The Lower Mantle and Core
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Mantle Transition Zone Structure Beneath Northeast Asia from 2-D
RESEARCH ARTICLE Mantle Transition Zone Structure Beneath Northeast 10.1029/2018JB016642 Asia From 2‐D Triplicated Waveform Modeling: Key Points: • The 2‐D triplicated waveform Implication for a Segmented Stagnant Slab fi ‐ modeling reveals ne scale velocity Yujing Lai1,2 , Ling Chen1,2,3 , Tao Wang4 , and Zhongwen Zhan5 structure of the Pacific stagnant slab • High V /V ratios imply a hydrous p s 1State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and/or carbonated MTZ beneath 2 3 Northeast Asia Beijing, China, College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, CAS Center for • A low‐velocity gap is detected within Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China, 4Institute of Geophysics and Geodynamics, School of Earth the stagnant slab, probably Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 5Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of suggesting a deep origin of the Technology, Pasadena, California, USA Changbaishan intraplate volcanism Supporting Information: Abstract The structure of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) in subduction zones is essential for • Supporting Information S1 understanding subduction dynamics in the deep mantle and its surface responses. We constructed the P (Vp) and SH velocity (Vs) structure images of the MTZ beneath Northeast Asia based on two‐dimensional ‐ Correspondence to: (2 D) triplicated waveform modeling. In the upper MTZ, a normal Vp but 2.5% low Vs layer compared with L. Chen and T. Wang, IASP91 are required by the triplication data. In the lower MTZ, our results show a relatively higher‐velocity [email protected]; layer (+2% V and −0.5% V compared to IASP91) with a thickness of ~140 km and length of ~1,200 km [email protected] p s atop the 660‐km discontinuity. -
STRUCTURE of EARTH S-Wave Shadow P-Wave Shadow P-Wave
STRUCTURE OF EARTH Earthquake Focus P-wave P-wave shadow shadow S-wave shadow P waves = Primary waves = Pressure waves S waves = Secondary waves = Shear waves (Don't penetrate liquids) CRUST < 50-70 km thick MANTLE = 2900 km thick OUTER CORE (Liquid) = 3200 km thick INNER CORE (Solid) = 1300 km radius. STRUCTURE OF EARTH Low Velocity Crust Zone Whole Mantle Convection Lithosphere Upper Mantle Transition Zone Layered Mantle Convection Lower Mantle S-wave P-wave CRUST : Conrad discontinuity = upper / lower crust boundary Mohorovicic discontinuity = base of Continental Crust (35-50 km continents; 6-8 km oceans) MANTLE: Lithosphere = Rigid Mantle < 100 km depth Asthenosphere = Plastic Mantle > 150 km depth Low Velocity Zone = Partially Melted, 100-150 km depth Upper Mantle < 410 km Transition Zone = 400-600 km --> Velocity increases rapidly Lower Mantle = 600 - 2900 km Outer Core (Liquid) 2900-5100 km Inner Core (Solid) 5100-6400 km Center = 6400 km UPPER MANTLE AND MAGMA GENERATION A. Composition of Earth Density of the Bulk Earth (Uncompressed) = 5.45 gm/cm3 Densities of Common Rocks: Granite = 2.55 gm/cm3 Peridotite, Eclogite = 3.2 to 3.4 gm/cm3 Basalt = 2.85 gm/cm3 Density of the CORE (estimated) = 7.2 gm/cm3 Fe-metal = 8.0 gm/cm3, Ni-metal = 8.5 gm/cm3 EARTH must contain a mix of Rock and Metal . Stony meteorites Remains of broken planets Planetary Interior Rock=Stony Meteorites ÒChondritesÓ = Olivine, Pyroxene, Metal (Fe-Ni) Metal = Fe-Ni Meteorites Core density = 7.2 gm/cm3 -- Too Light for Pure Fe-Ni Light elements = O2 (FeO) or S (FeS) B. -
Deep Earth Structure: Lower Mantle and D"
This article was originally published in Treatise on Geophysics, Second Edition, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Lay T Deep Earth Structure: Lower Mantle and D″. In: Gerald Schubert (editor-in-chief) Treatise on Geophysics, 2nd edition, Vol 1. Oxford: Elsevier; 2015. p. 683-723. Author's personal copy 00 1.22 Deep Earth Structure: Lower Mantle and D T Lay, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.22.1 Lower Mantle and D00 Basic Structural Attributes 684 1.22.1.1 Elastic Parameters, Density, and Thermal Structure 684 1.22.1.2 Mineralogical Structure 685 1.22.2 One-Dimensional Lower Mantle Structure 686 1.22.2.1 Body-Wave Travel Time and Slowness Constraints 687 1.22.2.2 Surface-Wave/Normal-Mode Constraints 688 1.22.2.3 Attenuation Structure 688 1.22.3 Three-Dimensional -
Chemical Composition of Earth's Primitive Mantle and Its Variance: 2
