiment Station or the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Gipsy Moth—Of the 416,105 man-days devoted to insect and disease control in the five years since the establishment of the C. C. C. in Con- necticut 68 per cent or 284,251 man-days have been devoted to the control of the Gipsy Moth. While a considerable portion of this time has been devoted to scouting in parts of the state where there is little or no infesta- tion, the larger part has been spent in the more heavily infested sections 42 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 42 in northern Connecticut. The methods employed are creosoting egg masses in the fall andwinter and crushing caterpillars in early summer. The methods are very expensive in man power. Great economy could be affected by the use of high powered spray machinery such as is used by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in the Barrier Zone. No such equipment has been available to the C. C. C., hence the large number of man- days used. The heaviest infestations at the present time are in the Granby- Canton-Simsbury region in Hartford County and in Stafford, Union and Woodstock in northeastern Connecticut. It is becoming more and more evident that the Gipsy Moth cannot be eliminated from our forests and that our methods of management must be changed to safeguard our forests from serious damage. In some forests this can be done by reducing the percentage of favored food trees such as poplar, gray birch and the oaks to less than half of the total stand. Since evergreen trees are killed by one defoliation and since the insect cannot eat this foliage in its younger period all evergreen forests should be protected by the reduction of the favored food species leaving only the best oaks in mixture with pine and hemlock and such hardwoods as ash, hickory, tulip and maple. All forest plantations in the state forests have been protected in this way. Dutch Elm Disease—Since 1933 this imported disease has been slowly increasing in southwestern Connecticut. Since the disease is spread by a minute beetle which winters in dead and dying elms, the method of control is to cut and burn dead elm trees and branches. Most of the 33,651 man-days spent on this work was done from Camp Fechner in Danbury but since this camp was discontinued on September 12, 1935 there have been no camps in the infected area. The men of Camp Fechner destroyed altogether 87,153 elms on 67,280 acres. White Pine Blister Rust—This fungous disease of the while pine which made its first appearance here about thirty years ago has now spread to the white pine of the northwest. Although the disease may be very destruc- tive to young pine, it need not deter land owners from raising white pine in Connecticut. Since it cannot spread except through an alternate host (currents and gooseberries) pine forests may be protected by removing these bushes. During the life of the C. C. C. 66,303 man-days have been expended in this work, mostly in and near the state forests. European Pine Shoot Moth—There is less alarm over this imported insect than formerly because it has been found that a large percentage of the insects are killed in very cold weather. At the present time only red and Scotch pine plantations in Fairfield and New Haven Counties are seriously threatened by this insect. White Pine Weevil—Work on this insect has been largely confined to the state forests. There is a great variation in the seriousness of the attacks by this insect. In the southern part of the state where there is little native pine, plantations in Naugatuck and Cockaponset forests are nearly free from its attacks whereas some plantations in other forests are nearly ruined by it. The only method of control is to cut off and burn the infested top in early summer while the insect is still in it. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 43

(6) ACQUISITION AND SURVEY OF THE STATE FORESTS The area of the state forests was increased by 3068.79 acres during the biennium bringing the total to 69,985.15 acres although the General Assembly made no appropriation to the Commission on Forests and Wild Life for land acquisition. This increase was made possible chiefly through the use of money received for the sale of forest products from the state forests and also by several gifts of land and money. The largest area, 2362.2 acres, was purchased for $14,740.04, an average of $6.24 per acre with $14,187.00 received for the sale of forest products from the state forests and with $543.04 received as gifts. This includes 249 acres in Cockaponset; 403.2 acres in Housatonic; 200 acres in Mattatuck; 27.5 acres in Meshomasic; 25 acres in Mohawk; 106 acres in Natchaug; 513 acres in Naugatuck; 109 acres in Nepaug; 165.5 acres in Nipmuck; 128 acres in Pachaug; 430 acres in Shenipsit; 5 acres in Salmon River and 1 acre in the Tunxis Forest. Gifts of land were received comprising 706.59 acres. These were as follows: In the American Legion 8 acres from Mr. Bernard H. Matthies of Seymour and 1 acre from Ethel C. Matthies also of Seymour. In the Housatonic Forest 17 acres from William F. Buckley of Sharon, Conn. In the Meshomasic Forest 33 acres from the Frederick A. Griswold Estate in Glastonbury. In the Peoples Forest we received a gift of 50 acres from the Federation of Women's Clubs; 91.59 acres from Janet M. Curtis and Mary R. Wallace of Colebrook, and 499 acres from Mrs. Helen B. Kitchel of Old Greenwich. In the Salmon Biver Forest we received a gift of 7 acres from Mr. James H. Bunce of Middletown. This is located on the Connecticut river. Gifts of money amounting to $543.04 were received and applied toward the following purchases: A check for $395. from Mr. Edward C. Childs of Norfolk was applied toward the purchase of the Terriberry tract in the Housatonic Forest; check for $33.04 from The Connecticut Forest and Park Association was applied toward a purchase from the Harrison H. Ives Estate in the Mohawk Forest; and check for $115. from Harris Whittemore, Jr. of Naugatuck was applied toward the purchase of three tracts in the Naugatuck Forest. In addition to the above the United States Government has leased to the State of Connecticut for 99 years the land originally acquired by the Resettlement Administration. Under a 1937 statute the State will pay to the towns in which this land is situated a grant in lieu of taxes. This lease covers 10,400.47 acres of which 9252.11 acres will be administered by this department. This includes 3963.24 acres in the town of Voluntown; 329.5 acres in the town of Plainfield; 1448.77 acres in the town of North Stonington; 674.1 acres in the town of Griswold; 1735.3 acres in the town of Sterling. These various areas will be administered as part of the Pachaug Forest. 604.9 acres will be administered as part of the Salmon River Forest consisting of 106.1 acres in Marlboro; 204.1 acres in East Hampton and 294.7 acres in Colchester. 496.30 acres in the town of Thompson will probably be included in a new purchase area to be established in that region. 44 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 44

Summary of Land Aquisition State Forest Area as of June 30, 1936 66,962.20 acres Added by purchase July 1, 1936—June 30, 1938 2,362.20 " Added by gift July 1, 1936—June 30, 1938 706.59 "

70,030.99 " Transferred to Highway Department, etc 45.84 "

State Forest Area as of June 30, 1938 69,985.15 " During the past year 1606.2 acres were surveyed but since about twice as much land was acquired the portion of the state forests surveyed has dropped from 99.2 to 97.9 per cent of the total area. This is not including the land leased from the Government, which, however, had been partially surveyed before it was leased to the State. The twenty state forests are divided into 49 blocks. The largest divi- sions of the forests are usually bounded by public highways. Rlocks in their turn are divided into compartments by using truck or foot trails, brooks or other natural boundaries. There are 632 compartments with an average of 104.1 acres per compartment. However, these range in size from one-half an acre to 557 acres. Wherever compartments corner on traveled roads they are marked by wooden posts painted white at the top. On these are figures reading from the top down: Number of compartment; area in acres; year in which treatment was completed. Table No. 7 —Area of State Forests, July 1, 1938 Total Transferred Deed* Total July 1, Total Highway correc- July 1, 1938 Forest 1936 Purchase Gift Added Department tions Acres American Legion 713.50 9.00** 9.00 722.50 +6.74 9,539.75 Cockaponset.. . . 9290.81 249.00 249.00 —6.80f Housatonic 6846.70 403.20 17.00 420.20 —8.29 7,258.61 Mattatuck 2582.99 200.00 200.00 2,-782.99 Mashomasic.. . . 5492.69 27.50 33.00 60.50 —0.34 5,552.85 Mohawk 3419.36 25.00 25.00 —0.38 3,443.98 Natchaug 6091.22 106.00 106.00 —2.77 +0.81 6,195.26 Naugatuck 2023.00 513.00 513.00 2,536.00 Nehantic 1379.70 1,379.70 Nepaug 1944.00 109.00 109.00 +0.13 2,053.13 Nipmuck 2755.14 165.50 165.50 —23.30 2,897.34 Nye-Holman. . . 186.00 186.00 Pachaug 9943.41 128.00 .'.' .'. ' 128.00 —7.89 +0.07 10,063.59 Paugnut 1457.05 1,457.05 Peoples 2213.60 640.59*** 640.59 —2.83 2,851.36 Pootatuck 969.07 969.07 Salmon River... 540.40 5.00 7.00 12.00 552.40 Shenipsit 3344.65 430.00 430.00 —0.10 3,774.55 Simsbury 130.10 —0.80 129.30 Tunxis 5638.81 1.00 1.00 —0.12 +0.03 5,639.72

