,, / I I ~ ' ,f ( \ \. \ • I / \ I -.;..;,r • ...- /} bulletin of the (I , -\•· ''"'\. 8 \ ~...J.. a tographic InJOrmatioll So ~yJ "' I ~ I i. ~ ·,· Number 23, Wintet 1996 ,. ~ ' -r- , J • I '--.,t ~ ! -...) r ~...... ~·· ') '-...... _ ·""--. -· . ,..,...... · ~~ .._;.~ , , sk~Jets - ·, I I \ 4 4'..': 9~'-v . I 4.__J~ •• ... ' ", •; , I \ '~' , ...... _ , in this issue messages MESSAGES 1

FEATURED ARTICLES MESSAGE FROM THE Edge pixels: the effect of scanning resolution 3 NACIS PRESIDENT on color reproduction Living in Wisconsin always affords P. Andrew Ray one the opportunity to experience The production of smooth scale changes in an 12 and appreciate the change in animated map project climatic seasons. The progression Martin i>o11 Wyss is natural and symbolic of the cycles that we all encounter during CARTOGRAPHY BULLETIN BOARD 21 our lifetime. An organization GIS, image processi11g, and microcomputer laboratories must also experience cycles of The cartographic section at the University of Western 011tario growth and change, and this year Are yo11 compatible with yo11r printing service bureau? NACIS members will witness several. MAP LIBRARY BULLETIN BOARD 24 First, we will bid adieu to Sona Pe1111 State U11iv. IARL GIS literacy project Andrews as our editor of Carto- graphic Perspectives. Over the last REVIEWS several years she has provided Map projections: a reference manual 25 meritorious service to our organi- reviewed by C. Peter Keller zation that will be very difficult to replace. Her imagination, tireless The AGI source book for GIS 26 devotion, and intense desire to reviewed by feff Torguso11 improve our journal will be sorely A new social atlas of Britain 28 missed by all cartographic profes- reviewed by He11ry W. Castner sionals. At the NACIS Annual Banquet last October Sona was CARTOGRAPHIC EVENTS 29 presented with a plague signifying her achievements as Editor. ESSAY Given Sona's impending Geography and cartography in the twenty-first century 30 editorship retirement, the Carto- by Mark Mo11111011ier graphic Perspectives Editorial Board is now currently searching for a ANNOUNCEMENTS 32 new editor. By this Spring a selection will be made and we NACIS NEWS 33 hope to have a smooth transition between editors before the end of we should increase the annual At our Wilmington Meeting I dues. A short report will then be also sensed an air of electricity that sent to members about the dues signified how exciting a time it is increase and members will be for cartographers. We are witness­ asked to vote (i.e. yes/no) on the ing vast changes in the way we recommended increase at the create and present maps and Annual Meeting this Fall in San spatial information, and we are Antonio. I don't believe any presented with more challenges President relishes the idea of being than ever before. Cartographers remembered for a dues increase, are a hearty breed and we tend to but both the Board and I agreed thrive in the opportunities that are that it is necessary if we want to presented to us. We are a robust maintain our journal's quality and and enthusiastic group and that is breadth. why NACIS is such a strong Third, I would like all NACIS organization. members to help sign up a new Best wishes for the year, and I member this year. Whether it is be hope to see many of you in San a student or a twenty-year profes­ Antonio this Fall. sional, NACIS has much to offer and even with a dues increase will Keith Rice still be very inexpensive to join. NACIS President We have a body of great members right now, but it is always healthy for an organization to get a trans­ fusion of new ideas and perspec­ ~ aboutthe cover tives. Lastly, I would like everyone to consider attending our 1996 Annual Meeting this Fall in San Antonio, Texas. It will be held The

As a result of the digital revolution, many journal articles have been P. Andrew Ray written on the technical aspects of digitization. One of the most docu­ Depart111en t of Geography mented facts is that increased scanning resolution means greater legibil­ Social Scien ce Centre ity of the text and fine details of the digital file. However, little has University oJWestem Ontario been written about the fact that increasing the resolution also results in Lo11don, 011tario better color reproduction, and it is this issue that this paper will ad­ N6A 5C2 dress. While the differences in color reproduction between high resolu­ tion scans and lower resolution scans are subtle, they can be quantified and illustrated graphically using the histogram feature of Adobe Photoshop (an image processing software package). This article begins by reviewing the principles of scanning after which several color images, both color and black and white, scanned at increasing resolu­ tions, will be presented to support the author's thesis.

he digital revolution has unleashed a barrage of journal articles that INTRODUCTION T have dealt with many of the technical aspects of digitizing paper­ based images and text. For instance, in a major study, Cornell University, Xerox Corporation and the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) undertook a collaborative effort to test a prototype system for recording the text of deteriorating books as digital images (Cloonan 1993, Cohen 1993). Among other things, the study concluded that 600 dots per inch (dpi) scanning and printing results in a high quality paper replace­ ment for brittle textual materials (CPA 1992). Yale University has also undertaken a study to digitize fragile materi­ The digital revolu tion has als. This project is being carried out in three phases. The goals of the unleashed a barrage of journal second phase are to assemble, test, and evaluate the basic operating elements of imaging architecture (Conway and Weaver 1994). As a result articles that have dealt with of this research, it was determined that the optimal scanning resolution for many of the technical aspects of capturing full legibility of microfilm and photographs is 600 dpi (Conway digitizing paper-based images and Weaver 1994). and text. The Bodleian Library at Oxford University is currently working on two separate projects to scan photographs. Gartner (1994) briefly describes the process of digitization and the impact of scanning resolution on text legibility. In another article, Kenney and Conway (1994) discuss four issues related to digitization: 1) system functionality, 2) storage media deterioration, 3) digital image data quality, and 4) integrity of sources. Their treatment of scanning resolution is in terms of black and whi te text, that is, the ability of the scanner to capture the fineness of detail and the legibility of print. Furthermore, Cohen (1993) also touches upon scanning resolution as it relates to the legibility of text. Tilton (1994), on the other hand, discusses scanning resolution in terms of the display size of the digital image. That is, he comments upon the relationship between screen resolution and magnification ratio in order to determine the proper scanning resolution for a digital image. Cartolano, Gertz and Klimley (1995) determined that full legibility of 1 mm text can be achieved if the original image is scanned at 200 dpi in 24 bit color. They stated that "once the full information is captured at the 4 cartogmplzic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

highest resolution required for full capture, it should not be necessary to re-scan in the future, since no information would be added by scanning at a higher resolution" (Cartolano et al. 1995, 11 ). It is this sentiment, which is implicit in all the articles mentioned so far, that is challenged in this paper. That is, information that is vital to the integrity of the digital image will be added if the image is scanned at a higher resolution. That information manifests itself in the form of better color reproduction, which is of critical importance if the image is meant to be an access copy of an archival document. While the differences in color While a review of eight articles could hardly be ca ll ed a complete reproduction between high examination of the relevant literature, two related trends do appear. First, resolution scans and lower one of the best documented facts in these and similar articles is that resolution scans are subtle, they increased scanning resolution results in greater legibility of the text and fine details of the digital image. This is not in dispute here. However, the can be quantified and second trend that emerges from these articles is that the discussion of illustrated graphically ... color reproduction tends to focus on issues of bit depth (for example, Cartolano et al. 1995) and palette shifts (for example, Tilton 1994). Little has been written about the fact that increasing the scanning resolution also results in better color reproduction. While the differences in color repro­ duction between high resolution scans and lower resolution scans are subtle, they can be quantified and illustrated graphically using the histo­ gram feature of Adobe Photoshop, an image processing software package for the Macintosh. After a brief review of the principles of scanning, several images scanned at increasing resolutions, along with their histo­ grams, will be presented in this paper to support the author's thesis. 1

SCANNING RESOLUTION AND The type of scanning discussed here produces output in raster format. COLOR REPRODUCTION That is, the information is displayed as an array of square cells, or pixels, each representing a corresponding piece of the original document (Pazner et al. 1992). When the original document is scanned, the scanner "sees" it as an ordered formation of pixels, each having a color or shade of gray, each of which reflect different amounts of light. The scanner then assigns a number to represent the reflectance of each pixel. This matrix of num­ bers becomes the digital image file. This explanation of the process of scanning, while exceedingly brief, outlines the most important variable of concern to this paper, that is, the assignment of a single number to represent the reflectance value for the entire area of a square pixel, the size of which depends upon the pre­ selected scanning resolution. Herein lies the basic problem. For example, a scanning resolution of one dpi would result in a digital image that has one pixel per square inch of the original document. All the colors present within the area represented by that pixel would be combined and a single number would be assigned that represents the average reflectance value for that pixel. ln other words, all the discrete colors that are present within that area on the original would be blended to create a single color for the digitized image. If, however, the scanning resolution were in­ creased, meaning that pixel size is decreased, then more colors could be portrayed within that same one square inch area because more pixels would be required to depict the same size area at the greater resolution; each pixel would be assigned its own separate color value that repre­ sented the reflectance of that smaller pixel area on the original document.

1. All the images used ln this paper were scanned using the default settings for brightness, contrast and threshold. No extra image processing was done. In this way, the author hopes to ensure that comparison between the images will not be influenced by any data manipula­ tion technique. Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspt•ctives 5

T1g11rc 1. D1·111 011strntio11 of the •:fleets of sca1111111g rt•so/11tio11 011 color reprod11 ct1011.

Figu re l b. Figu re le.

This principle is illustrated in Figure 1. The large empty boxes in Figure la represent the pre-selected scanning resolution, or the pixel size, and the black box represents a spot of color on the original image. In this example, when scanned, the spot of color would fall on the intersection of the four pixels. As a result, the scanner would combine the black color with the white background and produce a digital image that consists of four gray pixels, as in Figure lb. In essence, the process of digitization has produced a completely new color that was not present in the original document. If, however, the scanning resolution were doubled, as in Figure le, then the black spot would no longer fall on the intersection of four large pixels, but completely fill four smaller pixels. In this instance, the black spot on the white background would be reproduced exactly, with no new colors added to the digital image. Rarely do all the pixels in a digital image fall completely within the area dominated by one color or another. Usually there are a number of pixels that fall along the line separating areas of different colors. These are referred to in this paper as "edge-pixels." For example, Figure 2 depicts two heavy black lines on a white background. The line was originally drawn in ClarisDraw at 72 dpi and printed on a 360 dpi ink jet printer. The hard-copy was then scanned at 9 dpi. The digital image file was then imported into ClarisDraw where it was placed on the same page as the 72 dpi version for purposes of comparison. Because the lines are diagonal in relation to the pixel grid, there are many edge-pixels in the 9 dpi version which fall both within the body of the line and within the vvhite background. Notice that these edge-pixels are various shades of gray, the darkness of which is dependent upon how much of the pixel fell 9 dpi \•: ithin the body of the line. In other words, those edge-pixels that have 72 d pi the majority of their area covered by the line are darker than those which F1g11re 2. Co111pariso 11 of1 111ages sca1111ed at are mostly within the \Nhite background. In this instance, the scanner has differe11 t reso/11 t w11~. produced a digital image that contains very few black pixels while pro­ ducing many shades of gray that were not present in the original image. This becomes very apparent when viewing the histograms for these t•..vo images (Figure 3, page 6). The x-axes of these histograms represent the color values from 0 (black) on the left to 255 (white) on the right. The y-axes represent the number of pixels in the image that have that particu­ lar \'alue. The graph for the 72 dpi version clearly shows that there are only t\vo colors present within that image, namely black and white. There is a tall, thin line at the extreme right end of the x axis of this histogram-it represents the number of white pixels. Conversely, the line at the extreme left end of the x-axis represents the number of black pixels in the image. Notice that there are no other values depicted on this graph, meaning that there are no other colors present within the image. However, on the histogram for the 9 dpi version, there are lines all along the graph, mean 6 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 19%

F1g11re 3. Histvgra111sfor Channel: Black ------~ -Chnnnel: Black------~ 1111ages i11 Fig11rl! 2.