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, B03212, doi:10.1029/2005JB004224, 2007 Click Here for Full Article Chemical composition of Earth’s primitive mantle and its variance: 2. Implications for global geodynamics Tanya Lyubetskaya1 and Jun Korenaga1 Received 16 December 2005; revised 17 June 2006; accepted 20 November 2006; published 29 March 2007. [1] The global budgets of argon and heat-producing elements have traditionally been used to argue for layered-mantle convection because they require a large fraction of Earth’s mantle to remain isolated from mantle convection. We revise these mass balance arguments using our new composition model of the primitive mantle and show that the global budgets of argon, heat-producing elements, and rare earth elements are consistent with Earth’s mantle almost entirely composed of the mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle, supporting the notion of whole mantle convection. Combined with a recent theory on the thermal evolution of Earth, our revised thermal budget implies inefficient mixing and processing in the past, explaining the survival of long-lived geochemical heterogeneities in convecting mantle. Citation: Lyubetskaya, T., and J. Korenaga (2007), Chemical composition of Earth’s primitive mantle and its variance: 2. Implications for global geodynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B03212, doi:10.1029/2005JB004224. 1. Introduction arguments do not provide a robust constraint on the size of such a hidden reservoir, because the interpretation of [2] The structure of mantle convection has been one of geochemical data is often model-dependent. For example, the most controversial subjects in modern geodynamics and observed geochemical differences between mantle-derived geochemistry. -
Continental Flood Basalts Derived from the Hydrous Mantle Transition Zone
ARTICLE Received 4 Sep 2014 | Accepted 1 Jun 2015 | Published 14 Jul 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8700 Continental flood basalts derived from the hydrous mantle transition zone Xuan-Ce Wang1, Simon A. Wilde1, Qiu-Li Li2 & Ya-Nan Yang2 It has previously been postulated that the Earth’s hydrous mantle transition zone may play a key role in intraplate magmatism, but no confirmatory evidence has been reported. Here we demonstrate that hydrothermally altered subducted oceanic crust was involved in generating the late Cenozoic Chifeng continental flood basalts of East Asia. This study combines oxygen isotopes with conventional geochemistry to provide evidence for an origin in the hydrous mantle transition zone. These observations lead us to propose an alternative thermochemical model, whereby slab-triggered wet upwelling produces large volumes of melt that may rise from the hydrous mantle transition zone. This model explains the lack of pre-magmatic lithospheric extension or a hotspot track and also the arc-like signatures observed in some large-scale intracontinental magmas. Deep-Earth water cycling, linked to cold subduction, slab stagnation, wet mantle upwelling and assembly/breakup of supercontinents, can potentially account for the chemical diversity of many continental flood basalts. 1 ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia. 2 State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box9825, Beijing 100029, China. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to X.-C.W. -
Scientific Research of the Sco Countries: Synergy and Integration 上合组织国家的科学研究:协同和一体化
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE SCO COUNTRIES: SYNERGY AND INTEGRATION 上合组织国家的科学研究:协同和一体化 Materials of the Date: International Conference November 19 Beijing, China 2019 上合组织国家的科学研究:协同和一体化 国际会议 参与者的英文报告 International Conference “Scientific research of the SCO countries: synergy and integration” Part 1: Participants’ reports in English 2019年11月19日。中国北京 November 19, 2019. Beijing, PRC Materials of the International Conference “Scientific research of the SCO countries: synergy and integration”. Part 1 - Reports in English (November 19, 2019. Beijing, PRC) ISBN 978-5-905695-74-2 这些会议文集结合了会议的材料 - 研究论文和科学工作 者的论文报告。 它考察了职业化人格的技术和社会学问题。 一些文章涉及人格职业化研究问题的理论和方法论方法和原 则。 作者对所引用的出版物,事实,数字,引用,统计数据,专 有名称和其他信息的准确性负责 These Conference Proceedings combine materials of the conference – research papers and thesis reports of scientific workers. They examines tecnical and sociological issues of research issues. Some articles deal with theoretical and methodological approaches and principles of research questions of personality professionalization. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of cited publications, facts, figures, quotations, statistics, proper names and other information. ISBN 978-5-905695-74-2 © Scientific publishing house Infinity, 2019 © Group of authors, 2019 CONTENTS ECONOMICS 可再生能源发展的现状与前景 Current state and prospects of renewable energy sources development Linnik Vladimir Yurievich, Linnik Yuri Nikolaevich...........................................12 JURISPRUDENCE 法律领域的未命名合同 Unnamed contracts in the legal field Askarov Nosirjon Ibragimovich...........................................................................19 -
Mantle Plumes
