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Small Mammal Assemblages from the Quaternary Succession at Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, the Netherlands) and Their Significance for Correlating the Oosterschelde Fauna

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Small Mammal Assemblages from the Quaternary Succession at Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, the Netherlands) and Their Significance for Correlating the Oosterschelde Fauna Netherlands Journal of Geosciences —– Geologie en Mijnbouw |93 – 3 | 119-134 | 2014 doi: 10.1017/njg.2014.6 Small mammal assemblages from the Quaternary succession at Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, the Netherlands) and their significance for correlating the Oosterschelde fauna D.F. Mayhew1,2,†,F.E.Dieleman2,A.A.Slupik1,3,*, L.W. van den Hoek Ostende2 &J.W.F.Reumer1,3 1 Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, Westzeedijk 345, 3015 AA Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands 3 Department of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands † To our regret Dr David Mayhew passed away on 3 October 2012. This paper is based on a manuscript by DFM and FED. FED and LWHO edited the manuscript and added new information. JWFR initiated the research and drew the figures. AAS wrote the paper and coordinated. * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 29 November 2013, accepted: 11 March 2014 Abstract We investigated fossil small mammals from a borehole near Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, southwest Netherlands) in order to get better insights in the fossil mammal faunas that are found in the subsurface in the southwestern Netherlands, and to investigate the age and provenance of the mammal fauna that is being dredged from the deep tidal gullies in the nearby Oosterschelde estuary. The record in the borehole covers Gelasian (Early Pleistocene) to Holocene deposits, represented by six formations. Thirty-nine specimens of small mammals were obtained from the borehole. These fossils derived from the Early Pleistocene marine Maassluis Formation and from directly overlying deposits of a Late Pleistocene age. During Weichselian times (33–24 ka), a proto-Schelde River shaped the northern Oosterschelde area. The river reworked substantial amounts of Early and Middle Pleistocene deposits. At the base of the Schelde-derived fluvial sequence (regionally described as the Koewacht Formation), Gelasian vertebrate faunas were concentrated in the channel lag. The Late Pleistocene channel lagis almost certainly the main source for the rich Early Pleistocene vertebrate faunas with larger mammals dredged from the Oosterschelde. Keywords: Arvicolidae, mammals, North Sea Basin, Pleistocene, Oosterschelde, stratigraphy Introduction the subsurface (Reumer, 2001; Reumer & Hordijk, 1999; Reumer & Van den Hoek Ostende, 2003; Van Kolfschoten, The Netherlands have a long tradition in the study of microver- 1998; Van Kolfschoten & Tesakov, 1998). In fact, the collection tebrates retrieved from boreholes. Antje Schreuder, the Dutch of the Zuurland boreholes is the largest micromammal collec- pioneer in the study of micromammals, described many finds tion from the Dutch subsurface. from boreholes in different parts of the country (Schreuder, In this paper, we describe the mammals from the Moriaanshoofd 1933, 1936, 1941, 1943). Given the low number of natural borehole (Fig. 1). This borehole is unique in that it was made from outcrops in the flat Dutch landscape, it is hardly surprising that a purely scientific point of interest to solve the provenance of the the number of borehole sites with mammals (e.g. Mayhew, mammal fauna dredged from the Oosterschelde. The borehole is sit- 2008; Mayhew et al., 2008a; Slupik et al., 2007; Van der Meulen uated close to the deep gullies in the estuary that yielded a rich Early & Zagwijn, 1974) exceeds the number of localities that were Pleistocene fauna (e.g. De Vos et al., 1995, 1998; Mayhew et al., sampled by screen-washing (e.g. Van Kolfschoten, 1990a). Even 2008b; Mol et al., 1999; Reumer et al., 1998, 2005) (Fig. 1). For though most sites yielded a few molars only, the Zuurlandbore- about a decade the traditional annual fishing expedition (Kor en holes set by Leen Hordijk (Hordijk, 1988a,b) have shown that Bot; e.g. Mol & De Vos, 1995; De Vos et al., 1998; Slupik, 2004) large amounts of vertebrate material can also be sampled from was used to collect sediment samples for the retrieval of small © Netherlands Journal of Geosciences Foundation 2014 119 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.139, on 02 Oct 2021 at 11:33:47, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.6 Netherlands Journal of Geosciences —– Geologie en Mijnbouw 93 – 3 | 2014 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 55° 430000 430000 54° 420000 420000 Schelphoek Moriaanshoofd 53° O OosterscheldeG Estuary 410000 410000 Fig. 1. Location of the borehole (with Netherlands detailed map) (coordinates: 3°509090E, 400000 52° 400000 51°409500N; RDX = 047.740; RDY = Germany 411.380). Dredging localities of the 390000 390000 Oosterschelde fauna: O, Olifantenputje; 52° Belgium 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 