I I 111111 1111 I I II II 1111 I I 111 1 II 11

Mean: 174. 78 Leu el: Menn: 174.08 Leu el: Sid Oeu: 118.42 Count: Sid Deu: 101.76 Count: Median: 255 Percentile: Medinn: 242 Percentile: PiHels: 6 720 PiHels: 112

72dpi 9 dpi

ing that there are a substantial number of pixels that have intermediate values-essentially, they are various shades of gray. This principle of edge-pixels can have some very interesting effects on color images. On very colorful originals, such as full color maps and color air photos, there could be a great number of edge-pixels present in the digital image. For example, Figure 4 (page 9) portrays four images of the same place from the National Topographic Series 1:50,000 Bath sheet (number 31C/2, edition 5, 1979) scanned at increasing resolutions. This image is a detail of a park (see the location map), the original size of which on the map was 3.74 mm by 6.78 mm (0.147 inches by 0.267 inches). Notice in the 75 dpi version, there is a line of brown and tan pixels along the right and bottom edges of the image while the rest of the image consists of green and taupe pixels. In the 150 dpi version, the brown line on the right side has become purple. This is very intriguing, for the NTS legend contains eight colors-red, orange, blue, brown, black, gray, green, and white. There are no features portrayed in purple on the original map sheet. This means that the colors present in the original which are con­ tained within the purple pixel area were combined by the scanner to produce new colors that are not found on the original map. Also notice that the interior portion of the image has a greater variety of color com­ pared to the 75 dpi version. Again, most of these shades are peculiar to the digital image and are not found on the original document. Like the 75 dpi and 150 dpi versions of this image, the 300 dpi and 400 dpi versions also contain many artifactual colors due to the edge-pixel as pixel size decreases ... the phenomenon. Close scrutiny reveals that there is a small but significant effect of the edge-pixel number of pixels in the body of these images that are turquoise or aqua; phenomenon is mitigated and a neither of these colors are represented in the legend of the original docu­ closer reproduction of the colors ment. Furthermore, the right and bottom edges are no longer brown, as in of the original document is the the 75 dpi version, or purple, as in the 150 dpi image, but a mottled inevitable result. collection of red, pink, gray, tan and brown pixels; some of these colors are in fact represented in the legend. Therefore, while these higher resolution images both contain artifactual colors, because more and more pixels are beginning to portray colors which are in the legend of the original, one can conclude that there is a positive relationship between scanning resolution and the quality of color reproduction. In other words, as pixel size decreases (or as scanning resolution increases), the effect of the edge-pixel phenomenon is mitigated and a closer reproduction of the colors of the original document is the inevitable result. The histograms of these images highlight the differences in color reproduction between the increasing scanning resolutions. Photoshop 3.0 will generate a separate histogram for each color channel, plus a gray histogram that represents the overall brightness of the image (Figure 5). The histograms for the higher resolution images are denser because they portray more pixels, but the general trends between the histograms can be L Number 23, Winter 1g% cartograpliic perspectives 7 compared and analyzed. For example, all the histograms for the 75 dpi image depict a relatively narrow color range with a spike that dominates the graph. As the resolution increases, the color range widens and the spike becomes less dominant. This indicates that the digital images are portraying many more subtle variations of color. Furthermore, as indi­ cated by the "mean" color value, the images are becoming brighter as the resolution increases. Therefore, as the only difference between the digital images is the scanning resolution, the differences in the histograms are products of the increased resolution. When viewing the images, the user may be hard pressed to find any substantial color variations between higher resolution and lower resolu­ tion scans; as demonstrated with the histograms of the color images, the

75dpi 150 dpi 300 dpi Chonnel: i Groy 1110 • 1------Chennel: I Gre~ ~o • I Gra~ ICO · I

I I I'"""" I 111i 11il1111 II Meen: I H .78 level: Moen: 175.51 Leu el: Meen: 176.H leuel: Std Oeu: 2 U 7 Coun t: Std Oeu: 31.15 Count: S Id Oeu: 41.BO Count: Med Ion: I 82 Percentile: Medlen: 178 Per centile: Medlen: 189 Percentile: PiHels: l6 PIHels: 144 PIHels: S52

Chennel: I Red !ti •1------Red x 1 · I Red 111 1 •I I""""" I 'I I"'""" I I ~Ill! I

Mean: I 88.64 leuel: Mean: 189.88 Leu el: Moen: 190.61 leuet: \td Dev: 16.57 Count: Sid Oeu: lS.SB Count: ltd Oeu: 49.71 Count: Medlen: 184 Percentile: Mf'dlen: 19:5 Percentile: Median: 207 Percentile: PIHel.: 16 PIH els: ..... PIH els: 552

Chennel: I Green ~2 • 1------Chennel: I Green 112 • 1------Chonnel: '. Green 112 • 1------

11 11 I ll~ II I Mean: I 74. 7S Leuel: Me on: I 7S. I 8 Leu el: Ml'ftn: 175.93 Leuel: I Id Oeu: 27 75 Counl: ltd Oeu: 18.03 Count: Std Oeu: 47.91 Count: Median: 189 Per< entile : Medlen: 180 Percentile: Medlen: 192 Percentile: PiHeh: '56 PIHeh: 144 PIHel <: S52

Chonnf'I: Blue U • I Blue it1 • I Channel: I Blue 111 • I------

1 I'"'"""'I I H11 '1een: I H.08 leuel: Meen: 117.98 Leuel: Meon: I lB.60 Leu el: Std Oeu: 22.4} Count: Std Oeu: 16.59 Count: Std Oeu: 50.55 Count: Medlen: 140 Percen111e: Medlen: 142 Percentile: Median: 153 Percenrne: PIHels: 16 PIHels: 144 PIHeh: 552 8 cartographic persp£'Ctives Number 23, Winkr l'l%

differences are very subtle. Indeed, how the image is viewed will have an impact on the theoretical "gain" in color reproduction; the gain is most noticeable when the image is greatly magnified. That is, if the image is to be viewed on a 1 to 1 magnification ratio as a paper print out, then the increased quality of the color will be virtually unseen. However, if the image is magnified on a high resolution computer screen, then the differ­ ences are most conspicuous.

CONCLUSIONS When digitizing a color image, the digital preservationist must ask him I herself the following question: are the images to be used for research purposes, or for browsing and I or indexing? The answer to this question will have an impact upon the resolution and standards which will be used in the digitization process. Different researchers have different uses for digital images. If the image is to be used in an application where the quality is not critical, for example as an index image, then considerations other than color reproduction, such as file size, compression ratio, and minimum legibility requirements, must take priority. However, another researcher may be concerned with the paper stock on which the original work was produced. He/ she may be interested in identifying the water­ mark, or seeing the chain lines and laid lines in an attempt to identify the paper manufacturer. Likewise, another researcher may be interested in the inks and dyes used in the printing process. In these instances, digital images are typically used by researchers either in lieu of handling the fragile originals or because the originals are not easily accessible due to their location, and under these circumstances, better color reproduction will be invaluable to the researcher. If the digital image contains a large number of artifactual colors from the digitization process the usefulness of the image is reduced dramatically. Under most circumstances, images intended for research purposes ... images intended for research need much more accurate color reproduction than those intended for purposes need much more browsing or indexing. It is recommended that research images be digi­ accurate color reproduction tized using the highest possible quality standards for color reproduction. As one of the tenets of digital preservation is to produce a faithful replica than those intended for of the original, it is ironic that most research into digital imaging is browsing or indexing. concerned with finding that quality which is simply "good enough." That is, in the search for the "perfect" compromise between file size and image quality, all too often the priority is to minimize the disk space required to store an image rather than find the optimal image quality. It is impossible for a digital preservationist today to know what will be required of digital images in the future. Therefore, if the image is to be used for archival/ research purposes, it is imperative that the image be captured at the highest possible quality. Given that the technology for capturing, storing, retrieving and viewing images is constantly improving, images that are "good enough" today likely will be wholly inadequate in the near future.

REFERENCES Cartolano, R., J. Gertz, and S. Klimley. 1995. Oversized Color Images: Addressing Issues of Preservation and Access. URL:

Cloonan, M.V. 1993. The preservation of knowledge. Library Trends 41 (4): 594 605.

Cohen, D. 1993. New books from old: a proposal. The Serials Librarian 23 (3 I 4):149-155 Number 23, Winter 1996 cartograpl1ic perspectives 9

Commission on Preservation and Figure 4. Tire ~{feels of sca1111i11g resolutio11 011 color reproduction. Access. 1992. Cornell/Xerox/ CPA joint study in digital preser­ vation - Progress Report N umber 2. Tiie Electro11ic Library 10(3): 155- 163.

Conway, P., and S. Weaver. 1994. The seh.ip phase of project open book: a report to the Commission on Preservation and Access on the status of an effort to convert microfilm to digital imagery. Microfor111 Review 23 (3): 107-119.

Gartner, R. 1994. Conservation by numbers: introducing digital imaging into Oxford University. M icrofor111 Review 23(2):49-52.

Kenney, A.R. and P. Conway. 1994. From analogue to digital: extending the preservation toolkit. Digital l111agi11g Tec/J11ology for Preservation. N .E. Elkington, editor, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

Pazner, M., N. Thies, and R. Chavez. 1992. Simple computer imaging and mapping. unpub­ lished manuscript, June, 1992.

Tilton, D. 1994. Using high resolution digital scans in multi­ media cartographic applications. Cartographic Perspectives 19: 26-30.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers whose comments and criticisms helped make this a stronger article. The author also wishes to thank Dr. P.J. Stooke for his guidance and patience. Thank you. :J 10 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

CALL FOR PARTICIPATION XVI Annual Meeting of the North American Cartographic Information Society

San Antonio, Texas Oct. 2 -5, 1996

The NACIS Program Committee invites your participation in this meeting by:

• giving a paper • • organizing a session • • developing a panel discussion • • conducting a workshop • • preparing a poster or exhibit •

Poster, paper sessions, and panel discussions are now being organized on a variety of topics, including interactive forms of cartography, cartographic animation, and multimedia presentations. All cartographic-related topics are welcome. Please plan now on contributing to the meeting.

Special Focus of the XVI ANNUAL Meeting CARTOGRAPHY AND THE INTERNET

Special sessions and a workshop are being planned on the distribution of maps through the Internet. Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 11

Mission San Jose Y Miguel de Agua} ,,1;i,f{1 (1l14rft'"ill 1•f S.cm A1tll)t110 Com-t'ulrmr & \'1~tt11rs: 814 rt

The Alamo - Shri11e of Te:r:as Liberty r•11'h l\1'1r~f"_ll 1• :';o,j/! Antt11:!:' (1l1:x1:t~,,,, & l'r~:fi lr' µ/ITt'.111

Persons interested in participating should develop a proposal or abstract which includes the author's name, professional address, telephone number and a description not to exceed 250 words. Student participation is encouraged. Proposals should be sent to:

Michael P. Peterson Department of Geography I Geology University of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, NE 68182-0199 Phone: (402) 554-4805 FAX: (402) 554-3518 e-mail: [email protected]

conference Web site: http://maps.unomaha.edu/NACIS/Conference.html

PROPOSALS and ABSTRACTS MUST BE RECEIVED BY APRIL 30, 199l

Participants will be notified by May 30, 1996 of the acceptance of their abstracts or proposals.

For those interested in touring the San Antonio area before or after the Sa11 A11 to11 io Rhier Walk meetings, you may wish to write or call for information about attractions in the San Antonio area:

San Antonio Visitor Information Center P.O. Box 2277 San Antonio, Texas 78298 Phone: (210) 270-8700 12 cartogmplzic perspectives Number 23, Winter 19% The Production of Smooth Scale Changes in an Animated Map Project

Martin van Wyss The proliferation of home and business computers has resulted in a Hybrid Designs dramatic increase in the number of animated maps in private, institu­ 579 Franklin Street tional, commercial, and academic settings. As authoring software that Cambridge, MA 02139 allows the production of such maps becomes cheaper and easier to use, [email protected] animated maps will continue to become more numerous and sophisti­ cated. This increase in the number and complexity of animated maps and the resultant need to automate their design and production calls for novel cartographic approaches. This paper stems from a project involv­ ing the design of animated maps for a typical multimedia product. An important element of the animations were the transitions between maps of different scales. An explanation of an algorithm to choose map scales suggests how aesthetic judgments can be incorporated into the auto­ mated production flow for the finished product.

ANIMATED MAPS, ynamic maps can take the form of animated maps, interactive maps, INTERACTIVE MAPS, AND D and combinations of the two. I will use the term dynamic to refer to HYBRID MAPS the broad category of maps that can change during viewing. Animated maps offer little user control and present changes of map attributes in a manner that is either logically or chronologically linear. Interactive maps allow the user to adapt or control the map display. Map design strategies for dynamic maps have categorized the maps according to the primary characteristic exploited by the temporal dimen­ sion: sonification, animation, and interaction (DiBiase et al. 1992). Sonification involves the use of sound to represent data (Krygier 1994), but since there is no fundamental role played by map scales in this type of map sonic maps will not be addressed in this paper. Scale changes are, however, useful and well-suited to animated and interactive maps. The animation in which there is "the illusion of motion created from a sequence of still images" (DiBiase et al. 1992) is perhaps the most com­ mon form of map animation. These maps, commonly found on television newscasts and educational computer software, are linear presentations of a series of frames or static map images. Scale changes are particularly useful for illustrative purposes in this sort of animated narrative (Dorling 1992b, 633). The animated maps discussed in detail later in this article are of this type. Much of the literature on animation has emphasized its use for repre­ senting time series data. Some attention, however, has also been given to the role of animation and interaction for exploring non-temporal data (e.g. DiBiase et al. 1992, Darling 1992a and 1992b). In the context of what he calls animating space, Darling argues that changing the scale of the map is the only way to properly examine large and complex data sets (Darling 1992a, 1992b). When the change over time of the mapped data is too complex for the observer to notice both spatial and temporal patterns, Dorling argues for temporally static maps, or maps that show a time slice from a particular moment. Zooming and panning across these maps allows the examination of details in cases where aggregation of data is unacceptable. This strategy of animating space instead of animating time Number 23, Winter 19% cartographic pcrspcctil1cs 13 is particularly useful in the social sciences where extreme variations in d ata values are fo und over sm all areas. Unlike animated maps, interactive maps have no fi xed structure; the user interacts w ith the display to view different scenarios or representa­ tions. The interaction allo i.vs the user to question data to gain a better understand ing, or to tailor the display to match the knowledge the user brings to the map. Monmonier (1991, 4) points out the need for an "anti­ d ote" to the "d angerous abuse" that his Atlas Touring and other "care­ Unlike animated maps, interac­ fully o rchestrated sequence(s) of persuasive graphics" invite. He men­ tive maps have no fixed struc­ tions the need fo r "experiential maps" that allow users to explore data ture; the user interacts with the interactively, thereby forming their own opinions. display to view different sce­ Interaction is essential in the analysis of three-dimensional digital d ata narios or representations. models (Moellering 1980). Kraak mentions the impo rtance of geometric transformations in the visualization of three-dimensional maps, citing their complexity and the difficulty of the human mind to process depth clues. "Manipulati on of the maps is not restricted to their content, but also includes their position in three-dimensional space" (Kraak 1993, 13- 14). Geometric transformations like zooming, scaling (both involve scale changes) and rotating a re necessary in order to take ad vantage of the added info rma ti on in the terrain model. Since the display method-the monito r- is two-dimensional, interaction is necessary to "see" the infor­ mation added by the three-dimensional model. The impo rtance of smooth scale changes in dynamic interaction and animated maps is underscored by a report (Harwood 1989) on d ynamic map displays for heli copter fli ght. Pilots used on-board map displays for a vari ety of tasks, and their success was shown to improve when the m ap displays were smooth and unobtrus ive. Similarly, researchers have found "greater user preference for and confidence in representations which provide smooth change between images" displayed on computer moni­ tors (Rheingans 1992).