Total 66,962.20 2,362.20 706.59 3,068.79 —37.87 —7.97 69,985.15 *These deed corrections were made as of July 1, 1937 when it was found that some of the deed acreages did not agree with the index. A complete check was made at that time and most of the errors were made in the early history of the state forests. **21.5 acres transferred from Peoples was included in July 1, 1936 total. ***21.7 acres of deeds 46 and 47 included in July 1, 1936 total. tThe 6.74 acre transfer to the highway department was in error and was corrected with the deed for 6.80 acres. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 45

(7) STATE FOREST IMPROVEMENT The continuance of the C. C. C. for a period of five years has made it possible to improve the 70,000 acres of state forests to a high degree. For the periodic removal of trees as well as for protection and for the recreational use of the forests a system of roads is imperative. When our road system is complete no point in the state forests, with the exception of Canaan Mountain, will be more than half a mile from a road. Table No. 14 indicates that 150 miles of road have been built in the forests. Since it is necessary for the State to maintain these roads after a camp is closed, considerable work has been done during the past two years in improving roads previously constructed. Bad grades and curves have been eliminated, more culverts have been installed, plank floors on bridges have been replaced by cement slabs. In these and other ways the cost of maintenance has been reduced. Recently a Western Austin Road Patrol machine has been purchased for the maintenance of the roads in the western district. Another similar machine is needed for the eastern and southern districts. By stabilizing these roads with the correct mixture of gravel and soil and the application of calcium chloride we have developed a few very good roads. Our chief need at present is a larger appropriation for calcium chloride so that all the more traveled roads can be treated. The question is often asked why we do not oil these roads. The main reason is expense. Calcium chloride costs about $550. per carload. Two treatments a season on an eight foot road costs about $70. a mile while oil costs about $470. a mile for the first treatment and $115. a mile for each subsequent application. Boads treated with calcium chloride fit into the forest landscape much better than oiled roads and are pleasanter to drive over. Dams—In order to make ponds for recreation and wild life eleven dams have been completed in the state forests since the C. C. C. was established. These are located in the following forests: Paugnut Forest Burr Pond Tunxis " Bragg(! and Emmons Ponds Simsbury " Massacoe Pond Cockaponset Forest Chatfield, Schreeder and Hackney Ponds Salmon Biver " Day Pond Natchaug " Darling Pond Pachaug " Phillips and Green Falls (! Ponds

'This dam was carried out by the freshet in September 1938. 2The latter is not yet completed. 46 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 46

Table No. 8—Number of Miles of Roads and Trails in State Forests June 30, 1938

Wood Roads Passable Miles of for Teams Miles of Forest Auto Roads Miles Foot Trails American Legion 3.3 5.0 5.0 Cockaponset 23.0 51.8 9.9 Housatonic 12.0 56.0 5.0 Mattatuck 4.2 37.0 3.0 Meshomasic 6.6 52.5 3.9 Mohawk 7.1 22.0 7.0 Natchaug 8.2 25.2 3.1 Naugatuck 4.8 43.0 4.0 Nehantic 3.4 13.4 Nepaug 10.7 17.0 Nipmuck 4.6 12.2 2.3 Nye-Holman 1.8 Pachaug 21.1 44.5 1.6 Paugaut 4.8 7.0 8.0 Peoples 11.8 17.0 12.0 Pootatuck 3.1 14.0 4.0 Salmon River 1.0 3.5 .7 Shenipsit 6.2 15.9 .7 Simsbury 3.0 5.0 1.0 Tunxis 10.0 55.0 9.0 Total 150.70 497.0 80.20

Administrative Structures—The administration of the forests has been greatly facilitated by the building or improvement of structures by the C. C. C. These are briefly as follows: Mohawk Forest—Ranger house improved. Saw mill shed 60' x 24'. Sawdust storage house. Warehouse and shed for lumber storage. Tunxis Forest—Ranger House. Peoples Forest—Ranger house improved. Small lumber storage shed. Nursery shed. American Legion Forest—District Forester House improved. Ranger and foremen's houses improved. Meshomasic Forest—Creosoting plant for posts. Brick charcoal kiln and shed. Lumber storage shed. Natchaug Forest—Ranger house improved. Saw mill shed and sawdust storage house. Shed for planer. Three lumber storage sheds. Warehouse and machine shop. Nipmuck Forest—Cabin for caretaker. Nye-Holman Forest—District Forester house improved. Pachaug Forest—Ranger house improved. Shingle mill shed and lumber storage shed. Cockaponset Forest—Ranger house improved. Garage and lumber storage shed. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 47

Forest Stand Improvement—Somewhat over one-fifth of all C. C. C. labor has been expended on stand improvement work which includes the improvement of natural stands and the planting of new areas. In order to expedite the first treatment of all areas foremen have been restricted during the past year in the amount of labor which could be expended on any area. While in many cases this has resulted in lighter thin- nings than would be indicated as the best practice, it has resulted in covering a much larger area with the result that 27,700 acres have now received some kind of improvement cutting. All forest plantations in need of weeding have received at least one treatment and many areas have been weeded twice. When the area planted, 7,973 acres, is added it will be seen that 35,673 acres or about half of the state forest area has been improved. Table No. 9 gives the total amount cut from the state forests by State and Federal agencies during the biennium. The total amount cut in this way was 28,196 cords of wood, 27,959 fence posts, 4,792 poles and 334,981 board feet of logs. On comparing these figures with those published in the last report it will be seen that considerably less was cut this period than formerly. This is, of course, due to the fact that the number of C. C. C. camps has been cut in half and the Transient camps have been discontinued. Table No. 9—Products Cut from State Forests by State and tig Period Ended June 30, 1938 Fuelwood Logs Forest Cords Posts Poles Bd. Ft. American Legion. 12 Cockaponset. . . . 4,183 4,437 1,520 74,542 Housatonic 2,280 6,066 40 13,302 Mattatuck 269 Meshaomasic. . . . 2,952 • 4,633 166 87,412 Mohawk 2,141 1,370 586 27,042 Natchaug 4,324 940 1,113 27,837 Naugatuck 286 17 3,350 Nehantic 27 Nepaug 372 40 120 Nipmuck 615 69 389 5,200 Nye-Holman.... 70 Pachaug 3,023 9,774 605 28,194 Paugnut 33 Peoples 2,297 273 27,826 Pootatuck 3 Salmon River 680 98 9,625 Shenipsit 1,628 92 373 6,629 Simsbury 97 1,362 Tunxis 2,904 150 12,540