G, Gastenputje. mammals, an enterprise that proved to be highly successful (Reumer progressively into the North Sea Basin from the east; sediments et al., 1998, 2005). Notably, the micromammal assemblage was originated mostly from the rivers draining the Fennoscandian clearly a mixture of Early Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene taxa. In Shield and the Baltic Platform (Bijlsma, 1981; Overeem et al., order to properly assess the stratigraphic position of these finds, 2001; Kuhlmann, 2004; Kuhlmann et al., 2006a,b). Coeval the Moriaanshoofd borehole was made in the summer of 2008. subsidence created considerable accommodation space that The stratigraphical sequence obtained from the borehole became filled with these siliciclastic deposits, reaching a thick- (Fig. 2) was described by Slupik et al. (2013). The position of ness of approximately 3000 m in the depocentre (Ziegler, 1990; small assemblages of micromammals was indicated in that pa- Kuhlmann, 2004). The successions in the North Sea Basin have per. Slupik et al. (2013) explained the mixture of taxa of differ- well-preserved signals of climatic variations and basin develop- ent ages as a result of reworking of Early and Middle Pleistocene ment. During the Neogene Quaternary, the climate in the region fossils in a Late Pleistocene stream gully. deteriorated from warm temperate–subtropical to the strong Here, we focus on the systematic description of the micro- glacial–interglacial cycles, whose onset is estimated at c. 2.58 mammals and how these relate to other faunas from Europe. Ma (lower boundary of Gelasian, Early Pleistocene). Both the in- tensification of the associated glacioeustatic sea-level dynam- Geological setting ics, as well as changing vegetation patterns in the hinterland drastically changed and shaped the rapid infill of the southern The Moriaanshoofd record is located on the Isle of Schouwen-Duive- North Sea Basin during the Neogene and Quaternary (see Kuhl- land (Zeeland, the Netherlands) (Fig. 1), which is situated in the mann, 2004 for a comprehensive approach). southern margin of the North Sea Basin on the northern flank of The sedimentary successions towards the central parts of the the Brabant massif. In this region, the strata from the Paleogene on- basin are pretty complete and cover very long periods of time wards are present at shallow depths and the Neogene-Quaternary pe- (Kuhlmann, 2004). At the margins of a basin, the situation is riod is well represented in the geological record (e.g. Van Rummelen, different. During the sea-level high-stands, the marginal parts 1970, 1978; Slupik et al., 2007; Slupik & Janse, 2008; Westerhoff were under marine conditions and marine deposits were et al., 2003). The region is located in a transitional area between thick formed. During sea-level drops (due to glacio-eustacy and/or and complete Neogene and Early Quaternary successions to the north tectonics) regression followed in the marginal parts, and terres- (e.g.Kuhlmann,2004;Kuhlmannet al., 2006a,b) and incomplete, trial conditions prevailed with, in consequence, reworking and often eroded successions towards the south (De Schepper et al., erosion of earlier deposited sediments and/or terrestrial 2004, 2008; Vandenberghe et al., 1998, 2004). deposition. As a result, the successions at the margins of the During Late Cenozoic times, the North Sea Basin was part sedimentary basin are less complete. Only some periods of of the northwest European Basin that covered the present- time are reflected in the record and a number of stratigraphic day offshore and part of onshore Netherlands, Germany and hiatuses occur. Denmark. The basin was confined by landmasses in the south During the Neogene, marine conditions prevailed at the and east, and the landmasses of England and Scotland in the southern margin of the North Sea Basin in the Netherlands west. Towards the northwest, it was connected to the Atlantic and a thick succession of deposits was formed. The Neogene (Ziegler, 1990) and short-lived connections through the En- is rather well represented in the record. However, some hiatuses glish Channel occurred. A large clastic delta system prograded are present (Slupik et al., 2007). 120 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.139, on 02 Oct 2021 at 11:33:47, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.6 Netherlands Journal of Geosciences —– Geologie en Mijnbouw 93 – 3 | 2014 Depth Lithology Vertebrate fauna 14C Litho- stratigraphy Chronostratigraphy m Epoch Ma MIS MZ b.s. age years B.P. 0 Anthropo- genic NA NI 10 NA 1 20 NI 7679 BX 2/3 38588 Late 30 KR 33164 Microtus sp. 48682 KW Microtus agrestis Sorex sp. 34928 ~0,33 FOD Macoma balthica Mimomys pliocaenicus 3 MNR1 assemblage redeposited Mimomys praepliocaenicus / pliocaenicus (?) Mimomys tigliensis 40 Mimomys reidi Pitymimomys sp. Pleistocene Holocene Desmana sp. Legend MNR2 1 Early 2 Mimomys praepliocaenicus MS 50 3 Mimomys praepliocaenicus 4 Mimomys tigliensis >56859 2,25-2,35 Ma Mimomys praepliocaenicus / pliocaenicus (?) 5 Mimomys reidi 6 60 7 Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic framework of the Moriaanshoofd borehole with position of the mammal assemblages.
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