Scale changes proved to be invaluable in keeping map viewers oriented DESIGN FOR A MULTIMEDIA and the narrati on coherent in thirty animated ma ps commissioned by ENCYCLOPEDIA Grolier for its New Grolier Multimedia E11cyclopedia on CD-ROM (Grolier 1994). This encyclopedia is aimed at adult and high school-aged home users, and the animated maps were a major selling point fo r the 1994 version. The maps portray major world events such as the Gulf War, the Korean War, Yiagell an's circumnavigation of the world, and the spread of overl and routes across the colonial United States. The animations include audio narration and also text narration for micro-computers that have no sound capability. Flashing symbols and areas are used to highlight important static map informati on while movement is represented w ith fl ow arrows and sprites. 1 The p ublisher's prio rities were in creating a product of high aesthetic quality and visual excitement. David DiBiase has written in detail about the project (DiBiase 1994). The design of the maps was intriguing because guidelines and conven­ tions for the medium have not yet been established. Another challenge was the fact that the publishe r fa iled to determine how well the anima­ tions, deli vered in the form of Macromedia Director movies, would survive the fi nal transition to Q uickTime m ov i es. ~ Finally, Grolier 's assumptions about the ty pical user's computer configuration limited, for example, the number of frames that could be used and the size of the maps on screen .

I. Gersmehl (1990) provides a glossary of this and other terms frequently used in animations.

2. See Cartwright ( 199-t) for an explanation of QuickTime and other technical terms. 14 cartograpl1ic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

MAP DESIGN The pressure of designing fifteen animations in only twelve weeks forced us to confront many issues in a hurry. What elements that are common to static maps should be included? Which elements are redundant and should be abandoned? While these and similar issues regarding the transition frum slalic Lo animated mapping have been noted (Cartwright 1994), few guidelines or design principles exist. Gooding and Forrest are clearly correct when they state that"... if video maps are to be used effectively, they should be developed specifically for that medium" (1990). Similarly, our animated maps had to be designed for the desktop personal computer medium using CD-ROM. Resolution was limited to the 72 pixel- per- inch monitor standard to contain file size and the amount of required storage space on the CD-ROM. The map area was limited to a field four hundred pixels wide and hvo hundred eighty pixels high The most significant and funda­ (roughly 5.5 by 4 inches) to ensure that the animations fit on the smallest mentally unique desig11 concern Macintosh screens. This made the choices of map elements critical. Too for the maps was the possibility many elements on the map display seemed to clutter the geographical information. A legend was one of the elements we found to be superflu­ of using time as a variable to ous for our animated maps. It was more effective to explain an event and express i11formatio11 . .. its players with spoken and written narration than by filling the map with placename lettering. The most significant and fundamentally unique design concern for the maps was the possibility of using time as a variable to express information (DiBiase et al. 1992, Kousoulakou and Kraak 1992, Kraak and MacEachren 1994). The use of animation time to correspond with historical time was fw1damental to the animations produced; the stories were usually told in a chronologically linear fashion. Flashing symbols to symbolize events such as battles drew the viewer's attention to small places on small-scale maps. Repetition of animation sequences represented repeated attacks on cities. The timing of the story (through the manipulation of how long an animation frame was displayed) was important for making the stories comprehensible. Timing was also used for dramatic effect to underscore the numbers of people killed in wars. The display of different maps at different scales over the course of the animation was essential to keeping the narratives coherent, and appropri­ ate scale changes were the crucial link between these maps. Changing scale meant that the story could be played out on a map that was always at the appropriate scale for the subject matter. Making the scale change smooth provided a link between the maps and kept the viewer spatially oriented, providing a coherent narrative while keeping the viewer's attention focused on the story subject and not on the scale change.

THE ROLE OF SCALE The nature of the events to be animated demanded that we use maps at CHANGES different scales. The animation of the Korean War, for example, opens with a map of southeast Asia to acquaint the viewer \o\oith the location of Korea. Narration then switches to a map of Korea on which troop move­ ments can be shown. The animation of the United States Revolutionary War repeatedly changes scale. A small-scale map shows the shape and size of the original colonies to set the scene, then large-scale maps of troop movements in, for example, the New York-New Jersey region express the local and regional events. Traditional static maps use insets to show where in the world the featured place is, or to show an area of detail. The nature of animations, however, makes these inset maps extraneous and pointless (and a cause of eye strain in a window less than six inches wide). Instead, maps can be presented as dynamic i11 sets at the scale that is appropriate to the thematic information. Over time, the display can shift from one map to another at a Number 23, Winter 19% cartograplzic perspectives 15 different scale, thereby overcoming the spatial constraints that apply to the printed page. This is an example of the effective exploitation of the temporal dimension of animations. An abrupt switch in an animation from one map scale to the next without a transition would be disruptive to the animation and to the flow of information, obscuring the spatial relationship between the maps, thereby disorienting the viewer. Therefore, there is a need for transition techniques such as :00111-i11s, :00111-011ts, and exploding insets (terms to be Map animations, therefore, defined below) to provide the link between different maps. As is the case need to shift between different with many map design choices (like those concerning typeface, layout, and color palette), the effectiveness of these transitions lies in their ability maps without losing the map to allow the map reader to remain focused on the theme of the map. Good user's attention to the map design avoids attracting the viewer's attention to individual elements transition. by ensuring that the map elements remain transparent. Map animations, therefore, need to shift between different maps without losing the map user's attention to the transition. One way to accomplish this is by using a high number of frames in order to give the impression of continuous change. This ideal situation would be possible \·vith unlimited memory space, but limits on the num­ ber of frames allowed are imposed at every link in the chain from the cartographer's computer to the display on the consumer's monitor. Animation files, especially when they include audio tracks as Grolier's did, require substantial amounts of storage space, a function of the length of the animation, the size of the animation window on the screen, audio bit depth (a function of the variation allowed in pitch, timbre, etc.), and the color bit depth (a function of the number of colors used in the pal­ ette).' Even when storage space isn' t the issue, only the fastest microcom­ puters can move from one frame to the next at a rate faster than the eye can perceive a change on the screen. Finally, the monitors on which these animations are viewed can only refresh (or paint the next image onto) their screens at a certain limited frequency determined by their scan rate. Inevitably, then, a sophisticated viewer is able to distinguish beh-veen individual frames. But if the transition is well designed, the viewer's attention will be kept on the map and not on the difference between indi\·idual frames. Since technologic constraints demand that the number of frames remain small, the care put into the selection of transition frames must be great if transitions are to play their role inconspicuously. 4

The simplest example of a scale change that we will consider is a zoom-in AN EQUATION TO DESCRIBE from a small-scale map to one of larger scale. Each map in the zoom is at THE SCALE CHANGE a larger scale than the previous one, and its land area is smaller than the previous map's area. There is always only one map visible, and that map takes up the entire animation ·window. Thematic content determines the map scales at the beginning and end of the zoom. The number of desired steps, or frames (usually a compro­ mise between memory limits and desired frame resolution), must also be known. Regular intervals from one scale to the next, as defined by

3. T~·p ical sin! for an animation file mad('\\ 1th :Vlacromedia Director by the author was 1.2 megabytes. Tlw file~ had eight-bit color, a dimension of 400 by 280 pixels, no sound, and were about three hundred frames in length.

-t. The need to keep tr,msitions " transparent" precluded using scalt> change techniques like motion-blur exploding insets and other techniques as too distracting. 16 cartograplzic perspC'Cfrl1L'S :\lumber 23, Winter J

Equation 1 and exemplified with a hypothetical zoom in Table 1 (page Figure 1 18), are easy to calculate but yield a scale change that is uneven. When David DiBiase, project manager and director of Deasy GeoGraphics Cartographic Design Studio at Penn State University and I viewed this zoom on a Figure 2 monitor we judged that the zoom was inappropriate. The change in land area covered by the first frames was too great, and it was too little at the end of the zoom. Figure 1, for example, shows a significant leap in size of Long Island between the first two frames, while its size changes only slightly at the end of the zoom-in. We then drew an exponential curve based on the equation y=x2 on graph paper and read off the intermediary scales for the frames between our known starting and ending map scales (Equation 2). This seemed logical since the equation describes the relationship between the scale and the area covered by any map. But this equation we also deemed inappro­ priate. The size of New Jersey (see Figure 2) still changed too much at the start of the zoom-in and too little at the end. Figure 4 Interpolating intermediate scales with logarithmic paper yielded zooms that we judged appropriate. Figure 3 shows how Long Island's size changes at a steady rate when the map scales are determined by Equation 3. All zooms and exploding insets made thereafter were made by drawing a straight line between the starting and ending points of the scale change on logarithmic paper. Zoom-outs were used frequently in the animations when the map scale decreased. They were constructed exactly like zoom-ins but with order of frames reversed. The exploding inset (Figure 4) is another transition that allows the animation to move to a map of larger scale. Like a traditional inset on a static map, the explod- Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 17 ing inset begins with a small-scale map with a box drawn around the Equation 1 area that is to be shown at a larger scale. The small-scale map re- mains in the background as the scale - scaleb ) scale = scale + n ( end eg large-scale map section of interest n beg N increases in size until it is occupy­ ing the entire animation window, blocking out the small-scale map. The same logarithmic equation Equation 2 used for zooms describes explod­ ing insets. Whereas map size scalen = ( scalebeg + n ( scaleend - scalebeg ) )2 remains constant while land area N changes for zooms, the inverse is true for exploding insets: the land area covered by the map is fixed Equation 3 while the map itself grows (in the case of the exploding inset) or shrinks (imploding inset). log(scaleb )+n(log(scaleend) - log(scalebeg)) scalen = 10 eg N Tables 1-3 (page 18) track the scales of four intermediate itera- tions of a six-step exploding or imploding inset. The scale factor represents the relationships where: between each iteration and the n = the iteration in the scale change starting map scale. The next column represents the portion of N = total number of steps in scale change the original map's area taken up scalebeg = map scale at beginning of scale change by each subsequent map of the scaleend= map scale at end of scale change same region at a smaller scale. The crucial column is the last one which shows how the size of each map varies from the previous map's size. For the logarithmic equation this number is constant, indicat­ ing that a transition that seems smooth is one in which the inset "blows up" or "collapses" at a steady rate. The production staff and the rest of the Deasy staff were responsible for deciding which zooms were appropriate. The project's comme rcial nature and short production time-frame meant there was no possibility of having outside revie>vers or focus groups. The discovery of constant change of area for the logarithmic equation confirmed our subjective decision that this equation yielded the most appropriate scale change. Ours was an aesthetic judgment that, according to the tables, seemed to have an objective basis in the inherent relationships between map scale and map area.

Generalization of features and linework as scales change is an important GENERALIZATION AND PER­ consideration. Some researchers argue that a feature like a city could be CEIVED MAP SCALE represented by three different symbols depending on the scale. "As you zoomed in on the city, its appearance would jump from one representa­ tion to the other" (Dorling 1992a, 218). This is acceptable, Darling argues, because the change is not unexpected, and because it is a very efficient way to show scale changes without having to recalculate images on the fly. Although this strategy is acceptable for an interactive environment where the exact scale that the user chooses cannot be anticipated by the programmer, this solution is neither appealing nor necessary in non- 18 cartogmpl1ic perspectives Number 23, Winter 19%

interactive situations where the ARITHMETIC EQUATIO scales are predetermined. Increas- ing viewer sophistica tion demands map area that we strive fo r generalization relative map area strategics that arc more subtle and to area at relative to draw less attention to scale scale fac tor map area previous 1 changes. The time it would take to iteration map scale (scale I scalen) (scale factor-2) iteration 1 recalculate images on the fly on the computers that Grolier expects its 1 ] :500,000 1 1 multimedia encyclopedia to be 2 ] :600,000 1.200 .694 69.44% 3 1:70 0,000 1.400 .510 73.47% viewed keep this from being a 4 1:80 0,000 1.600 .391 76.56% viable option. 5 1:900,000 1.800 .309 79.01% One study (Eastman 1981) 6 ] :1,000,000 2.000 .250 81.00% suggests that the alteration of the graphic elements on a map plays an important role in the viewer's Table 1 perception of the map scale. Eastman studied the effects of varying line density, symbol size, and type size, and found that PARABOLIC EQUATION subjects could noti ce relative scale changes between stati c maps. map area Although changing the map map area relative elements did not always elicit the relative to to area at same changes in pe rceived scale, scale factor map1 area previous and judgments about how the 2 iteration map scale (scale1I scalen) (scale factor- ) iteration scales of the sample maps com- pared were not consistent, gener- 1 1:500,000 1 1 alization levels are nevertheless a 2 1:586,277 1.173 .727 72.73% fac tor in the perception of scale. 3 1:679,416 1.359 .542 74.46% When maps of different scales -l 1:779,419 1.559 .412 75.99% appear in animated maps as 5 1:886,285 1.773 .318 77.34% dynamic insets, therefore, the level 6 1:1,000,000 2.000 .250 78.55% of generali zation can act as an important second clue. An in- crease in the amount of detail Table 2 fo llowing a zoom-in to a large- scale map would certai nly be expected by the viewer, just as static, large-scale inset maps contain more detail. Our maps, LOGARITHMIC EQUATION however, were mainly backdrops for the story, a geographic refer- map area ence locating the story. Zoom-ins map area relative were necessary not so that viewers relative to to area at could better see landscape fea- previous scale fac tor map1 area tures, but so that the subjects' iteration map scale (scale scalen) (scale factor-2) iteration 1I movements (troops' or ships' routes, fo r example) could be 1 1:500,000 1 1 displayed on a large-scale map. In 2 1:574,381 1.149 .758 75.78% accordance with Eastman's 3 1:659,781 1.320 .574 75.79% findings, we used slightly different 4 1:757,879 1.516 .435 75.79% colors in our insets to suggest a 1:870,563 1.741 .330 75.79% change of scene. LL 1:1 ,000,000 2.000 .250 75.79% Ta/1/e3 Number 23, Winter 1996 cartograpl1ic perspectives 19

The small size of our animations meant that generalization was determined by the software, not the map scales. Final assembly was done in Di rector \.vhere all lines at all scales needed a width of a t least one pixel in order to not become interrupted. Therefore after scaling the maps in Aldus Freehand according to the equation, line weights were made constant in all the maps of the zoom, regardless of their scale. The low resolution of 72 pixel- per-inch monitors limited the amount of detail permissible. As increased computer power and improved compression rates will all ow higher resolution, animated map displays will, in turn, increase in size, increasing the need for appropriate generalization levels as scales change. Ti:i pfer's radical law (Ti:i pfer and Pilliwizer 1966) is a theoreti cal proposal that suggests the degree of generali zation for differ­ ent map scales. His equation could be incorporated into an algorithm p roducing scale changes for animati ons. Experi ence from this project, however, wou ld indicate that a logarithmic equation might be more appropri ate.