28,196 27,959 4,792 334,981 Table No. 10 shows that the following additional material was given away or sold on the stump: 473 cords given under 52 permits issued at $1.00 a piece; 2085 cords, 436 posts and 170 poles sold. This is more than in the previous period due to the fact that wood was sold on the stump in Nehantic Forest to the Hartford Welfare Department instead of being cut from the Forestry Department as was done by the Transient tamp. 48 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 48

Table No. 10 -Stumpage Given or Sold from State Forests During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1938 Fuelwood cut Number of under permits Fuelwood Forests Permits Cords Cords Posts Poles American Legion. Cockaponset. . . . 60 Housatonic 50 40 Mattatuck 14 Meshomasic 70 130 Mohawk Natchaug 319 Naugatuck Nehantic 1,561 Nepaug 50 2 20 Nye-Holman. Pachaug 24 240 155 Paugnut 1 6 Peoples Pootatuck. . .. i ' 3 Salmon River. Shenipsit. . . . i io Simsbury. . . . 361 Tunxis

Total 52 473 2,085 436 170 Table 11 and 12 show respectively the amount of cut material used by the C. C. C. camps or in connection with the projects, and the amount of such material sold. The largest items are 10,254 cords burned by the camps and 11,257 cords sold; 4810 posts used and 29,126 sold and 272,534 feet of lumber used. A small amount of lumber and shingles were sold to other state departments. Table No. 11—Forest Products Used in Connection with C. C. C. Work During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1938 Fuelwood Forest Cords Posts Poles Logs Lumber Shingles American Legion.. . . 87 127 Cockaponset 1,769 1,093 675 3,170 61,238 122 Housatonic 1,236 127 4,276 Mattatuck 394 2,570 Meshomasic 523 849 468 1,160 27,330 372 Mohawk 1,208 50 44,138 1,029 154 27,795 160 Naugatuck. .. 4 50 Nehantic 46 Nepaug 382 1,468 336 3,i78 Nipmuck. . . . 42 30 250 40 Nye-Holman. . 55 Pachaug 902 842 98 46,120 ii Paugnut 59 9,723 Peoples 810 192 40 1,262 16,855 Pootatuck. . . . Salmon River. ' 223 28 295 27357 io^ii Shenipsit. . . . 716 70 6,030 Simsbury. . . . 27 1,464 Tunxis 792 110 10,856

10,254 4,810 2,432 33,059 272,534 708 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 49

Table No. 12—Sale of Forest Products Cut by Department During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1938

porest Fuelwood Posts & PolePoless Logs Lumber Shingles \merican Legion to Cockaponset 1,659 3,902 32,150 3,520 Housatonic 527 1,785 Mattatuck 378 55 5,000 Meshomasic t ,008 13,394 Mohawk 977 183 Natchaug 1,557 755 Naugatuck 312 5,430 Nehantic 437 2,415 Nepaug 562 Nipmuck 116 278 Nye-Holman 2 Pachaug 953 4,729 3,225 927 118 Paugnut 11 50 Peoples 737 236 Pootatuck 93 250 3,750 Salmon River 245 115 Shenipsit 173 Salisbury 81 Tunxis 1,419 979 Total 11,257 29,126 49,555 4,447 143 Charcoal Kiln—To provide an additional outlet for wood produced in stand improvement work and because an excellent market for charcoal exists in the Connecticut Valley where large quantities are used for curing tobacco, a brick charcoal kiln was built in the Meshomasic Forest on the side hill just east of the creosote plant. An adequate supply of wood is available here and the location is adjacent to large tobacco growing areas. The original plans called for a ramp to be built over the kiln from which to till it but these were changed to a conveyor operated by gas engine and this has proved a very satisfactory method. The method of operation is as follows: Sufficient wood (50 cords) is trucked to the kiln and stacked on the upper side along the track which carries the lower end of the conveyor. Also five or six cords are piled at the lower level near the door. Filling is commenced by laying on the floor sticks six to eight inches in diameter radiating from the center to the outside and spaced about 3 feet apart at the other end. Four fool wood is then placed across these. Then the regular piling is commenced, the sticks being laid radially in two tiers and packed as closely as possible. Before the piling is too high a pile of kindlings is laid on the floor in the center so that a long pole with a kerosene soaked rag may be shoved in from the doorway to light it. The center hole is then filled with wood in any way possible as fas,t as the outside tiers are built up. When the kiln is full, the kindlings are lighted and the central core allowed to burn fully until the wood has started to "coal" when part of the draught vents are closed. The burning takes from four to six days depending on the amount of wl ^ a can controlled so as to affect the quality of the coal. When the kiln is fully burned all vents and cracks are tightly sealed with a sand and lime mortar and the kiln left to cool for ten days when the fire 50 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 50 should be completely out. The charcoal is taken out through the door on the lower level and stored until sold. During the year the kiln was filled and burned five times, three in the summer and fall of 1937 and two in the spring of 1938. Two hundred and forty cords of wood were used and a total of 8,026 bushels of charcoal made as determined by estimate. This is an average of only 33.5 bushels per cord. It is due in part to the losses occasioned in the first burning while becoming acquainted with the draught of this particular kiln and also, it is believed, to a liberal measurement of the wood as it was trucked in. It is planned to check this carefully now that experience in operating the kiln has been obtained. The chief market for this charcoal is at Ham- monasset Beach State Park. Forest Planting—Since the establishment of the C. C. C. the forest planting program in the state forests has been accelerated because it has been possible to clean up areas of brushland not previously available. Experience in Connecticut and elsewhere in New England indicates that it is not advisable to plant large areas with one tree species because of the danger of insect and disease damage. The practice has, therefore, been adopted of mixing small blocks of different species. In accordance with a plan suggested by the State Board of Fisheries and Game large coniferous plantations are broken up by leaving unplanted strips as fire lines and also for bird cover. During the past two years 1,000,231 trees have been planted in the state forests as indicated in Table No. 13. The species principally used are red and white pine and Norway and white spruce. SPILLWAY ON DAM BUILT BY C. C. C„ COCKAPONSET FOREST

PLANT FOR CREOSOTING FENCE POSTS, MESHOMASIC FOREST STREAM IMPROVEMENT FOR TROUT, BLACK LEDGE RIVER Table No. 13—Number of Trees planted by Forests and Species During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1938

Red White Scotch Norway White European Korean Pitch White Forest Pine Pine Pine Spruce Spruce Hemlock Larch Larch Pine Tulip Ash Misc. Total American Legion. Cockaponset 45,303 29,688 2,760 10,331 309 5,150 93,541 » Housatonic 12,600 5,500 2,000 21,600 6,000 3,000 50,700 Hi Mattatuck 5,600 11,800 17,400 Oirj Meshomasic 21,625 13,650 6,050 35,950 2,325 2,ioo 2,375 1,900 4,000 89,975 C72 Mohawk 35,500 37,400 22,050 4,500 6000 14,000 5,000 1,500 125,950 >>•5 - Natchaug 29,260 26,500 2,000 4,900 6,950 5,000 1,000 125, 2,000 77,735 Naugatuck 4,000 3,300 7,300 H Nehantic 9,250 1,600 12,950 23,800 Nepaug 12,400 5,900 6,300 500 1,300 " 500 26,900 Nipmuck 3,650 4,950 3,000 2,475 1,350 15,425 Nye-Holman 5,450 5,700 2,000 13,150 Pachaug 53,750 39,550 24,550 14,500 50 5,000 8,000 50 145,450 Paugnut 1,500 '6,200 780 8,480 11,500 ' 5,650 9,000 ' 2,550 5,800 5,660 250 '2,600 "266 1,200 43,750 Pootatuck. . . . Salmon River. ' 6,250 ' 1,500 "500 8,250 Shenipsit 27,800 16,550 1,550 18,200 33,825 3,500 3,400 1,000 105,825 Simsbury 8,850 18,150 1,000 28,000 o Tunxis 29,500 21,500 8,000 22,766 29,966 6,660 1,000 118,600 C g Total 318,338 231,938 84,260 129,431 122,384 4,950 49,950 16,180 14,775 2,725 6,100 19,200 1,000,231 £