Geol. 655 Isotope Geochemistry Lecture 21 Spring 2007 ISOTOPIC EVOLUTION OF THE MANTLE IV THE ORIGIN OF MANTLE PLUMES AND THE COMMON COMPONENT IN PLUMES Determining how the various geochemical reservoirs of the mantle have evolved is among the most vexing problems in geochemistry. The principal observation to be explained is that mantle plumes in- variably have less depleted isotopic signatures than MORB, and the isotopic compositions of some in- dicate net enrichment in incompatible elements. As we saw in the previous lecture, mantle plumes were initially thought to consist of primitive mantle (e.g., Schilling, 1973). As we found, mixing be- tween primitive and depleted mantle can explain the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of some plumes, but virtually none of the Pb isotope data can be explained this way, nor are the trace element composi- tions of OIB consistent with plumes being composed of primitive mantle. Indeed, although ‘primitive mantle’ has proved to be a useful hypothetical concept, no mantle-derived basalts or xenoliths have appropriate compositions to be ‘primitive mantle’ or derived from it. It is possible that no part of the mantle retains its original, primitive, composition (on the other hand, to have survived, primitive man- tle must not participate in volcanism and other such processes, so the absence of evidence for a primi- tive mantle reservoir is not evidence of its absence). Hofmann and White (1982) suggested mantle plumes obtain their unique geochemical signature through deep recycling of oceanic crust (Figure 21.1). Partial melting at mid-ocean ridges creates oce- anic crust that is less depleted in incompatible elements than the depleted upper mantle. -
Structure of the Earth
TheThe Earth’sEarth’s StructureStructure fromfrom TravelTravel TimesTimes SphericallySpherically symmetricsymmetric structure:structure: PREMPREM --CCrustalrustal StructuStructurree --UUpperpper MantleMantle structustructurree PhasePhase transitiotransitionnss AnisotropyAnisotropy --LLowerower MantleMantle StructureStructure D”D” --SStructuretructure ofof thethe OuterOuter andand InnerInner CoreCore 3-3-DD StStructureructure ofof thethe MantleMantle fromfrom SeismicSeismic TomoTomoggrraphyaphy --UUpperpper mantlemantle -M-Miidd mmaannttllee -L-Loowweerr MMaannttllee Seismology and the Earth’s Deep Interior The Earth’s Structure SphericallySpherically SymmetricSymmetric StructureStructure ParametersParameters wwhhichich cancan bebe determineddetermined forfor aa referencereferencemodelmodel -P-P--wwaavvee v veeloloccitityy -S-S--wwaavvee v veeloloccitityy -D-Deennssitityy -A-Atttteennuuaattioionn ( (QQ)) --AAnisonisotropictropic parame parametersters -Bulk modulus K -Bulk modulus Kss --rrigidityigidity µ µ −−prepresssuresure - -ggravityravity Seismology and the Earth’s Deep Interior The Earth’s Structure PREM:PREM: velocitiesvelocities andand densitydensity PREMPREM:: PPreliminaryreliminary RReferenceeference EEartharth MMooddelel (Dziewonski(Dziewonski andand Anderson,Anderson, 1981)1981) Seismology and the Earth’s Deep Interior The Earth’s Structure PREM:PREM: AttenuationAttenuation PREMPREM:: PPreliminaryreliminary RReferenceeference EEartharth MMooddelel (Dziewonski(Dziewonski andand Anderson,Anderson, 1981)1981) Seismology and the -
INTERIOR of the EARTH / an El/EMEI^TARY Xdescrrpntion
N \ N I 1i/ / ' /' \ \ 1/ / / s v N N I ' / ' f , / X GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 532 / N X \ i INTERIOR OF THE EARTH / AN El/EMEI^TARY xDESCRrPNTION The Interior of the Earth An Elementary Description By Eugene C. Robertson GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 532 Washington 1966 United States Department of the Interior CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary Geological Survey H. William Menard, Director First printing 1966 Second printing 1967 Third printing 1969 Fourth printing 1970 Fifth printing 1972 Sixth printing 1976 Seventh printing 1980 Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, VA 22202 CONTENTS Page Abstract ......................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................... 1 Surface observations .............................................. 1 Openings underground in various rocks .......................... 2 Diamond pipes and salt domes .................................. 3 The crust ............................................... f ........ 4 Earthquakes and the earth's crust ............................... 4 Oceanic and continental crust .................................. 5 The mantle ...................................................... 7 The core ......................................................... 8 Earth and moon .................................................. 9 Questions and answers ............................................. 9 Suggested reading ................................................ 10 ILLUSTRATIONS -
The Upper Mantle and Transition Zone