Adaptation of traditional cartographic techniques to mapmaking with CONCLUSION animated media needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. While many conventions need to be retained, other elements are redundant and can be eliminated from animated maps. The inset map is an example of a fea ture common to static maps that serves no useful role in animated maps. Its replacement, the dynamic inset map, appears to be useful and intuitive for the viewer ·when its transitions are designed well. Animated maps and interactive dynamic maps can both be enhanced w ith appropriate scale changes, regardless of the a pplication. Zooms between maps at different scales all ow the user to investigate the mapped subject close up, or all ow the animation to continue to the next section of the story while the user remains geographically oriented . The logarith­ mic equation offered in this paper is a useful step in the automation of the design of such scale changes so that these transitions can be the incon­ spicuous links that make possible a cohe rent, informati ve narrative.

Cartwright, William. 1994. Interactive multimedia fo r mapping in REF ERENCES MacEachren, A. M. and Taylor, D.R. F. (ed s.) Vis11a/i:a tio11 in Modem Cartograpliy. Tarrytown, f\:ew York: Pergamon Press. 63-90.

DiBiasc, David, A.M. MacEachren, J.B. Krygier, and C. Reeves. 1992. Animati on and the role of map d esign in scientific visualization. Cartogra­ pliy a11rl Geographic l11for111n tio 11 Systems 19(4): 201-214, 265-266.

DiBiase, David. 1994. Designing animated maps for a multimedia encyclopedia. Cartogrnpliic Perspectives 19:3-7.

Dorli ng, Daniel. 1992a. Stretching space and splicing ti me: from carto­ graphic animati on to interactive visualization. Cartography and Geographic li~for111atio11 Systems 19(-1):215-227.

Dorling, Daniel. 1992b. Visuali zing people in time and space. E11 viro11- 111c11 t and Plm111i11g B: Pla 11 11i11g a11d Design 19:613-637.

Eastman, J. Ronald. 1981. The percepti on of scale change in small-scale map series. The A111cricn 11 Cartograp/1 er 8(1 ):5-21. 20 cartogmpl1ic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

Gersmehl, P. 1990. Choosing tools: Nine metaphors for four dimensional cartography. Cartogaphic Perspectives 5:3-17.

Gooding, K., and D. Forest. 1990. An examination of the difference between the interpretation of screen based and printed maps. Cartographic journal 27(1):15-19.

Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1994. The New Grolier M11lti111edia Encyclopedia. Danbury, Connecticut.

Harwood, Kelly. 1989. Cognitive perspectives on map displays for helicopter flight. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 33rd Annual Meeting. 13-17.

Kousoulakou, A. and M. Kraak. 1992. Spatio-temporal maps and cartographic communication. Cartographic Journal 29(2):101-108.

Kraak, Menno-Jan. 1993. Cartographic terrain modeling in a three­ dimensional GIS environment. Cartography and Geographic lllformation Systems 20(1):13-18.

Kraak, Menno-Jan, and A. M. MacEachren. 1994. Visualization of spatial data's temporal component. Proceedi11gs, Spatial Data Handling, Advances i11 GlS Research. Edinburgh, Scotland:391-409.

Krygier, John B. 1994. Sound in cartographic visualization. in MacEachren, A. M. and Taylor, D.R.F. (eds.) Visualization in Modern Cartography. Tarrywood, ew York: Pergamon Press. 149-166.

Moellering, Harold. 1980. The real-time animation of three-dimensional maps. The A111erica11 Cartographer 7(1):67-75.

Monmonier, Mark. 1991. Ethics and map design: six strategies for confronting the traditional one-map solution. Cartographic Perspectives 1:3-8.

Rheingans, Penny. 1992. Color, change, and control for quantitative data display. Proceedings of the IEEE 252-258.

Topfer, Friedrich, and W. Pilliwizer. 1966. The Principles of Selection. Cartographic ]011rnal 3:10-16.

ACKNO\i\TLEDGMENT I would like to thank Alan MacEachren of Penn State's Geography De­ partment for help with academic matters and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. I am deeply indebted to David DiBiase for involving me with this project and introducing me to the fun world of animation and production cartography.

NOTE An animation comparing zooms made with the three equations is avail­ able from the author. The file is in Macintosh format; no special software is required. 0 Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 21

Bureau TIGER Line Files and other cartography bulletin board Census Bureau statistical data, a project is funded through a grant variety of full scene Landsat and from the North Carolina Energy SPOT digital imagery, plus a Division and the EPA. Green­ growing collection of image house Gas (G HG) emissions are GEOGRAPHIC !!'\FORMATION subscenes covering North Caro­ being calculated and mapped by SYSTE:vtS, I:vtAGE PROCESSING, lina. Much of the imagery was county, with projections through AND MICROCOMPUTER purchased through grant projects. to the vear 2010. Calculations are LABORATORIES The satellite image collection will being ~ar ri ed out in Excel, while continue to grow now that many mapping is being done on ARC/ by Ln11rie A. Boyer Gnro summer and winter scenes from INFO and CorelDRAW. The bulk Depnrt111e11t of Geogrnphy & Plnirni11g Landsat TM are available on the of the project is now complete and Appnlnchin11 Stnte U11it>crsity Internet at downloading cost. provides much of the data needed The Microcomputer Lab is used for the Department's next major The Geographic Information primarily for teaching basic research venture, a NASA funded Systems (GIS) & Image Processing computer skills and production three-university grant entitled Laboratory is a support facility of cartography, although the Global Climate Change in Local the Department of Geography & Department's full-color Geo­ Places. Appalachian's component Planning at Appalachian State graphic Perspectives map series is within this project will provide University. The Lab's functions produced in this lab as well. The more detailed analysis of GHG are: 1) to provide GIS and image lab contains eleven neh"/orked 486 emissions and mitigation strategies processing training to students PC's, two A3-size digitizing for a smaller, twenty-county Blue through course,,,vork and intern­ tablets, two HP Deskjet printers, Ridge / Piedmont region within the ships, 2) to support research, and two Epson printers, one net­ state of orth Carolina. The 3) to provide services, often in worked HP lasetjet 4 Plus printer, analytical work will make exten­ fulfillment of the land planning and a Macintosh section with three sive use of the Department's and management needs of North MAC's, a monochrome scanner, digital image processing, GIS, and Carolina's local, regional, and state and Epson printer. Software used mapping capabilities. :J agencies. in the lab include CorelDRA W, The GIS and Image Processing AtlasDRAW I AtlasGRAPHICS, Lab houses a Sun SPARC station and Microsoft Office Programs !PX with two remote terminals, (Word, Excel, Power Point and five 486 PC computers and three Access), and SimCity. Students THE CARTOGRAPHIC SECTION Pentium computers, three large also learn networking principles AT THE UNIVERSITY OF format digitizing tablets, two 8- on Windows and how to access WESTERN ONTARJO pen plotters, a color scanner, and a and download digital cartographic color dcskjet printer. Plans are to data from the Internet via Kermit. by Pnt ricin Cltnlk purchase a Sun SPARC station 20 The Department's research Drpnrt111c11t of Geogrnpliy within the year. The main soft­ includes nine service projects for Tlie U11iiiasity of Western 011tnrio ware used include ARC/ INFO and counties and development regions. ArcView for GIS, ERDAS for Each project has involved the The Cartographic Section is Im age Processing, and Mosaic for analysis and classification of either currently marking 26th year of access to data on the World Wide Landsat MSS or TM, or SPOT data service to the Geography Depart­ Web. Aldus Freehand is utilized using ERDAS, and merging those ment at The University of Western to produce the camera-ready maps with ARC/INFO (GIS) vector data Ontario. Through the vision of for a syndicated newspaper for further analysis and mapping. F.W. Graves and the support of column, Gcogrnphy i11 the News. The projects accomplished to date the Geography Department, the The Research Lab library contains invoke land use analysis, water Section evoh·ed from a facility a \\.'idc varietv of hardware and resource inventory, watershed housed in a cordoned-off area at software manuals and research management, industrial siting, the back of a cartographic Jab, to a journals, plus numerous digital new highway siting, and zoning/ professional cartographic facility. map and satellite image data sets land use mapping. The Green­ In 1972 it moved to its current on 4 and 8 mm data cartridge and house Gas Inventory of North premises-a 830 square foot office CD-ROM. These digital data Carolina for 1990 is the major with an adjacent 8' x 22' darkroom. include the USGS's DLG's (Digital product currently underway Today, the Cartographic Section is Linc Graphs), the US Census within the department. The home to two cartographers: 22 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