Miscellaneous includes: o Oak 4,000 21 White Cedar. . 12,950 Locust 50 Austrian Pine. 1,200 Arbor Vitae. . . 1,000 52 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 52

Table No. 14—Summary of Areas Planted in State Forests

Total Area Planted Estimated Area Previous to Covered with Plantations June 30, 1938 8 years and over Forest Acres Acres , American Legion 3 Cockaponset 1,031 365 Housatonic 303 Mattatuck 298 97 Meshomasic 759 488 Mohawk 760 368 Natchaug 620 204 Naugatuck 474 160 Nehantic Ill 15 Nepaug 201 12 Nipmuck 294 126 Nye-Holman 65 Pachaug 1,323 121 Paugnut 176 114 Peoples 165 65 Pootatuck 37 Salmon River 33 Shenipsit 445 291 Simsbury 140 67 Tunxis 737 257 Total 7,975 2,750 The Transient Camp in the Nepaug State Forest in Burlington was leased to the National Youth Administration 011 April 25, 1938. The camp i.11 the Nehantic State Forest in East Lyme formerly used as a transient camp was leased to the City of Hartford Welfare Department 011 August 13, 1936 to be used by unemployed men.

(8) FOREST RESEARCH The C. C. C. has made possible considerable research work in the fundamentals underlying our forest conditions. This work has been under the direction of Dr. Raymond Kienholz. A Survey of Disease and Defects in Connecticut Forests—The data gathered in an extensive survey started in 1934 was summarized and published under the above title as Bulletin 412 of the Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station. This is the first extensive survey of diseases and defects ever made in New England. Over 1250 tenth-acre plots scattered through 14,000 acres of state forest land were examined. Some form of disease or defect was found on 19 per cent of the trees examined. Nectria cankers were found on 6 per cent of the trees. The birches were most frequently cankered (12.5 per cent) in the order: black, gray, yellow and white. Maples were less frequently cankered (6.1 per cent) in the order: Mountain, striped, red and sugar. Oaks were least frequently cankered in the order: scarlet, black, red, white and chestnut. Dense stands on good soil seem to be least, affected by Nectria. Nec- tria cankered trees should be removed in the course of regular silvicultural work. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 53

Strumella cankers, decays, frost cracks, top damage, mechanical injuries, borer injury and fire scars were all found and their abundance arid location determined. Forests Lessen Depth of Frost Penetration—The depth to which frost penetrates influences the time at which frost emerges from the soil in the spring and the capacity of the soil for water absorption and retention. Measurements made on state forests indicate the frost penetrates only half as deep under dense forest stands as it does in open areas of sod or plowed ground. Depth of penetration varies with exposure, depth and duration of snow cover and particularly depth and character of the humus layer on the forest floor. In 1937-38 the frost began to penetrate about December 1 and began to come out about March 15. The frost was all out by about April 15. It came out both from above and below and only after the snow mantle had disappeared. Under a white pine stand frost penetrated to a maximum depth of 2.8 inches, barely getting into the mineral soil since the humus layer was 2.5 inches deep. A hemlock, hardwood standard with a 1.5 inch humus layer had a frost depth of 4.5 inches. Open areas of heavy sod, light sod and plowed ground had a frost penetration of 7.2 inches, 10.0 inches and 11.7 inches respectively. Maximum depths under light sod of 4 and feet have been recorded at East Hartland in 1904 and 1922. Blue Ribbon Growth Study Plots—A series of growth study plots were laid out in 1931 and were reread in the fall of 1935 after four growing seasons had elapsed. The data from these plots has been summarized in Table No. 15. The eight mixed hardwood plots grew at the rate of 1.71 cords per acre per year during the period 1931-1935 (periodic annual growth). Their mean annual growth (their volume in 1935 divided by their age in 1935) was .47 cords per acre. The plantation red pine grew more than twice as rapidly, 3.01 cords and 1.16 cords respectively, as did the hardwoods. The treatment of the red pine plantation influenced their periodic growth rate. The Douglas plot (thinned from below) grew 3.47 cords per acre per year; the Hubbell plot (thinned around the crop trees) grew 3.24 cords, and the Baldwin plot (no thinning) grew 2.21 cords. Their mean annual growth per acre was 1.06, 1.14 and 1.40 cords respectively. . Thinning a young stand from below requires much more labor than thinning around the crop trees. Since there is little difference in annua] growth, the crop tree method is preferable. The mean annual growth is greatest in the unthinned plot but much of this is in small suppressed trees which will soon die out of the stand and be lost. Table No. 15 Periodic Annual Increment1 and Volume of Blue Ribbon Plots (All trees on acre basis)

Volume of large trees Volume of Small Trees Total Volume Periodic Annual Mean Annual noard r eet Add. Cords Cords Cords Plot Name Increment Increment 1935 Increase 1935 Increase 1935 Increase 1935 Increase Cords Cords M Schreeder. . .. 1420 720 1.50 .79 8.71 2.93 13.06 5.16 1.29 .40 Illick 13690 4110 8.71 2.20 6.86 1.45 42.96 11.86 2.97 .56 OW Ackerman.... 14570 2270 10.30 4.24 5.79 1.14 45.24 9.92 2.48 .49 H Hawes 5520 990 4.72 .84 4.82 —.40 20.59 2.42 .61 .32 O Pike 3540 1270 3.18 .87 8.95 1.37 19.21 4.78 1.19 .46 W. Ashford. . 5920 1020 4.79 .47 6.34 .37 22.97 2.88 .96 .42 cH» Parker 13770 3220 8.69 1.69 4.79 .50 41.03 8.63 2.16 .64 > D. A. R 8390 2790 5.47 H 1.17 5.10 1.47 27.35 8.22 2.05 .49 m Average 8350 2050 5.92 1.53 6.42 1.10 29.05 6.74 1.71 .47 > Douglas 120 120 20.99 13.64 21.23 13.88 3.47 1.06 5 Baldwin 28.00 8.83 28.00 8.83 2.21 1.40 > Hubbell 120 i20 22.53 12.73 22.77 12.97 3.24 1.14 Stevens 4730 3930 .06 .06 18.50 4.62 28.02 12.55 3.14 1.04 a Average 1240 1040 .02 .02 22.50 9.96 25.00 12.06 3.01 1.16 o ffi 5S 3 Roberts. 2990 1390 17.70 3.53 23.69 6.30 1.58 W 1.03 eHn n o Perry. 14380 1560 1.66 .40 7.32 1.32 37.72 4.84 1.21 .44

Douglas Plot—Thinned from below O Baldwin " —Check—no thinning 2 Hubbell " —Thinned around crop trees 'Periodic annual increment is the average annual growth for the period, while the mean annual increment is the average for the entire life of the forest. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 55