The Upper Mantle and Transition Zone Daniel J. Frost* DOI: 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.3.171 he upper mantle is the source of almost all magmas. It contains major body wave velocity structure, such as PREM (preliminary reference transitions in rheological and thermal behaviour that control the character Earth model) (e.g. Dziewonski and Tof plate tectonics and the style of mantle dynamics. Essential parameters Anderson 1981). in any model to describe these phenomena are the mantle’s compositional The transition zone, between 410 and thermal structure. Most samples of the mantle come from the lithosphere. and 660 km, is an excellent region Although the composition of the underlying asthenospheric mantle can be to perform such a comparison estimated, this is made difficult by the fact that this part of the mantle partially because it is free of the complex thermal and chemical structure melts and differentiates before samples ever reach the surface. The composition imparted on the shallow mantle by and conditions in the mantle at depths significantly below the lithosphere must the lithosphere and melting be interpreted from geophysical observations combined with experimental processes. It contains a number of seismic discontinuities—sharp jumps data on mineral and rock properties. Fortunately, the transition zone, which in seismic velocity, that are gener- extends from approximately 410 to 660 km, has a number of characteristic ally accepted to arise from mineral globally observed seismic properties that should ultimately place essential phase transformations (Agee 1998). These discontinuities have certain constraints on the compositional and thermal state of the mantle. features that correlate directly with characteristics of the mineral trans- KEYWORDS: seismic discontinuity, phase transformation, pyrolite, wadsleyite, ringwoodite formations, such as the proportions of the transforming minerals and the temperature at the discontinu- INTRODUCTION ity. -
Chemical Composition of Earth's Primitive Mantle and Its Variance
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, B03211, doi:10.1029/2005JB004223, 2007 Click Here for Full Article Chemical composition of Earth’s primitive mantle and its variance: 1. Method and results Tanya Lyubetskaya1 and Jun Korenaga1 Received 16 December 2005; revised 17 June 2006; accepted 20 November 2006; published 29 March 2007. [1] We present a new statistical method to construct a model for the chemical composition of Earth’s primitive mantle along with its variance. Earth’s primitive mantle is located on the melting trend exhibited by the global compilation of mantle peridotites, using cosmochemical constraints on the relative abundances of refractory lithophile elements (RLE). This so-called pyrolite approach involves the least amount of assumptions, thereby being probably most satisfactory compared to other approaches. Its previous implementations, however, suffer from questionable statistical treatment of noisy geochemical data, leaving the uncertainty of model composition poorly quantified. In order to properly take into account how scatters in peridotite data affect this geochemical inference, we combine the following statistical techniques: (1) modeling a nonlinear melting trend in the multidimensional compositional space through the principal component analysis, (2) determining the primitive mantle composition on the melting trend by simultaneously imposing all of cosmochemical constraints with least squares, and (3) mapping scatters in original data into the variance of the final model through the bootstrap resampling technique. Whereas our model is similar to previous models in terms of Mg, Si, and Fe abundances, the RLE contents are at 2.16 ± 0.37 times the CI chondrite concentration, which is lower than most of previous estimates. -
Beno Gutenberg
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES B E N O G U T E N B ER G 1889—1960 A Biographical Memoir by L E O N KNOP OFF Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1999 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. Courtesy of the California Institute of Technology Archives, Pasadena BENO GUTENBERG June 4, 1889–January 25, 1960 BY LEON KNOPOFF ENO GUTENBERG WAS THE foremost observational seismolo- Bgist of the twentieth century. He combined exquisite analysis of seismic records with powerful analytical, inter- pretive, and modeling skills to contribute many important discoveries of the structure of the solid Earth and its atmo- sphere. Perhaps his best known contribution was the pre- cise location of the core of the Earth and the identification of its elastic properties. Other major contributions include the travel-time curves; the discovery of very long-period seis- mic waves with large amplitudes that circle the Earth; the identification of differences in crustal structure between continents and oceans, including the discovery of a signifi- cantly thin crust in the Pacific; the discovery of a low-veloc- ity layer in the mantle (which he interpreted as the zone of decoupling of horizontal motions of the surficial parts from the deeper parts of the Earth); the creation of the magni- tude scale for earthquakes; the relation between magnitudes and energies for earthquakes; the famous universal magni- tude-frequency relation for earthquake distributions; the first density distribution for the mantle; the study of the tem- perature distribution in the Earth; the understanding of microseisms; and the structure of the atmosphere.