Patricia Chalk, Director, and David part, this involves the design and The diversity of the graphics we Mercer. production of images for publica­ create is reflected in the range of While each cartographer still tion which cannot be created using journals in which our figwes have retains a light table and drafting standard computer graphing, been published. Over the past table, production for over a decade mapping, or GIS packages. Pro­ year, for example, our graphics has been enhanced by computer duction frequently involves accompanied articles submitted to operations. The transition to compilation of information from the Journal of Environmental Man­ computerized graphics began in several sources (e.g. satellite agement, Great Lakes Geographer, 1985 with the purchase of a images, spread sheets, digital Journal of Soil and Water Conserva­ Personal Composition System boundary files, map sheets, rough tion, Tnternatio11al Journal of the (PCS) through CompuGraphic sketches, or field notes) into one Sociology of Language, Annals of the Canada Ltd. The PCS software composite digital product de­ Association of American Geographers, \.Vas installed on Apple Lisa signed to suit presentation in one E11viro11ment and Planning A, hardware. Files were output on of an assortment of mediums (e.g., Radiocarbon, Journal of Atmosphere photographic paper from a high journals, slides/ overheads, and Ocean, and Earth, Moon and resolution typesetter on campus. ne'\.vspapers, web sites, or large Planets. Our services also include Although purchased primarily for format displays). the illustration of books or chap­ the computerized typesetting The software used in the ters of books which faculty are capabilities provided by process of creating final images editing or authoring. Cartographic Compugraphic's software and the includes: Adobe Illustrator, Adobe consultation is provided to assist crisp resolution of the output, the Photoshop, Aldus PageMaker, and graduate and undergraduate PCS also had additional design Geocart. A familiarity with the students in designing effective capabilities beyond that available DOS world and file formatting graphics, and in the use of map­ from Macintosh software at the options is useful in many under­ ping programs in the GIS lab. The time. Among the features cited in takings since some files are ma­ Director is cartographic editor or the request for funds was a "the nipulated in such programs as consultant for a number of publi­ capability of mixing text with line CorelDraw or IRIS to prepare them cations each year and gives invited work, graphs and diagrams for importing to the Macintosh lectures to graduate classes. without use of pen and ink." lt was environment. We have benefited In addition to its responsibilities an exciting step forward! from the Geography Department's to the Geography Department, the Since 1985 our computers have concerted effort to have all its core Cartographic Section provides been upgraded several times. Our facilities connected by ethernet. In services to non-departmental current system includes a Power so-doing, we developed an effi­ faculty and staff. Over the past PC 7200 and a Quadra 650 with 32 cient nehvork of many peripheral few years, we have developed mb RAM/1 gigabyte hard drive devices required for digital cartog­ both a plan view and 3D map of and 24 mb RAM/I gigabyte hard raphy (e.g., scanners, mass storage campus. These maps are updated drive respectively. Each system devices). Hence, our office only annually. Custom-made maps are has two color monitors (16" and contains two computers \'\rith the provided for publication in 14") to provide a multi-screened specialized software unique to our conference material, brochures and singular desktop. Initially, the responsibilities. flyers. The Section does contract two-monitor system was adopted Virtually all images destined for work on a cost recovery basis for because it was far less costly than printing are output on a Linotronic researchers from throughout the one large 21" color monitor (we imaging system using an off­ University. Through earnings, the already had 2-14" monitors). Once campus service bureau. Color Section is able to fund some of its installed, however, additional slides and overheads are sent to an material, hardware, and software benefits were revealed. The 14" on-campus service bureau for needs. Requests for our services monitor was found to be ideal for output on either an Imapro from non-geography sources are holding menus and software icons. Quality Colour Recorder or a fulfilled as time allows. The fu ll 8 1I 2" x 113/4'' image Tektronix Phaser Dye Sublimation The Section has experienced area of the larger, 16" monitor was Printer. Services to the Geography excess demand on its services for thus rendered entirely free for Department are provided at no several years. Responsibilities of viewing the work in progress. charge provided that the materials the Cartographic Section have The primary mandate of the are used for departmental re­ increased with the assumption of Cartographic Section is to meet the search. Faculty needing graphics responsibility for maintaining and cartographic needs for a research­ for outside contracts are charged updating of the basic University's intensive program in the Geogra­ on a cost recovery basis. campus map and specialized phy Department. For the most Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 23 derivatives. Given the likely primarily uses two local service proper closure of filled polygons. increase in publications, necessi­ bureaus. The first of these is a full­ Improperly closed polygons can at tated by a more pro-active research featured commercial printing best, appear incorrect on the final stance within the department, company located near campus. print and at worst, cause the file to greater use of the services of this Printing jobs that require press print improperly, if it prints at all. unit by faculty is anticipated. runs and a size of no greater than A thorough mastery of polygon ="Jew trends in our services 30 inches are taken here. The creation commands and methods include: redesigning maps gener­ second service bureau is an combined with careful editing and ated at the conclusion of a GIS engineering/ CAD oriented service checking will result in fewer operation to meet publication bureau. Printing jobs requiring printing problems. standards; becoming more familiar individual color prints of more Compatibility in the exchange with the graphics components of than 11 inches by 17 inches on of file formats and fonts between particular GIS packages in our paper or transparencies are taken the digital prepress files and fonts department so that we may better here. This CAD oriented service and those used by the service advise students and faculty bureau also performs mounting bureau is important. The full­ regarding the cartographic capabil­ and lamination services. featured printing service bureau ity of the software; and designing The relationship of the UA used by the UA Cartography maps for web presentation in Cartographic Laboratory to both of Laboratory generally requires addition to published form ... these service bureaus, while often conformability to the Adobe and we'll do it all "without the use involving a variety of production standard. This means that graphic of pen and ink! " CJ processes, different software files should be compatible with packages, and variations of desired Adobe Illustrator and that fonts output, revolves around a central used should be Adobe Type 1 issue of "compatibility." Compat­ fonts. It is possible that other ibility is critical during the produc­ formats will work, however, their tion process, for the choices of file use increases the risk of unfore­ ARE YOU COMPATIBLE WITH and font formats, for the desired seen problems and delays. If there YOUR PRINTING SERVICE end result, and in the choice of is any doubt about font compat­ BUREAU? external media used to transport ibility, our service bureaus prefers the from one location to another. to eliminate the problem by by foe Stoll Compatibility in the production converting all text to curves or to Depart111 e11 t of Geography process is important since methods paths. File formats are also University of Akron and procedures used must result important to the CAD oriented in digital files from which the final service bureau. They support University cartography laboratory artwork can be successfully several versions of AutoCAD, managers often utilize printing produced. This remains important Microstation, and CorelDRA W service bureaus for color proofing whether the production is via a along with other software in order and print production. This re­ press run or printed individually. to directly read client files. If the quires the cartographic laboratory Requirements for compatibility client has produced files with manager to have an intimate differ from one service bureau to other software, an import I export knowledge of the service bureau(s) another. For example, if the UA file format such as the .DXF format with which he I she works. This Cartography Laboratory uses must be used. knowledge should include both AutoCAD to create digital files for Another important form of general knowledge of the printing a large wall-size map, it is impor­ compatibility relates to the desired processes, and specific knowledge tant that each different color final product. What is desired of the equipment, software, appearing on the map is created on must be compatible with the personnel, workflow, and require­ a separate "layer." Since the CAD capabilities of the service bureau. ments unique to each individual oriented service bureau uses For example, it is important to service bureau. specialized software to assign know early in the planning stages The University of Akron (UA) colors to objects in the digital file, of a map sheet with desirable Cartography Laboratory produces it is more efficient to assign colors dimensions of 32 inches by 36 in-house, individual color prints to each of the layers created during inches that the commercial printer up to 11 inches by 17 inches. the production process. is not able to do a press run of Other printing tasks require the Another important facet of material larger than 30 inches by use of off-campus service bureaus. production process compatibility, 30 inches. Parameters such as size, The UA Cartography Laboratory regardless of the service bureau, is type of paper, type of coating, 24 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 19%

number of colors available on the charge out the disks, like books, to press per run, etc. are all factors map library bulletin board users. The directors at the Asso­ that must be considered earl y in ciation for Research Libraries the project's planning stages. (ARL ) recognized the TIGER Files Upon the completion of a as an opportunity for libraries. project's production phases the They negotiated a partnership file(s) must be transported to the PAITEE LIBRARY, PEN STATE with the Environmental Systems service bureau. It is important to UNIVERSITY AND THE Research Institute (ESRI) and know the types of external storage ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH created the ARL / GIS Literacy media that are compatible with the LIBRARIES GEOGRAPHIC Project [see the Map Library service bureau's equipment. Most INFORMATION SYSTEMS Bulletin Board , Cartographic full-featu red service bureaus are LITERACY PROJECT Perspectives 1993 (14): 18-19]. ESRI equipped \vith a variety of devices provided software and training and media fo r transporting and by Melissa Lamon t and the libraries agreed to provide archiving fil es. Small files are Pattee Li/?rary feedback to the company and often transported via fl oppy Pe11 11 State University make the software and data diskettes, however, since graphic available. The response from files, especially bit-mapped files At a quick glance, libraries may libraries was overwhelming. At can become quite large, other appear to be unusual places to find the present, over one hundred media (including Bernoulli and Geographic Information Systems United States and Canadian Syquest cartridges) are used (GIS). Yet, as mapping and GIS libraries are involved. extensively by service bureaus. software have evolved and become For many libraries, GIS has fit Other storage media sui table fo r more user friendly, libraries have natura lly into services alread y file transport incl ude CD-ROM become more technologicall y provided. Libraries provide a disks and data tapes. Recently, sophisti cated. At the same time, neutral ground for researchers and magneto-optical disks or car­ libraries in the United States casual users. Some disciplines, tridges have received a great deal received an added push from the such as history or economics, may of publicity due to their lower federal government. In theory, have interesting GIS applications prices, improved performances, government agencies are to but may not need their own fully and expanding capacities. It is furnish copies of their publications operational laboratories on a important to consult with your to the Government Printing Office permanent basis. Likewise, small service bureau to find out the fo r free distribution to some 1400 businesses often cannot afford the devices they use and support. depository libraries. These deposi­ hardware or personnel to manage Finally, personal compatibility tory libraries agree to hold the a mapping system. The library can is perhaps as important as techni­ information and provide it to the meet the need of the non-tradi­ cal compatibilities. Personnel public. In practical terms, al­ tional GIS clientele. In addition, compatibility evolves through a though a large number of govern­ libraries have always sought and sincere, business-like, yet cordial ment publications and data sets held data-they search out informa­ relationship of mutual respect and are deposited with the libraries, tion, provide the documentation or trust. If this type of relati onship agencies use a variety of means to metadata, and make the informa­ ca n be initiated with the service circumvent the law. Traditionall y, tion available to users. Many bureau by the cartographer and depository librari ans have found it libraries view spatial data, and fostered over an extended period necessary to lobby, hard, to assure other data sets, as another format of ti me, mutual benefi ts are publi c access to government to acquire, catalog, and provide to reali zed. The service bureau publi cations. As the Census the public. benefits by receiving files that are Bureau developed the TIGER line Of course, the range of services less likely to be problemati c. The Files, li brarians strongly encour­ and levels of expertise at each cartographer benefits by ga ining a aged the agency to include the library will be different. At Penn better understanding of what the data fil es in the depository pro­ State's Pattee Library we are service bureau does and what is gram. Admirably, Census com­ working with the Center for required in the production stages plied. Thus, hundreds of libraries Academic Computing and the of a project to obtain a better now hold TIGER files. Department of Geography to result. D Unfo rtunately, the viewing install a spatial data center. With a software fi rst issued with the server located in the Maps Room, TIGER file disks was slow and we will actively collect data (at inflexible. Librarians began to first primarily Pennsylvania based Number 23, Winter 1996 cnrtograpl1ic perspectives 25

information), and we will make it introduction concludes with a brief available for downloading or for reviews summary of advances in measure­ use in a public laboratory. Eight ment of the shape of the earth. PCs, connected to the server, CD­ The first key chapter covers the ROM drives, and color, and black general theory of map projections. and \.vhite printers will be a\·ail­ BOOK REVIEW Spanning 48 pages and broken into able in the Maps Room. We plan eight main sections, this chapter to offer mapping software and Map Projections: A lays the mathematical foundation limited GIS capability. The in­ Reference Manual for the rest of the book. We are house facility will be open the Lev M. Bugayevskiy and John P. introduced to mathematical same hours as the library. To help Snyder, Taylor and Francis Ltd., notations and relationships staff the new lab, the Geography 1995, xx and 328 pp., references, between curvilinear, three-dimen­ Department will offer a new appendices, index. S 105.00. Cased. sional rectangular, plane rectangu­ course spring semester that will (ISB N 07484 0303 5); Paper. (ISB lar, plane coordinate, and triaxial require students to staff the lab in 07484 0304 3). ellipsoid coordinate systems. Map addition to their time in the projections are classified using fi\·e classroom. Topics to be covered Reviewed by C. Peter Keller criteria. Conditions and math­ include hardware troubleshooting, Depnrt111e11 t of Geography ematical properties of the key software skills, reference tech­ U11iversity of Victorin characteristics of con formality, niques and data organization as British Co/11111bia, Ca11nda equivalence, equidistance, and \Veil as dealing with clients. azimuthal distortion are examined. A few telephone calls, or a visit, Here is a reference manual about Chapters Two through Four to your local library will determine map projections that combines the introduce the mathematical what kinds of services the library best knowledge about the subject formulation, characteristics and, can provide. Although librarians by leading experts in Russia and wherever applicable, a brief are moving rapidly into new the United States. The book is an history of a large number of technologies, they still value extensively revised translation of a different map projections. Chapter traditional map library services Russian text with the translated Two focuses on map projections also. Fortunately, paper maps title Cartogrnp/1ic Projections - A with straight parallels. In 39 pages will be \Ni th us for a Jong time. As Refere11ce Mnminl written by Lev we learn about the families of the new editor of this column, I M. Bugayevskiy and Lyubov' A. cylindrical and pseudocylindrical hope to highlight some of the Vakhrameyeva (since deceased), projections. Chapter Three covers interesting paper and digital published in Moscow in 1992. The map projections with parallels in collections various libraries hold, preface informs us that John P. the shape of concentric circles. and address some of the current Snyder was brought abroad Here, 45 pages introduce us to de\'elopments in map libraries. during the translation to "add conic, azimuthal, perspective Your suggestions are welcome.::J pertinent Western material for azimuthal, pseudoconic, balance and to correct some of the pseudoazimuthal, and impression inadvertently given in retroazimuthal projections. Chap­ EDITOR'S NOTE: the Russian text Westerns projec­ ter Four concentrates on map I would like to welcome Melissa tions." projections with parallels in the Lamont of the Pattee Library at The book is divided into an shape of non-concentric circles, Penn State Uni\'ersity to the introduction, eleven key chapters, namely polyconic projections. Editorial Board of Cartographic an extensive list of references and Chapter Five moves on to Paspecfi"l'es. Melissa has agreed to eight appendices. The introduc­ discuss map projections for take on the responsibility of the tion sets the tone. It is here that topographic maps, named-quad­ Map Library Bulletin Board We learn that this book is about rangle maps, and projections used column. It has been a number of mathematical cartography, defined in geodesy. We learn about eleven years since this column has been a as the theory and mathematical of the most common projections regularly featured item in CP and l analysis of map projections and for topographic mapping, includ­ am pleased that Melissa is com­ their characteristics. We also learn ing three projections not covered mitted to see that this important about the history of map projec­ in the pre\'ious chapters. Topo­ column appears in every issue. tions starting with early Greek graphic mapping in Russia and the works but quickly moving to a United States is given special So11a Karen t;;; A11d rews who's who in Russian and Ameri­ attention. Editor, CP can map projection research. The 26 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