Weeding Plantations—Coniferous plantations must be weeded from two to many times to bring through a good, vigorous, well-stocked stand. This phase of plantation maintenance is often neglected. In an effort to find the most effective method of weeding plantations, red pine planted in the spring of 1935 on an area clear-cut the previous winter was weeded every year (A), every other year (B), and every third year (C). In the fall of 1937 the results were as follows: Total Weeded Height 1937 Man-hours Plot (Times) (Inches) (Inches) Condition Used A 3 18.0 7.9 Stocky 35 B 1 15.7 5.2 Fair 29 C 1 18.1 7.2 Spindly 24 The results to date indicate that weeding each year after planting may be a more satisfactory method of establishing a plantation than allowing it to remain two or three years before weeding. More time must elapse before this can be determined with certainty. The Effect of Fire on Mixed Hardwood Stands—The Cockaponset burn of 1932 was examined a few months after the burn and again in 1934 and in 1937. The data have been partially summarized with the following results: 1. Wherever the bark is charred by the fire, the cambium is almost sure to be killed, causing a scar through which decay fungi can enter. The larger the tree and the thicker the bark the more resistant it is to scarring by fire. The different species vary widely in their resistance to fire damage. Tulip is very resistant to fire. The oaks are quite resistant, the most resistant being chestnut oak followed by white, black, red and scarlet. The maples and birches are. quite susceptible to fire damage, especially red maple and yellow birch.

2. Killed or severely injured trees put out sprouts from their crowns in large numbers, particularly the oaks and birches. Competition soon reduces the number of these to one or two which grow very rapidly to reach heights of 15 feet in 5 years.

3. New growth in the form of seedlings or root sprouts also help to create a new stand, particularly in the severely burned areas.

4. Five years after the burn, cross sections made at one foot above the ground through basal fire scars on living trees, were about 20 per cent de- cayed and 20 per cent discolored and 60 per cent sound wood. Birches showed the greatest tendency to decay rapidly, oaks next and maples least. Decay spreads slowly beyond the limits of the original fire scar.

5- On lightly burned areas 42 per cent of the trees were dead a few months after the fire and an additional 5 per cent within five years. In contrast, on severely burned areas the deaths were 89 per cent, 8 per cent and 0 per cent. i hus the mortality following fire cannot be determined for several years, particularly in lightly burned areas. 56 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 56

Publications—During the biennium the following publications were pre- pared under the research project:

1. Report of Progress Circular 1. Direct seeding of acorns—fall of 1934, by R. Kienholz. 2. Reports of Progress Circular 2. Survival studies—1935 planting in Connecticut by R. Kienholz. 3. Report of Progress Circular 3. Recommendations for keeping the decay hazard at a minimum in silvicultural cuttings in Connecticut sprout hardwood stands by Bailey Sleeth and Bradford Bidwell. 4. Beport of Progress Circular 4. Creating forest areas attractive to wild life by George A. Cromie. 5. How to plant forest trees, by B. Kienholz, Hartford, June 1937. 6. A jointed pole for measuring tree heights by B. Kienholz, Journal of Forestry 35: 411-13, '37. 7. Growth of Connecticut Woodlands by B. Kienholz, Connecticut Woodlands 3: 5-7, 1938. 8. A survev of diseases and defects in Connecticut forests by B. Kienholz and C. B. Bidwell,"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Bui. 412: 489-560, 1938. 9. Bed Pine in Connecticut forest plantations. Part I. Volume tables for red pine, pinus resinosa, Solander. by H. W. Hicock and R. Kienholz. Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Bui. 413: 561-570, 1938.

(9) FOREST RECREATION As explained in previous reports, the recreational facilities of the state forests are intended only to supplement those of the state parks and to accommodate people who like to get out into the woods. No sales service is maintained and the users of the forests seem satisfied to bring their own provisions. Since most of the picnic areas are small, they are not adapted for large crowds. The facilities are sometimes taxed to their limit by large group picnics. In the fifty areas developed there are 500 fire places and 1100 tables and wood is furnished free. In the most used areas drinking water has been provided through 30 dug wells, 4 driven wells, and 8 springs. The water is tested by the State Board of Health. Through the generosity of the CCC, septic toilets have replaced the old fashioned privies at several picnic areas. Bathing facilities have been provided in the following areas: Bragg Pond, Tunxis Forest ; Farrnington river, Peoples Forest; Massacoe Pond, Simsbury Forest; Burr Pond, Paugnut Forest; Chatfield and Schreeder Ponds, Cockaponset Forest; Great Hill Pond, Meshomasic Forest; Morey Pond, Nipmuck Forest; Phillips and Green Falls Ponds, Pachaug Forest. At most of these areas a parking charge of 25 cents is made on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays when there is the most congestion. In spite of these charges the areas are overcrowded on fine Sundays. These charges have been made necessary by the lack of state appropriations to maintain caretakers. The revenue from these and from the camping charges at Peoples Forest covers about half of the cost of the caretakers. The other half has been paid from receipts for the sale of forest products.

'This dam was destroyed in the flood of September 1938. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 57

The number of visitors in the forests in the summer of 1936 was estimated at 200,000, an increase of 100 per cent over the figures for 1935. This was due to the development of several new areas by the CCC during the year. Because of lack of appropriations for maintenance no new areas have been developed since '36 and the number of visitors in 1937 was estimated at 250,000, an increase of 25 per cent over the previous year. All areas reach a saturation point, as many people stop visiting an area when they find it overcrowded. An examination of the cars visiting the state forests showed that 93 per cent were of Connecticut registration, and that the average number of people per car is four and one-half. About one-third of the visitors in all the forests used the bathing facilities. Simsbury Forest, the smallest of all the forests, had the largest attendance in 1937. Cockapon- set and Peoples were second and third in attendance. Paugnut, Mohawk and Tunxis Forests came next. The forests in the eastern district were not as heavily used. About half of the total number of visitors to the state forests came on a dozen Sundays and holidays during the summer. These are the peak days. Winter sports in the forests have increased in spite of the fact that there has been very little snow the past two winters. Skiing is enjoyed particularly in Tunxis, Mohawk, Paugnut and Salmon River Forests where trails were developed by the CCC. In Tunxis Forest an attractive log cabin has been built near the trail for the accommodation of skiers. Hunting and fishing facilities in the forests have been considerably improved. Although a large number of berry-bearing shrubs were planted for the birds, it has been found that the natural growth of such shrubs in the forest openings is very prolific. By modifying management to always have a few openings in the woods, it appears that plenty of food can be assured. For some years it has been our policy to break up large evergreen plantations with unplanted strips so that the birds can find food between the plantations which furnish excellent shelter in winter. Hunting is permitted except in Mohawk and Mattatuck Forests and portions of the Peoples Forest in Colebrook. Stream improvement work has been continued on the Natchaug, Sal- mon and Black Ledge rivers. In the latter stream the elaborate system of check dams and barriers immediately resulted in better fishing. Fishing is permitted in all forests. A very attractive trout rearing pool has been built for the State Board of Fisheries and Game in the Pachaug Forest similar to pools previously constructed by the CCC at the Berlin Fish Hatchery.

(10) PRIVATE FORESTRY As pointed out in previous reports private forestry has not made the progress in Connecticut which our favorable growing conditions, adequate fire^ protection and progressive tax laws would seem to justify. One of the main purposes of state forests has always been to furnish demonstrations of forestry practice for the benefit of private owners. Studies have shown that the state forests, at the time of acquisition, were similar to the private 58 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 58 forests about them. Now that such a large proportion of the state forests has been improved by the CCC, they are undoubtedly increasing in value considerably faster than the average private forest , but it will require several years to make the difference noticeable. Under authority received from the U. S. Forest Service, we have recently been allowed to use the CCC in establishing demonstration plots on private forests. This work has been done in cooperation with the Extension Forester, Mr. F. L. Callward, who has been very helpful in selecting the plots and making arrangements. Most of the plots are of one acre and are located on public roads. Naturally some are better than others. In fact, some were in such bad condition it is difficult to make anything out of them. All are plainly marked with white signs. During the winter of 1936-37 eighty of these plots were established. Nearly half of the work done con- sisted of improvement cuttings. An average of 7 cords per acre were removed in the form of fuel wood, posts and logs. In the summer of 1937 forty-one of these plots were carefully measured for future comparison. The average volume remaining after treatment was 13.9 cords per-acre so one-third of the original stand was removed in the first operation. During the winter of 1937-38 another 80 plots were given improvement cuttings and in the spring of 1938 planting was done on 35 plots under an arrangement whereby the owner supplied the trees. Altogether 195 plots have been established in 68 towns. The distribution by counties is indicated in Table No. 16.

Table No. 16—Distribution of Demonstration Plots in Private Forests by Counties * Number of towns in which plots Number of County were established Plots Litchfield 16 60 Hartford 11 31 Tolland 7 15 Windham 6 18 Fairfield 5 5 New Haven 5 13 Middlesex 10 36 New London 8 17 68 195

Naturally the largest number of plots were located in the towns near- est to the camps. Under the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 162 Con- necticut farmers have received government subsidies for soire form of forestry activities. During the past year the Soil Conservation Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has established the Scantic River project with headquarters at Rockville. The nature of the soil in this part of the state is such that considerable erosion results from cultivating on a slope. The Conservation Service is substituting terrace farming with planted forest strips on the steep slopes. /

REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 59

Another sign of awakening interest in forestry has been the saving through private capital of part of the famous Shaker pi nest'1. Some seventy years ago a large area of sand plain in Enfield was planted with pine by the Shakers. It is mostly white pine with a mixture of red pine. When the Shaker colony was given up this pine forest was taken over by the Bridges Company which managed it under the selection system. Recently, however, about a quarter of the forest was clear cut by a portable mill operator and the whole forest would have been destroyed had it not been for the Con- necticut Forest and Park Association which succeeded in organizing the Shaker Pines Corporation which bought the tract.

(11) FOREST TAXATION Since 1929 there have been no applications for classification under the law of 1913. Thirty-four certificates had beer, issued under this law covering 4565.2 acres. Tax Law of 1929—In the spring of 1938 the Department published a circular entitled "Forest Property in Connecticut Safeguarded from Excessive Taxation and Other Hazards". The main purpose of this publication was to call the attention of forest owners to Sections 1188 and 1191 General Stat- utes. This law allows towns to increase real estate values on classified lands from time to time, but exempts from taxation all tree growth thereon. Since the general revaluation of real estate in most towns will occur before February 1, 1940 early classification is desirable. During the past nine years 58 certificates have been issued covering 6,299.9 acres. The distribution of these certificates by counties is shown in Table No. 17.

Table No.17— Forest Lands Classified Under Section 1188, General Statutes, Revision of 1930 Number of Owners who Number of County Classified Land Acres Classified Litchfield 6 1173.9 Hartford 2 297. Tolland 10 602.6 Windham 7 1193.3 Fairfield 6 538.6 New Haven 13 846.5 Middlesex 3 343. New London 11 1305.

Total 58 6299.9

,This historic and beautiful forest was completely destroyed by the hurricane, September 21, 1938. 60 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 60

Table No. 18—1Twelfth State Grant in Lieu of Taxes on State Forests to 53 Towns Under the Provisions of Section 1103, General Statues, Revision of 1930

Name of Town Designation of Acreage Total Tax Rate State State Forests (a) (c) Valuation (e) Mills (d) Grant (e) Ashford 709.7 $4,968.00 35 $173.88 Nipmuck 809.25 5,665.00 35 198.28

Total 1,518.95 $10,633.00 $372.16 Barkhamsted.. , . .American Legion. . 721.5 12,987.00 17 220.78 Peoples 2,213.6 39,845.00 17 677.36 Tunxis 728. 13,104.00 17 222.77

Total 3,663.1 $65,936.00 $1,120.91 Beacon Falls. . . . .Naugatuck 1,003.5 10,035.00 24 240.84 Bethany 48.5 485.00 18 8.73 Burlington . . Nepaug 3,139. 13,234.00 27 357.32 Canaan 1,855.645 12,990.00 17 220.83 Chaplin .. Natchaug 780.5 6,244.00 18 112.39 Chester . . Cockaponset 2,719.35 13,547.00 19 257.39 Clinton . . Cockaponset 13.5 108.00 15 1.62 Colchester . . Salmon Biver 329. 2,632.00 27 71.06 Cornwall . . Housatonic 1,367.125 10,937.00 13 142.18 Mohawk 1,955.94 15,493.00 13 201.40

Total 3,323.065 $26,430.00 $343.58 Eastford . . Natchaug 3,407.3 23,851.00 26 620.13 East Haddam. . . . Salmon Biver 44. 264.00 21 5.54

East Hampton . .. Meshomasic 2,172. 10,860.00 21 228.05 Salmon Biver 123.4 617.00 21 12.96

Total 2,295.4 $11,477.00 $241.01

East Lyme . . Nehantic 1,093.70 10,937.00 20 218.74 Ellington . .Shenipsit 1,228. 5,820.00 24.5 142.59 Glastonbury...... Meshomasic 508.5 2,034.00 24.5 49.83 Goshen . .Mohawk 1,054.2 10,542.00 19 200.30 Griswold ..Pachaug 1,660.5 2,303.00 35 290.61 Guilford . . Cockaponset 355.5 3,739.00 17.5 65.43 Haddam . . Cockaponset 2,728.85 13,644.00 22 300.17 Hampton . .Natchaug 905.00 5,430.00 20 108.60 Hartland . .Tunxis 4,910.81 57,652.00 18 1,037.74 Kent . .Mohawk 315. 2,205.00 23 50.72 Killingwortli . Cockaponset 1,524.85 12,961.00 30 388.83

Litchfield . . Mattatuck 106.5 1,331.00 17 22.63 Mohawk 5. 63.00 17 1.07

Total 111.5 $1,394.00 $23.70

Madison . . Cockaponset 549.75 4,924.00 17 83.71

Marlborough. . . Salmon Biver 50. 300.00 27.5 8.25 Meshomasic 52.5 315.00 27.5 8.66

Total 102.5 $615.00 $16.91 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 61