Chapter Six deals with map Chapters Nine and Ten carry on BOOK REVIEW projection research, argued to be with the theme of what map related to "further development of projection to use where and when. The AGI Source Book for Geo­ theory and practice, improving the Chapter Nine explores the choice graphic Information Systems 1995 mathematical basis of a map, and identification of suitable map David Green and David Rix, obtaining new sets and variations projections. Entirely devoid of editors. London: The Association which possess definite advantages mathematics, this chapter takes 12 for Geographic Information, 1995. over known projections, and pages to go through suggestions 392 pages, diagrams, index. satisfying new cartographic for most suitable projections from S125.00 Paper. (ISBN 0-471-95580- requirements facing science and mapping of the world and conti­ 9) the economy." Viewed very much nents through to mapping of, for from a mathematical perspective, example, geology, fauna and flora, Reviewed by Jeff Torguson we are informed that map projec­ history, economics, transportation, Department of Geography tion research is about solving and communication. We also learn University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh differential equations with partial how map projections can be derivatives of the first order identified from the shape of the The AG/ Source Book, formerly the involving elliptic, hyperbolic, graticule. Chapter Ten is devoted AG/ Yearbook, is a recent publica­ parabolic, and combined functions. to the problems and directions of tion in the annual series by the T'vventy pages lead us through automation in obtaining and Association for Geographic examples of this type of investiga­ applying map projections. The Information (an organization tion, however, research into social chapter commences by listing eight whose mission is to "spread the aspects of map projections and the problems with automation of map benefits of geographic information search for map projections suitable projections, thereafter dealing with and GIS to the wider community for mapping non-spherical worlds each in some detail. Concerns and to help all users and vendors is ignored. noted include the problem of of GIS"). One of the means by Chapter Seven focuses on best computerized selection of the best which the AGI accomplishes this and ideal map projections, examin­ map projections and automated task is through the production of ing what projections satisfy given identification of a given projection. this business oriented Source Book. conditions of representation. 'Best' This book is a 'must have' on The Source Book contains two main projections are divided into those the book shelves of anybody with sections: an articles section (106 "minimizing and optimizing a serious interest in map projec­ pages) which addresses many distortion of a minimax and tions. It does not make for easy broad GIS technological consider­ variational (least squares) type," or reading. It is crammed with ations, and a trade directories those "satisfying in an optimum mathematics and it will frighten section (208 pages). There is also a way an entire group of require­ most students. However, closer 62 page "Miscellaneous Reference ments for projections in accor­ scrutiny will reveal that this book Material" section which includes dance with the particular purpose is full of information about the listing of European GIS organiza­ of the map being designed (e.g. history and mathematics of map tions, GIS standards, a comprehen­ graticule simplicity, distortion projections found in few other sive GIS dictionary, and other values, etc.)." We learn that texts. It offers an insight into related resource materials. With minimum distortion has been Russian work on map projections the exception of several pages of essentially completely solved for hitherto largely hidden from those color advertisements, the Source conformal projections, but is not not fluent in the Russian language. Book is a black and white publica­ yet adequately solved for other Yes, I was disappointed that this tion. types of projections, with no text did not cover some of the The first section of the Source concrete solutions. In 35 pages we social aspects of map projections Book contains a collection of are guided through a number of and that it failed to address map articles by leading GIS business conditions of representation and projections for truly non-spherical and academic authors from North associated projections, including worlds. However, John Snyder America and Europe. The aim of an interesting section on anamor­ and Lev Bugayevskiy must be this section is to "present a view of phous projections, offering a congratulated on rising to the GIS futures together with an theoretical basis for cartograms. A challenge of co-authoring a book appraisal of some of the most section on map projections for where neither speaks the language important GIS technology issues" maps on globes explains projection of the other, coming up with what (p. 17). The fourteen articles in this strategies for pasting map gores is no doubt a major contribution to section address many of these onto balls for globe construction. the literature on map projections.a issues of the larger GIS commu- Number 23, Winter 1996 cartograplzic perspectives 27 nity. Articles include: Michael willingness from the authors to dated in such a dynamic disci­ Goodchild's "Information High­ "date" their works with the pline. By linking the trade section \·vays," Dick Newell's "Where is extremely time sensitive aspects of (which is so temporally sensitive) GIS Technology Going?," and GIS technology. The articles as a with the articles section (with its David Maguire and Jack whole are not overly theoretical breadth of topics), it is possible Dangermond's "Future GIS and include many appropriate that the editors may have at­ Technology." The breadth of illustrations, diagrams, and flow tempted to do too much within the topics within the book is impres­ charts. confines of a single volume. The sive, ranging from cartographic Although the Source Book Source Book, does, however, concerns, in David Green's "An contains many articles by promi­ provide access to a diverse number Exciting New Role in GIS for the nent GIS specialists, the text's of topics by leading GIS specialists, Cartographer of the Future," to business orientation is evident in as well as giving the reader an idea remote sensing issues, as in the second section where about of what is happening with GIS Gordon Petrie's "Photogrammetry half of the book's 392 pages are sources in the United Kingdom. In and Remote Sensing." Classical dedicated to a set of trade directo­ addition, the glossary is among the issues in GIS are also examined in ries. These directories contain better ones that I have seen in a the context of current technology, listings of businesses and organi­ work of this nature. as in Robert Laurini's "Distributed zations (primarily in the United In conclusion, the primary users Geographic Databases," P.A. Kingdom) which use or distribute of this source book will be persons Burrough's "Accuracy and Error in geographic information. These in private sector GIS, particularly GIS," and H. Bishop Dansby's organizations are listed not only within the United Kingdom. "Access to Digital Data in U.S. \.Vi thin the context of a single Beyond the U.K., larger research Federal Agencies." Other impor­ index, but are also under an organizations, universities, and tant aspects of GIS are also ex­ appropriate subject category, such users of GIS data that are involved plored in articles by Duane Marble as suppliers of hardware products, with cooperative research projects ("An Introduction to the Struc­ suppliers of software products, with United Kingdom counter­ tured Design of Geographic transport applications (e.g., parts will be able to benefit greatly Jnformation Systems"), David Rix navigation and vehicle location), from this book. Academic readers ("Recent Trends in GIS Technol­ utility applications (e.g., gas and of Cartographic Perspectives need to ogy"), M.J. Ives and K.J. Cra,vley water distribution networks), and note that this is not (nor was ("GIS Implementation Issues"), providers of training services. In intended to be) a substitute for a Joseph K. Berry ("Implications of a all, there are forty different direc­ text on teaching the principles of Humane GIS"), and David Rhind tories in this extremely thorough GIS. At 5125.00 per copy, most ("Spatial Data from Government"). section, providing a wealth of instructors will balk at picking up In addition to the timeliness of the information about the organiza­ one for their personal collections, GIS topics, the articles also address tions and appropriate contact as will l\orth American small technological issues such as the person. business and county governments current and changing status of Both sections of the AGI Source which focus on large-scale map­ DOS/Windows, Windows NT, Book for Geographic 111formation ping and other more localized and Windows '95 operating Syste111s clearly meet the editors' projects. Ultimately, I believe that systems, and issues involving the objectives for a work that GIS this source book deserves consid­ Internet and World Wide Web. users and vendors need, as well as eration for inclusion as a second­ The articles are well written and addressing present and future ary text, ancillary business re­ edited, although as '"'ith many technology issues. The strength of source, or incorporation into a other compendium works from the Source Book is its attention to research library collection. :J multiple authors, they exhibit a the current GIS business needs. wide variety of writing styles, The timely technology specific from relatively informal but issues that normally date most informative, as in Goodchild's theoretical publications, combined article, to a very formal and with current GIS business informa­ academic style, as in Burrough's tion, make this a valuable refer­ article. Lack of a narrow theoreti­ ence. This temporal sensitivity, cal focus or topic range amplifies however, is also the primary this disparity between writing weakness of this text since the styles, as do the varying degrees of trade section will become quickly 28 rnrtograpliic perspectives Number 23, Winter 19%

Robertson 1972). In these images distorted and Britain takes on a ATLAS REVIEW the shapes of the enumeration new form although it is reminis­ areas are distorted so that their cent of the true and familiar A New Social Atlas of Britain contiguity and relative positions geographic shape. But because of Daniel Darling are roughly maintained and the the concentrations of population in Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. overall shape retains enough urban areas, viewers must get 1995. Cloth. Price approx. $47.95 elements of the undistorted used to the bulbous Southeast (ISBN: 0-471-94868-3) geographic area to remain recog­ England around London and nizable. For the cartograms in enlargements in such areas as the Reviewed by He11ry W. Castner Dorling's atlas, a circle was West Midlands, West Yorkshire, Pittsboro, NC assigned to each of the some 10,000 and Strathclyde. wards and its size was made Atop the image, there is an Daniel Darling's Neu1 Social Atlas of proportional to their population. unintended Britannia-like figure Britni11 is a spectacular and chal­ In a few cartograms he alterna­ (with shield and sword held aloft) lenging new atlas of equal popula­ tively used the 459 local authority that is Scotland! The circles are tion cartograms. It is cut from the districts or the 633 parliamentary filled with a tint of gray or red to cloth of Janos Szego's human constituencies. Wards are the correspond to the classes, most cartography which asks the smallest administrative areas used often five, into which the census question: "How can actual events to elect politicians in Britain. They data has been divided. Black is and processes in the world of man vary little in population within the always extreme minimum; red the be translated into maps, and how same district but may vary greatly extreme maximum. In this way, can this translation be made from one district to another. comparisons from page to page are comprehensible and accessible for Because urban wards tend to have more easily made. the human brain?" (Szego 1987, larger populations than rural The impetus for this atlas began 10). Szego's project was tied to wards, the location of cities and in 1992 with the first releases of advances in computer cartography towns are rather easily discerned. new census data. Numerous short beyond the early expressions in Wards have the added advantage programs were written to trans­ the language of that technology in that their size tends to correlate form, store, compress, and retrieve which the admits were not very strongly with land use. the census and other data used to refined or subtle. Unfortunately, To help his lay readers, Darling create the various cartograms. The he was unable to offer many compares the resultant images of basic statistics are usually pre­ examples that took us beyond his cartograms with sending every sented in percentages and then the what could be seen in Bertin (1967) person in Britain to a small flat simple differences in those per­ or Tufte (1983). But he would, I island providing standing room centages (rather than the percent­ believe, be pleased with Darling's only. Each household is asked to ages of a percentage) are mapped. atlas which is clearly about human keep together and to stay as near This procedure diminishes the activities and is a splendid realiza­ to its neighbors as possible, while impact of local changes and allows tion of the promise of the new allowing everyone equal room. If national comparisons to be more technology. Whether Darling's everyone was given a colored easily made. atlas will be seen as "user friendly, placard to hold overhead in reply The atlas is in landscape format only time will tell. To his credit, to a question, then a bird's-eye with 11.5 by 8.25 inch pages, Darling makes every effort to help view would show a population divided into two columns usually his readers come to terms with and cartogram of an answer to that with two cartograms or with text become articulate about these question. Obviously such a and statistical diagrams. The text unfamiliar maps. gathering is an impossibility but it is often used to discuss both the Darling has taken contiguous can be simulated by a computer. nature of the variable being equal population cartograms as the And Darling has been writing such mapped and characteristics of the basis of his atlas. In them, equal programs for some years, starting data as well as to describe some of areas of space have been aJlocated with a cartogram of British coun­ the more interesting patterns to be to equal numbers of people, rather ties in 1989 as part of a student seen. After a lengthy 19 page than to values or rates of some dissertation. The computer introduction to the data, the phenomenon. Readers are per­ program for this atlas moves each cartograms, and the detailed ward haps more familiar with hand­ ward circle so that none overlap structure of the images, Darling constructed isodensity maps but as many as possible retain provides eight full color images. (Eastman, Nelson, and Shields their geographical neighbors and One is a traditional map of popula­ 1981) or the ball-bearing contrived their cardinal relationships. As a tion density for 1991 of residents isodemographic map (Skoda and result, the coastline must be per square kilometer. The key Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 29 shows what percentage of the land and national patterns. A familiar­ area of Britain is in each of the 15 ity with the geography of Britain cartographic events classes. The other seven images would certainly help in this. For are cartograms of general topics this reviewer it is possible to against which the more specialized isolate the patterns of the extreme April 10 - 12, 1996 cartograms to follow can be classes and the overall divisions Fourth International GISRUK 96 compared. They include popula­ between lower and higher percent­ UniversitlJ of Kent at Canterbury tion concentration, the largest age changes, i.e., between areas of Kent, UK. Contact: Judith Broom, ethnic or national minority group, black and red. As one might Computing Laboratory, University those not working, housing expect, London and some of the of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 wealth, illness rates, composition other large conurbations are often 7NF, UK. +44 (0) 1227 827695, fax of the workforce, and the political dominant features of these images. +44 (0) 1227 762811, e-mail: party shares of ward voters. These But the images that attract the [email protected]. images are overlain with the greatest attention are those where county boundaries to help relate these urban areas do not stand out. April 21- 24, 1996 them to more familiar geographies. In his acknowledgments, ASPRSIACSM Annual The seven major sections of the Dorling pays tribute to the count­ Convention and Exhibition Atlas which follow cover topics on less people who "diligently fill in Baltimore Convention Center, population, demography, eco­ census forms, voting slips, birth Baltimore, MD. Contact: ASPRS/ nomic, housing, health, society and certificates, mortgage applications, ACSM '96 Registration Coordina­ politics. In total, 106 topics are unemployment cards and all the tor, 5410 Grovenor Lane, Suite 100, treated. Many of them are to be other paper work which is used to Bethesda, MD 20814 expected: e.g., land use, fe rtility, organize British society." His hope occupational structure, household is that some of that information is June 4-7, 1996 demand, availability of central being returned in the pages of his Ninth Annual Towson State heating, family type, and electoral atlas. Clearly this return will be University GIS Conference registration. Some others are new useful for those interested in the Towson, MD. Contact: Jay Mor­ and refreshing: e.g., residents social geography of Great Britain. gan, Dept of Geography & Envi­ imputed, early retirement, over­ But it will also appeal to the much ronmental Planning, Towson State crmvding, avoidable death, car larger audience that is currently Univ., Baltimore, MD 21204-7097, availability, and electorate not exploring the possibilities of (410) 830-2964, fax (410) 830-3888, voting. graphic visualization for it pro­ e-mail:[email protected]. Dorling correctly acknowledges vides fascinating and challenging that because of the graphic com­ examples for thought, reflection, June 12 - 16, 1996 plexity of the images, and, despite and perhaps even map user CCA/ACC all the computer programs and research. Toronto, Canada. Contact: Shelley statistical methods employed in Laskin, co-chair of Organizing the generation of the images, atlas BIBLIOGRAPHY Committee, Globe Graphics, 664 users will need to gain some Bertin, Jacques. 1967. Semiologie Balliol Street, Toronto, ON, experience to read them. And the graphigtJelson, and G. Shields. 1981. Production consider­ cartograrns reveal. To assist in ations in isodensity mapping. July 27 - August 1, 1996 this, Dorling does a number of Cartograpilicn, XVIII (1 ): 24-30. URISA 96 things, some of which have Slat Lake City, UT. Contact: already been mentioned in this Skoda, Lou and J. G. Robertson. 1972. URISA, 900 Second Street, NE, review. In addition, all but one of lsodemographic map of Canada. suite 304, Washington, D.C. 20002, the seven sections is introduced by Geographical Paper #50, (Ref. #En 36- (202) 289-1685, Fax (202) 842-1850, a traditional land area map 506 / 50). Ottawa: Lands Directorate, e-mail: [email protected], http: I I juxtaposed with a population Department of Environment. www.urisa.org cartogram to help readers make the visual transition. Szego, Janos. 1987. Human Cartogra­ While the images are quite phy. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research. October 2- 5, 1996 complex, Dorling claims that the NACISXVI simultaneous display of 10,000 Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The Visual see pages 10-11 for details circles allows one to see both local Display of Q11a11titative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. 0 30 cartograplzic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

scientists to ask, and the phenom­ hon'. If we accept this proposition, essay ena and issues it encourages us to geography could become the examine. What I don't like is its undergraduate major of choice for needlessly impenetrable jargon: a the careers in law and public dialect devised largely to keep the service. And the Joan Didiun's, the public (not to mention most Joel Garreau's, and the Tony GEOGRAPHY AND undergraduates) out of the dis­ Hiss's, if not professional geogra­ CARTOGRAPHY IN THE course. And a jargon that on phers themselves, would at least TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY occasion gets geographers noticed trained be in our field. in ways that are embarrassing-as And now for cartography, by Mark Mom11011ier when newspaper columnists cite which with its extension, geo­ Depnrt111e11t of Geography our intellectual kinfolk whose graphic information systems, has Syracuse University ludicrously dense sentences must made enormous strides in the past be intelligible only to those who decade. But there's a Jong way to This essay is a short after-dinner already know what the author is go before cartography and GIS address delivered in State College, trying to say. Or think they do. achieve their full potential. In the Pennsylvania, on October 14, 1995, Should geographers be critical? next century I see progress in three at a banquet celebrating the 30th Absolutely. We need to be critical principal areas: anniversary of the Department of of our data, of what we read, and First, electronic geoarchives will Geography at the Pennsylvania of what we see. And we must be become much richer in the variety State University. more critical, both inwardly and of information, degree of detail, outwardly, than ever before. More and level of integration. They will important, though, we need to not only surpass the map libraries When asked to articulate my recognize that our insights can of today in content and coverage "thoughts on the future of geogra­ usefully inform public policy and but also link maps to representa­ phy and trends in cartography in that we have a moral obligation to tions currently found only in the twenty-first century," I found publicize our insights effectively, books. And historical geogra­ it difficult, if not a bit painful, to by contributing to public-policy phers, cultural geographers, and disentangle what I think geogra­ debates on poverty, housing, social geographers will want to­ phy and cartography will be doing environmental justice, employ­ indeed, they'll have to-use GIS, from what I think geography and ment, global climatic change, and and in so doing, they'll contribute cartography should be doing. The many other issues. But to do so to the databases. result, then, is two parts "will effectively allows less time for the Second, our electronic carto­ happen" and three parts "should elitist whining that often results graphic archives will be much happen" -or is it three of "will" when we address our insights more user friendly. By this I mean and only two of "should"? (I don't largely to other social scientists that-for the user with a good know. But on with it.) and humanists. They listen, of inkling of what he or she wants­ First, geography. Perhaps even course, because geography with its the GIS interface of the future will before the year 2000, post­ integrative powers has much to prove no more formidable than the modernism will have run its say about many issues. Yet we typical library database search course. Maybe; maybe not yet. In ought not forsake the clarity of system of today. Searches will be its defense, the postmodern ordinary language and graphics quick and customized. Cards critique has made us more fully for the arcane, privileged vocabu­ carried in wallets (or whatever one aware that bias is everywhere and lary of English professors who carries) will contain user profiles, that "objectivity" is either nonex­ write poorly yet seek the elimina­ summarizing the user's training, istent or impossibly difficult-and tion of successful creative writing experience, interests, color prefer­ that's good. But the history of programs. ences, and satisfaction with the science and the recent history of What I'd like to see, however system's past performance. In our discipline have also taught us uncertain I am it will actually addition to helping the system that paradigms come and para­ happen, is a geography that ferret out highly relevant informa­ digms go, even big ones. If you enthusiastically accepts the tion, user profiles will support sense that I haven't really bought challenge of insightfully and customized guided tours, in which into postmodernism, you're right. reliably describing the Earth. But the electronic atlas tells us about Even so, I am enthusiastic about first we must accept that proposi­ itself, about places and spatial the questions it has encouraged tion that insightful and reliable relationships, about the quality of geographic scholars and social description is never 'mere descrip- its data, and the reliability of its Number 23, Winter 19% cartographic perspectives 31 representations-as much or as little just plain graphics. Computer grated world economy is espe­ as •.ve care to know. And for literacy is becoming just plain cially vulnerable to both natural different insights, we might even literacy. And electronic multime­ and technological hazards, map­ borrow someone else's user dia is sure to become just plain ping will have a key role in efforts profile. Customization will be media. For the educated profes­ to understand hazards as well as enormously important in helping sional geographer, the artificial manage risk through insurance users find, interpret, and under­ division of labor between writing schemes, remediation projects, stand cartographic information. and ill ustrating will disappear. land-use regulations, and emer­ And customization will also Helen Couclelis suggested the gency planning. replace the geographic information name "spatial understanding As a preview of its key role in paradigm w ith a focus on geo­ support system," or SUSS, to SUSS, cartography is an important graphic understanding. describe the GIS of the twenty-first element of the scientific visuali za­ Third, maps and other visual century. Development of SUSS tion movement, which should material \·viii become standard technology will, no doubt, focus mature early in the 21st century. writing tools, readily available and on and be driven by three closely Within cartography, visualization widely used by writers, who will related problems: energy, popula­ is attracting the most attention and develop the knack of using both tion pressure, and hazards. producing the best research. And sides of the brain. We have seen Energy's informational needs are that's good for both cartography the effects of earlier representa­ varied: searching for new fuel and its client disciplines. tional revolutions, among which I reserves, managing waste streams Unfortunately, cartographers would include printing, public and resource recovery, assessing and geographers seem not to education, photography and the externalities of fossil fuels, and recognize their stake in public photographic engraving, motion weighing the benefits and costs of policy across a broad range of pictures, and the current mix of nuclear power, including high­ issues, including public access to video, computer graphics, the level and low-level radioactive geographic information, privileged personal computer, and the waste. In the area of population, users, biased content, intellectual graphic user interface. Especially epidemiology might well eclipse property rights, and liabili ty-when promising for geography is the traditional concerns with food, bad decisions result from incom­ power of dynamic, interactive housing, and ethnic conflict, as the plete or flawed data, or from multimedia to integrate words and vast global gene pool of well over sloppy analysis? We can confront pictures and numbers and maps. six billion human organisms these issues head on, or we can Already this new technology is demonstrates its effectiveness as a talk amongst ourselves, in a closed having profound effects on writing research and development labora­ academic debate of little relevance and public communication. tory for ever more deadly viruses. to what's really happening. ~ Computer graphics has become And because a complexly inte-

correction contributions

In the last issue of Cnrtogmpl1ic Perspectives we NACIS would like to thank the following individu­ announce a CD-ROM atlas of U.S. Topography als for their monetary contributions for Carto­ produced by Chalk Butte Inc. (CP 22, page 24). graphic Perspectives Unfortunately, we incorrectlv listed the area code Patricia Chalk in Chalk Butte's phone number. Please note that Greg Chu their correct phone number is 307-537-5283. We Thomas Hadler apologize for any inconvenience this may have E.L. Lanzer caused. If you are interested in any Chalk Butte Henrv Norris Inc. products you may contact them at: Chalk Joseph Poracsky Butte Inc., 137 Steele Lane, Boulder, WY 82923. Bret Rodgers 307-537-5283 .] Lawrence Slaughter 32 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

The DAT AT AB 1 was chosen as LAND INFO AND DATA announcements the premier digitizer for Project DIRECTIONS INTRODUCES 615 because it exceeds the high "WORLDREG" FOR accuracy requirements specified in MAPINFO USERS the U.S. Forest Service contract. 1996 RJSTOW PRIZE The DATATAB I series offers: LAND INFO of Denver, Colorado COMPETmo unequaled absolute accuracy over and Data Directions of Eugene, the active area; a wide range of Oregon through their joint agree­ Each year the Washington (DC) sizes varying from 24" x 36" to 60" ment have developed WorldReg, a Map Society (WMS) awards the x 120'"; models available back utility program for Mapinfo users. Ristow Prize for cartographic lighted with continuous variable This utility program, developed by history and map librarianship to intensity, rear projection, or a Data Directions and distributed by honor Walter W. Ristow, one of standard opaque surface. AlTEK LAND INFO, allows all Maplnfo America's premier cartographic digitizers are fully compatible with users to display, manipulate and authors and map librarians. The all GIS and CAD packages. read geo-referenced color raster contest is open to all full or part­ ALTEK's commitment to the images produced by LAND INFO. time upper level undergraduate, GIS industry is to supply the finest The WorldReg MapBasic applica­ graduate, or first year post­ data input and output products tion runs with Maplnfo and doctoral students attending available on the market. ALTEK's automates the Image Registration accredited colleges or universities product line includes: high accu­ process required by Mapinfo, to worldwide. The winner receives racy digitizers; color and mono­ display raster images. WorldReg 5500, WMS membership, and chrome scanners; electrostatic creates a Maplnfo Table automati­ publication of the paper in their color printers; and raster to vector cally, which is used to open the journal The Portoln11. Deadline for software conversion. georeferenced raster image. From submission is June 1, 1996. Details the raster image table Maplnfo may be obtained for competition vector data can be displayed from Chairman Huber Johnson, accurately on top of the 2101 Huntington Ave., Alexandria, LAND INFO, DENVER, COLO­ georeferenced image. WorldReg VA 22303 CSA, (703) 960-7815. RADO FORMS PARTNERSHIP allows users to create the Maplnfo WITH MCR DEVELOPMENT, tables on a local drive while JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA maintaining the raster image on CD-ROM. UTM coordinates in Land Info of Denver, Colorado, the meters or feet and NAD27 and IBM SELECTS AlTEK world's largest supplier of color AD83 are supported. CORPORA TIO AS U. S. FOREST raster georeferenced digital maps LAND INFO has built the most SERVICE PROJECT 615 PARTNER has joined into a partnership with comprehensive worldwide data­ MCR Development located in base of color raster images at the ALTEK Corporation announces Jeddah, Saudi Arabia which 1:24,000, 1:200,000 and 1:250,000 that it has been selected as the provides extensive international scales of the United States and the supplier of high accuracy digitiz­ GIS services. This partnership 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scale ers to IBM Corporation for the U.S. aims at expanding international internationally. The digital map Forest Service Project 615 contract. services and creating a more products are available from the Far Project 615 will span eight years comprehensive awareness of GIS East to the Middle East, from with a financial expenditure application development and North America to South America. anticipated at 5267 million. A digital map data products Data Directions is an authorized Washington, D.C. facility houses throughout the Middle East. For Maplnfo Partner providing custom the pilot installation which is the more information contact: Michael MapBasic applications, develop­ prototype model for a network of Blakeman at Land Info, (303) 369- ment, consultations, data integra­ over 800 field offices using RS / 6800, e-mail: [email protected] or tion and conversion services. For 6000 IBM workstations. AlTEK Paul Bailey at MCR Development more information, please call and IBM have previous experience at (966) 2 651 2286, e-mail: LAND INFO, Michael Blakeman at pooling their expertise using RS / [email protected]. (303) 369-6800, e-mail: mbmapsl@ 6000 workstations, ESRI ARC/Info csn.net or Data Directions, Tony Software, and AL TEK digitizers Cooley at (503) 345-4627. 0 during the BLM ALMRS contract awarded to CSC in 1993. Number 23, Winter 1996 cartograpl1ic perspectives 33

Associate Director: Susan Peschel Patricia Gilmartin NACISnews AGS Collection Department of Geography POBox399 University of South Carolina Milwaukee, WI 53201 Columbia, SC 29208 NACIS OFFICERS (800) 558-8993 or (414) 229-6282 (803) 777-2989 fax (414 )229-4380 fax: (803) 777-4972 President: Keith W. Rice e-mail: [email protected] e-mail:[email protected] Department of Geography (term expires Oct. 96) University of Wisc. -Stevens Point Associate Director:Sona Andrews Stevens Point, WI 54481 Department of Geography Glen A. Pawelski (715) 346-4454 PO Box413 H.M. Gousha fax: (715) 346-3624 Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Paramount Pub. Consumer Group e-mail: [email protected] Milwaukee, WI 53201 P.O. Box 98 (term expires Oct. 96) (414) 229-4872 Comfort, TX 78013 fax: (414) 229-3981 (210) 995-3317 Ext. 248 Vice President: Michael Peterson e-mail: [email protected] fax: (210) 995-3217 Department of Geog/ Geology e-mail: [email protected] University of Nebraska-Omaha (term expires Oct. 97) Omaha, NE 68182 NACIS BOARD OF (402) 554-2662 DIRECTORS Carolyn C. Weiss fax: (402) 554-3518 Statistics Canada e-mail: [email protected] James R. Anderson, Jr. Geography Division (term expires Oct. 96) l.S.P.A. I 361 Bellamy Building Jean Talon Building Florida State University Ottawa, ON K1AOT6 Secretary: Craig Remington Tallahassee, FL 32306 Canada University of Alabama (904) 644-2883 (613) 951-3921 Box 870322 Fax: (904) 644-7360 fax: (613) 951-0569 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 e-mail: [email protected] (term expires: Oct. 96) (205) 348-1536 (term expires Oct. 97) fax: (205) 348-2278 (term expires Oct. 97) Cynthia Brewer CARTOGRAPHIC Department of Geography PERSPECTIVES Treasurer: Ed Hall 302 Walker Building Editor: Sona Andrews 635 Woodside Drive Pennsylvania State University Assistant Editor: David W. Tilton Kent, OH 44240 University Park, PA 16802-5011 Department of Geography (216) 678-3698 (814) 865-5072 474 Bolton Hall fax: (216) 672-4304 fax: (814) 863-7943 3210 N. Maryland Ave. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (term expires Oct. 96) (term expires Oct. 97) Milwaukee, WI 53211 (414) 229-4872 Past President: Henry Castner Barbara Buttenfield fax: (414) 229-3981 164 Fearrington Post Department of Geography e-mail: [email protected] Pittsboro, C 27312 Campus Box 260 also [email protected] (919) 542-1602 University of Colorado fax: (919) 542-5072 Boulder, CO 80309 (term expires Oct. 96) (303) 492-3618 EDITORIAL BOARD fax (303) 492 7501 Chair: Michael Peterson e-mail: [email protected] Department of Geography I NACIS EXECUTIVE OFFICERS (term expires Oct. 97) Geology Exewtive Director: University of Nebraska-Omaha Christopher Baruth Jeremy Crampton Omaha, NE 68182 AGS Collection Department of Geography (402) 554-2662 PO Box 399 George Mason University fax: (402) 554-3518 Milwaukee, WI 53201 Fairfax, VA 22030-4444 e-mail: [email protected] (800) 558-8993 or (414) 229-6282 (703) 993-1217 fax (414)229-4380 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] (term expires Oct. 97) 34 cartographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