Table No. 18—(Concluded) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Town Designation of Acreage Total Tax Rate State State Forests (a) lb) Valuation (c) Mills (d) Grant (e) Naugatuck . . Naugatuck 660. 5,816.00 19 110.50 New Fairfield.. . . . Pootatuck 960. 9,600.00 20 192.00 New Hartford. . . . Nepaug 805.00 4,495.00 23 103.39 North Canaan.. . . Housatonic 433.5 4,335.00 20 86.70 Oxford . . Naugatuck 372. 5,360.00 22 117.92 Plainfield . .Pachaug 793.5 5,997.00 41 245.88 Plymouth . .Mattatuck 366.9 3,669.00 22 80.72 Portland . .Meshomasic 2,737.25 13,686.00 23.5 321.62 Pomfret . . Natchaug 332.5 3,325.00 28 93.10 Salem . . Nehantic 286. 1,716.00 17 29.17 Salisbury . . Housatonic 250. 1,250.00 11.5 14.38 Saybrook . . Cockaponset 1,350. 6,750.00 20.5 138.38 Sharon . .Housatonic 2,997.12 13,487.00 20 269.74 Simsbury . . Simsbury 130. 2,600.00 15 39.00 Somers . . Shenipsit 632.75 4,429.00 24.5 108.51 Stafford . . Nipmuck 315. 1,575.00 26 40.95 Shenipsit 1,483.9 8,197.00 26 213.12 Total 1,798.9 $9,772.00 $254.07 Thomaston . .Mattatuck 553.1 6,637.00 25 165.93 Tolland . . Nye-Holman 186. 1,580.00 24 37.92 Torrington . . Paugnut 1,457. 10,166.00 18.75 190.61 Union . . Nipmuck 1,124.3 8,470.00 14 118.58 Yoluntown .. Pachaug 7,477.33 37,387.00 35 1,308.55 Waterbury . .Mattatuck 413.2 4,958.00 31.5 156.18 Watertown . .Mattatuck 1,143.29 17,149.00 23 394.43 Westbrook . . Cockaponset 45. 450.00 14.5 6.53 Willington . . Nipmuck 486.75 4,137.00 8 33.09 Total . 66,980.86 $525,287.00 22.02 $11,568.29 62 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 62

TableNo. 19 —State Forester

Distribution of Expenditures For the Maintenance and Development of State Forests and the Acquisition of Land July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937

Forest Appropriation Forestry Fund Total American Legion $ 163.82 $ 49.12 $ 212.94 Cockaponset 1,180.12 2,245.47 3,425.59 Housatonic 148.61 696.71 845.32 Mattatuck 90.63 4.45 95.08 Meshomasic 221.45 739.75 961.20 Mohawk 656.81 538.62 1,195.43 Natchaug 1,213.59 1,779.70 2,993.29 Naugatuck 82.04 387.76 469.80 Nehantic 228.77 205.25 434.02 Nepaug 338.88 35.46 374.34 Nipmuck 96.56 492.00 588.56 Nye-Holman 437.32 36.95 474.27 Pachaug 878.53 346.14 1,224.67 Paugnut 11.66 52.80 64.46 Peoples 1,874.93 1,713.86 3,588.79 Pootatuck 15.89 20.56 36.45 Salmon River 32.37 1.00 33.37 Shenipsit , 50.49 <317.60 368.09 Simsbury 60.53 393.65 454.18 Tunxis 84.29 106.55 190.84 General Expenses 1,284.26 55.88 1,340.14 Salaries of permanent employees 31,522.46 31,522.46

Total $40,674.01 $10,219.28 $50,893.29

It will be noticed that approximately one-fifth of the cost of maintenance and development of the state forests was paid from receipts taken in from the sale ef forest products, rentals, parking charges, etc. All acquisition costs were paid from this fund, as there was no appropriation for this purpose. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 63

Table No. 20—State Forester

Distribution of Expenditures for the Maintenance and Development of State Forests and the Acquisition of Land July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938

Expended Expended Expended Forest Appropriation Forestry Fund Total American Legion $ 107.75 $ 101.07 $ 208.82 Cockaponset 1,303.69 3,879.32 5,183.01 Housatonic 32.18 1,205.50 1,237.68 Mattatuck 98.20 1,611.36 1,709.56 Meshomasic. 559.16 892.01 1,451.17 Mohawk 250.08 786.82 1,036.90 Natchaug 1,528.75 3,042.32 4,571.07 Naugatuck 319.12 389.94 709.06 Nehantic 15.65 46.92 62.57 Nepaug 68.89 641.33 710.22 Nipmuck 171.58 1,019.53 1,191.11 Nye-Holman 415.82 105.88 521.70 Pachaug 1,166.05 2,004.22 3,170.27 Paugnut 297.35 637.82 935.17 Peoples 2,750.78 2,823.87 5,574.65 Pootatuck 201.19 297.93 499.12 Salmon River 4.02 162.25 166.27 Shenipsit 139.60 2,313.30 2,452.90 Simsbury 222.01 567.89 789.90 Tunxis 315.12 2,223.51 2,538.63 General Expenses 6,225.98 5,378.43 11,604.41 Salaries of permanent employees 28,522.46 3,000.00 31,522.46 Total $44,715.43 $33,131.22 $77,846.65 It w ill be noticed that approximately 43 per cent of the cost of maintenance and development of the state forests w as paid from receipts taken in from the sale of forest products, rentals, parking charges, etc. All acquisition costs were paid from this fund, as there was no appropriation for this purpose. 64 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 64

Table No. 21—State Forester

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937 Additions Total Appropriation & Transfers Available Expended Balance RECURRING EXPENSES: Administration Personal Services 1A $16,500.00 Ad. $1,144.08 $17,644.08 $17,644.08 Contrac. " IB 1,736.00 Tr. 120.41 1,615.59 1,615.27 32 Supp. & Materials 1C 795.00 Tr. .41 795.41 789.41 6.00 Supervision Personal Services 2A 6,040.00 Ad. 2,510.00 8,550.00 8,550.00 Contrac. " 2B 2,533.00 Tr. 240.00 2,293.00 2,227.81 65.19 Supp. & Materials 2C ' 467.00 467.00 466.59 .41 Protection Personal Services 3A 67.00 Tr. 335.00 402.00 402.00 Contrac. | 3B 731.00 Tr. 400.00 331.00 282.03 48.97 Maintenance Personal Services 7A 406.00 406.00 406.00 Contrac. I 7B 860.00 Tr. 425.00 1,285.00 1,281.74 3.26 Supp. & Materials 7C 1,510.00 1,510.00 1,510.00 Nursery Personal Services 8A 1,591.00 1,591.00 1,590.08 .92 Supp. & Materials 8C 409.00 409.00 409.00 CAPITAL OUTLAY: Surveying & Developing Work- ing Plans 11 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 Equipment J 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 Ad. $3,654.08 Total $37,145.00 Tr. 760.41 $40,799.08 $40,674.01 *$125.07 * Reverted to State Treasury

Table No. 22—State Forester Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938

Total Appropriation Refunds Available Expended Ralanee BECUBBING EXPENSES: Personal Services A $34,240.00 $34,240.00 $34,238.19 $ 1.81 Contract I B 6,115.00 $241.42 6,356.42 5,487.90 *868.52 Supp. & Materials C 4,500.00 4,500.00 4,489.89 10.11 CAPITAL OUTLAY: Equipment J 500.00 500.00 499.45 .55

Total $45,355.00 $241.42 $45,596.42 $44,715.43 **$880.99 *Ineludes $555.59 reserved for Building Insurance Premium but same was paid by the Park Division. **Reverted to State Treasury. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 71

Table No. 23—State Forester

Forestry Fund July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937

Receipts Wood $2,377.68 Poles and posts 160.60 Creosoted Posts 296.25 Lumber 9.95 Shingles 13.75 Stumpage 57.18 Hauling 845.27 Berry and laurel permits 71.00 Camping permits 232.75 Hay 15.00 Rentals—land and buildings 499.00 Horses 450.00 Miscellaneous 229.50

Total Receipts $5,257.93

Expendit ures Picnic areas $1,509.30 Land acquisition 3,577.83 General Improvements 5,132.15

Total Expenditures $10,219.28

Account Summary July 1, 1936 Balance $7,861.13 Total Deposits 5,257.93 $13,119.06 Total Expended 10,219.28

June 30, 1937 Balance $2,899.78 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 72

Table No. 24—State Forester

Forestry Fund July 1, 1937 lo June 30, 1938

Receipts Wood $1,634.50 Posts 121.08 Lumber 320.00 Tobacco butts 10.00 Hauling 1,674.63 Sawing 2.00 Berry and laurel permits 373.50 Camping permits 479.50 Parking tickets 1,180.00 Charcoal 148.80 Witch Hazel 88.00 Hay 12.00 Gravel 40.00 Bentals—land and buildings 1,200.50 Buildings from Nepaug camp et al 397.00 Miscellaneous 462.70 Total receipts $8,144.21

Expenditures Stand Improvement $6,346.93 Truck Trail Maintenance 3,678.50 Maintenance of buildings and structures 360.70 Picnic areas 4,906.96 Charcoal Kiln 525.34 Land acquisition 12,989.00 Miscellaneous 4,323.79 Total expenditures $33,131.22

Account Summary July 1, 1937 Balance $2,899.78 Total Deposits 8,144.21 Transferred from Conservation Fund . 45,880.25 $56,924.24 Total Expended $33,131.22 "Transferred to Conservation Fund 671.25 33,802.47

June 30, 1938 Balance $23,121.77

*To reimburse Federal Government for cost of hauling which was paid by them. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 67

Table No. 25—State Forester

Conservation Fund 12/12/33- 7/1/36- 7/1/37- 6/30/36 6/30/37 6/30/38 Totals Gross Receipts $59,276.06 $26,342.12 $21,776.32 $107,394.50 Deductions for Team Hire 891.33 1,997.32 2,888.65 Net Receipts 59,276.06 25,450.79 19,779.00 104,505.85 Profits sent to U. S. Treasurer 25,865.54 13,171.06 10,918.16 49,954.76 Reserve Fund 33,410.52 12,279.73 8,860.84 54,551.09 Transferred to Forestry Fund July 27, 1937 45,630.25 To be transferred to Forestry Fund July 1938 8,920.84 The total receipts from the sale of products cut by the CCC July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1936 were $59,276.06. When the CCC camps were being built, lumber to the value of $7,484.98 was turned over to the CCC personnel to facilitate the camp building program. This amount was deducted from the $59,276.06 to reimburse the State and reserved for adding to the State's share. One-half of the balance, or $25,865.54, was sent to the Feder- al Government as its share of the CCC sales under the agreement entered into the at inception of the CCC. In 1937 the Federal Government ruled that it should be reimbursed in full for any funds expended for team hire in moving forest products to truck roads. Therefore, commencing with the fiscal year 1936-1937, the amount of team hire was deducted from the gross receipts for the year before the division of "profits", making the net receipts for equal division between the Federal Government and the State as shown in the above statement. The amount of the team hire was then added to the share of the Federal Government and transferred to it.

Table No. 26—State Forest Fire Warden

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937 Appropriations Expended Balance RECURRING EXPENSES: Administration —1 $ 5,139.00 $ 5,139.00 Prevention —2 18,549.00 18,482.95 $66.05 Suppression —3 9,109.00 9,109.00 Maintenance of Structures & Equipment—4 3,200.00 3,180.25 19.75 CAPITAL OUTLAY: General Plant Equipment —J4 2,500.00 2,500.00 Motor Vehicles & Equipment —J10 2,937.00 2,937.00

Total $41,434.00 $41,348.20 *$85.80 * Reverted to State Treasury 68 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 68

Table No. 27—State Forest Fire Warden

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938

Insurance Total Appropriation Refund Available Expended Balance RECURRING EXPENSES: Administration —1 $8,200.00 $8,200.00 $8,157.52 $42.48 Prevention —2 22,300.00 22,300.00 21,739.21 560.79 Suppression —3 9,000.00 9,000.00 9,000.00 Maintenance of Struc- tures & Equipment.. .—4 3,220.00 49.12 3,269.12 3,269.12 CAPITAL OUTLAY: General Plant Equip- ment —J4 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,499.91 .09 Motor Vehicles and Equipment —J10 1,700.00 1,700.00 1,569.10 130.90 Total $46,920.00 $49.12 $46,969.12 $46,234.86 *$734.26 *Reverted to State Treasury.

Table No. 28—State Forest Fire Warden

Operating Cost of Fire Warden System by Counties

CALENDAR YEAR 1936 CALENDAR YEAR 1937 Total Total Suppression Suppression Suppression Prevention and Suppression Prevention and Prevention Prevention Litchfield ... $ 1,301.35 $ 873.58 $ 2,174.93 $ 1,946 86 i$ 878.65 |J 2,825.51 Hartford 1,246.41 420.68 1,667.09 2,066.64 624.82 2,691.46 Tolland 366.65 418.30 784.95 976.30 442.84 1,419.14 Windham 1,604.52 273.80 1,878.32 1,625.85 331.57 1,957.42 Fairfield 1,214.39 769.81 1,984.20 2,819.87 985.54 3,805.41 New Haven 2,956.90 585.48 3,542.38 4,064.45 688.39 4,752.84 Middlesex 428.76 278.97 707.73 871.84 328.44 1,200.28 New London. . . . 2,127.87 606.14 2,734.01 2,765.56 705.71 3,471.27 Totals . . . $11,246.85 $4,226.76 $15,473.61 $17,137.37 $4,985.96 $22,123.33 1936 1937 Total number of fires 896 1,508 Average suppression cost per fire $12.55 $11.36

The suppression costs above represent the bills paid to District and Deputy Forest Fire Wardens for services in connection with fire fighting, and include volunteer help and trained crews. The prevention costs cover bills submitted by the wardens for such prevention services as issuing permits, posting notices, etc. REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 75

Table No. 29—State Forest Fire Warden

Forest Fire Fund July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937

Receipts United States Forest Service Counties 8,734.10 Cities 852.93 Railroads 92.50 Parties responsible for fires 450.7B Fines 38.00 Miscellaneous zo-so

Total Receipts $26,187.19

Expenditures Administration $2,180.05 Fire Prevention 10,585.33 Fire Suppression 9,093.91 Improvements, Equipment, Motor Vehicles, etc. 10,312.10 Educational publicity, exhibitions, etc 491.10 Total Expenditures $32,662.49

Account Summary July 1,1936 Balance $20,546.90 Total Deposits 26,187.19 $46,734.09 Total Expended 32,662.49

June 30, 1937 Balance $14,071.60 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 76

Table No. 30—State Forest Fire Warden

Forest Fire Fund July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938

Receipts United States Forest Service $11,343.00 Counties 7,656.91 Cities 709.15 Railroads 940.34 Parties responsible for fires 726.32 Fines. 49.00 Miscellaneous 19.71

Total Receipts $21,444.43

Expenditures Administration $ 796.20 Fire Prevention 3,044.00 Fire Suppression 10,812.15 Improvements, Equipment, Motor Vehicles, etc 4,122.14 Educational publicity, exhibitions, etc 556.12 $19,330.61

Account Summary July 1, 1937 Balance $14,071.60 Total Deposits 21,444.43 $35,516.03 Total Expended 19,330.61

June 30, 1938 Balance $16,185.42 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION 71

Table No. 31—State Forest Fire Warden

Summary of Expenditures July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938

PREVENTION: Administration. . $20,157.86 Tower Operation 2,950.44 Patrolmen 4,573.49 Insurance 623.71 $28,305.50

SUPPRESSION: Administration $ 4,250.00 Tower Operation 2,950.4s Pump Operators 2,154.37 District and Deputy Fire Wardens 19,812.1o General Plant Equipment and Motor Vehicles. . 4,923.00 Motor Vehicle Operation 2,900.00 $36,989.97

Total $65,295.47

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