MINUTES OF NACIS BOARD the three issues of the calendar MINUTES OF NACIS BUSINESS MEETING year 1996." The motion was MEETING October 25, 1995 seconded and passed. The possi­ October 26, 1995 Wilmington, North Carolina bility of selling advertising space Wilmington, North Carolina was discussed. It was concluded that a more palatable approach The follm·ving members of the would be to include advertise­ The business meeting began at 1:00 Board participated: Officers ments sealed in the polybags, p.m. with the announcement by Henry Castner, Keith Rice, Ed rather than placed in the journal Henry Castner of the results of our Hall, and Craig Remington; Board itself, if advertising is indeed most recent election. Craig Members Pat Gilmartin, Barbara necessary. Remington was reelected as Fine, Donna Schenstrom, Carolyn Secretary and new Board members Weiss, and John Sutherland; EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S include Jim Anderson, Cynthia Board Members Elect Jim Ander­ REPORT Brewer, Barbara Buttenfield, son, Jeremy Crampton and Chris reported that the written Jeremy Crampton and Glen Cynthia Brewer; Executive Officer guidelines for setting up annual Pawelski. Mike Peterson was Chris Baruth. The meeting was meetings were nearly complete. elected the new Vice President. called to order at 1:05 p.m. and the He asked that Susan Peschel and Keith Rice thanked those who minutes of the May 20, 1995 Sona Andrews be named Associate worked on local arrangements and meeting were approved. Executive Directors to NACIS, appealed for the recruitment of citing the help their council new members to the Society. Ed PRESIDEI\TS REPORT provides in his decisions. A Hall reviewed the status of our Henry offered a detailed compila­ motion to that effect was seconded accounts and introduced the need tion of the Society's operating and passed. Another motion was for an increase in membership budgets for the years 1993 offered "to set up an ad hoc dues. Chris Baruth announced the through 1996 and a breakdown of committee to investigate and appointments of Sona Andrews costs associated with our past lv\•o establish the format of the NACIS and Susan Peschel as Associate annual meetings. This effort was Homepage." The motion was Executive Directors to NACIS. He made to gain a better understand­ seconded and passed. Members of also mentioned his forthcoming ing of how our funds are spent. the committee will be appointed at written guides to setting up annual Further, this information will be the Saturday meeting. Chris and meetings. Trish Chalk reviewed used to establish a more formal­ the Board ackno·wledged the our arrangements with the Menger ized budget process for our future extraordinary efforts of Liz Hines Hotel for the San Antonio meeting. annual meetings. for her work on the local arrange­ Henry solicited the membership to ments of our meeting. offer suggestion for future meeting TREASURER'S REPORT sites. Sona Andrews thanked the Ed Hall reports a total balance of FUTURE MEETING SITES Editorial Board for their help with $27,776.26 in all accounts. A number of possible future the success of Cartographic Perspec­ meeting sites were discussed. A tives, asked for the submission of CARTOGRAPHIC more definitive selection will be manuscripts, and offered encour­ PERSPECTTVES made, after a polling of the mem­ agement to those who might be The Board discussed the increas­ bership, in the Saturday meeting. interested in the editorship of the ing costs of production for Carto­ journal. Chris Baruth recognized graphic Perspectives and the steps NEW BUSINESS and thanked Henry Castner for his that might be taken to insure its The only matter of new business work as President and Vice continued success. These costs, was a request by Barbara Fine that President of the Society. along with declining income from new dues be added to the agenda annual meetings, demanded of the Saturday meeting. The meeting was adjourned at attention. The Board will ask the 1:30 p.m. membership to vote for a modest The meeting was adjourned at increase in dues at the 1996 4:30 p.m. Submitted Business Meeting in San Antonio. Craig Remington In the interim, a motion was Submitted NACIS Secretary offered by Keith to "limit the Craig Re111i11gto11 maximum number of pages in NACIS Secretary Cartographic Perspectives to 164 for Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspecti'ves 35

MINUTES TO NACIS BOARD h) be prepared to commit to a action would be to invite Professor MEETING three year period of l'\unez and his colleagues to our October 28, 1995 editorship; meeting in San Antonio. Wilmington, North Carolina i) consider the collaboration NEW BUSINESS with an Assistant Editor, Pat Gilmartin suggested that the The following members of the preferably at the same Society write a letter expressing Board participated: Officers Keith institution; our concern with the Chrysler Bill Rice, Mike Peterson, Ed Hall, and before the Senate. Such a' letter Craig Remington; Board Members j) receive support for their will be composed and sent. The Pat Gilmartin, Jeremy Crampton, respective organization for final matter of business was the Jim Anderson, Cynthia Brewer, the business aspects of appointment of Jeremy Crampton, Glen Pawelski, and Carolyn Weiss; publishing the journal. Mike Peterson and Chris Baruth to Former Board Members Barbara work on the NACIS homepage. Fine, Trish Chalk and John There was also discussion of Sutherland; Past President Henry splitting the editorship and The meeting adjourned at Castner and Executive Officer · production activities between two 10:25 a.m. Chris Baruth. The meeting was institutions. This option should be called to order at 8:30 a.m. pursued if the potential editor is Submitted, uncomfortable with the production Craig Remi11gto11 NEW DUES aspects. It would be preferable to NACIS Secretary The Board established a subcom­ have both editorship and produc­ mittee to study the Society's fiscal tion activities at the same institu­ challenges and charged them to tion. submit with justification a dollar amount for new dues. The recom­ SELECTION OF 1997 mendation will be completed MEETING SITE before February 15, 1996. The Board has narrowed the 1997 meeting site to Lexington, Ken­ Cartographic tucky or Akron, Ohio. A final EWCPEDITOR Perspectives Michael Peterson, Chair of the decision will be made by polling Editorial Board, led a discussion the Board after further investiga­ Back Issues on the preferred qualifications of tion of these two options. the new editor. These qualifica­ The first issue of Cartographic tions include: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Perspectives was published in POLICY FOR BOARD MEMBERS March 1989. Back issues (for all a) maintaining an emphasis on The Board has on past occasions issues) are available at a cost of relevant and topic articles; provided a modest travel stipend $20 per issue ($10 for members). for members attending the Spring Please specify the issue numbers b) knowledge of desktop Board meeting. After a discussion (1-22) when ordering. Make publishing; of the equity of this practice and checks or purchase orders payable the need to reduce the Society's to NACIS. Send your back issue c) a commitment to continue the expenses a motion was offered "to requests to: tradition of graphic quality; adopt a policy to have Spring meetings held via telephone NACIS d) ability to meet deadlines; conference call unless extenuating c/o AGS Collection circumstances warrant differ­ P0Box399 e) be "well connected" in the ently." The motion had a second Milwaukee, WI 53201 cartographic community; and passed. (800) 558-8993 or (414) 229- 6282 f) attend NACIS as well as other OTHER BUSINESS fax (414)229-4380 conferences regularly; Henry brought the Board up to date on contacts with our friends g) demonstrate organizational in Costa Rica. It was the feeling of abilities; the Board that the best course of 36 rnrtographic perspectives Number 23, Winter 1996

EXCHANGE PUBLICATIONS Cartograpl1ica. A quarterly journal Geotimes. Monthly publication of the endorsed by the Canadian Carto­ American Geological Institute. Offers graphic Association/ Association news, feature articles, and regular Cartograplric Pcrspccti1.•es gratefully Canadienne de Cartographie that departments including notices of new acknowledges the publications listed features articles, reviews, and mono­ software, maps and books of interest belmv, with \·vhich we enjoy exchange graphs. Michael Coulson, Ed itor. to the geologic community. Articles agreements. We continue to seek ISSi'\ 0317-7173. Contact: University of frequently address mapping issues. agreements with other publications. Toronto Press Journals Department, ISSN 0016-8556. Contact: Geotimes, 5201 Dufferin Street, Downsview, 4220 King Street, Alexandria, VA Ontario, M3H 5T8 Canada; (416) 667- 22302-1507. ACMLA B11/leti11. Published 7781. trianm1ally by the Association of Can,1d ian Map Libraries and Archives. GIS World. Published monthly, this Offers article, reviews, and news on Cartogrnpl1ic Journal. Biannual news magazine of Geographic cartography and map library related Journal of the British Cartographic Information Systems technology offers is'>ues. Contact: Colleen Beard, Brock Societv. Includes research articles, news, features, and coverage of events Lni\'ersity Map Library, St. Catherines, 'short~ r ' articles, official records of the pertinent to GIS. Contact: John Ontario L2S 3A 1 Canada. Societv, book reviews, and a li st of Huges, Managing Editor, GIS World, recent' cartographic literature. Contact: Inc., 155 East Boardwalk Drive, Suite Hon. Secretary, Charles Beattie, 13 250, Fort Collins, CO 80525; (303) 223- ACSM B11 /leti11 . Published six times a Sheldrake Ga~dens, Hord le, 4848; fax: (303) 223-5700. year by the American Congress on Lymington, Hants, S04 10FJ, England. Sur\'eying and Mapping. Offers feature articles, regular commentaries, letters, l11for111atio11 Bulletin. Triannual and news on legislation, people, Cnrtography. Biannual Journal of the publication of the Western Association products, and publications. Contact: Australian Institute of Cartographers. of Map Libraries. Contains features, Membership Director, 5410 Grosvenor Each issue contains two parts: the atlas and book reviews, WAML Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814; (301) 493- Journal proper and the Bulletin. The business, and news. Contact: Mary L. 0200. Journal contains original research Larsgaard, Executive Editor, Map and papers, papers describing applied Imagery Laboratory, UC-Santa cartographic projects, reviews of Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. 93106; Bnseli11e. Published six times a year bv current cartographic literature, and (805) 893-4049; fax: (805) 893-8799, the Map and Geography Round.Table: abstracts from related publications. 4676, 8620; e-mail: mary@wash. American Library Association. Contact: ISSN 0069-0805. Contact: john Payne, uscdic.ucsb.edu. Ed itor Nancy J. Butkovich, Physical Circulation Manager, GPO Box 1292, Sciences Library, 230 Davey Laboratory, Canberra, A.CT. 2601, Australia. Penn State University, University Park, Mapli11 e. A quarterly newsletter PA 16802; (814) 865-3716; e­ published by the Hermon Dunlap mail:[email protected] Cartography Specin lty Group News­ Smith Center for the History of letter. Triannual publication of the Cartography at the Newberry Library. Cartography Specialty Group of the This newsletter contains notes, B11/leti11 of t/1e SociehJ of Cnrtogra­ Association of American Geographers. announcements, recent publications, phers. Published twice a year, the Features news, announcements, and ca lendar, and short essays on topics of 811/lcti11 features articles on techniques comics. Contact: Ann Goulette, interest to the history of cartography. and ideas applicable to the Carto­ Editor, Intergraph Corporation, 2051 ISS 0196-0881. Contact: James R. graphic Drawing Office. Contact: Mercator Drive, Reston, VA 22091- Akerman, Editor, Mapline, The Pamela Spoerry, Department of 3414; (703) 264-7141; e-mail: Newberry Library, 60 West Walton Geography, Cni,·ersity of Cambridge, [email protected]. Street, Chicago, IL 60610. Dowing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, England. Cartoma11ia. The quarterly newsletter Perspective. This newsletter of the of the Association of Map Memorabilia National Council for Geographic Cnrtouclle. A quarterly publication Collectors. Offers a unique mix of Ed ucation (NCGE) is published five offering news and announcements to feature articles, news, puzzles, and times a year in October, December, members of the Canadian Cartographic announcements of interest to February, April and June. News items Association. Contact: Canadian cartophiles. !SS!'\ 0894-2595. Contact: related to NCGE activities and Cartographic Association, c I o Weldon Siegfried Feller, Publisher I Editor, 8 geographic education are featured. Hiebert, Geography Department, Amherst Road, Pelham, MA 01002; Contact: CGE, Leonard 16A, Indiana Uni,·ersity of Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B (413) 253-3115. University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, 2E9, Canada; (204) 786-9483; fax (204) PA 15705; bitnet: clmccard@iup. i86-1824; c.•-mail: weldon.hicbert@ winnipeg.ca. Number 23, Winter 1996 cartographic perspectives 37

FEATURED PAPE RS Nebraska - Omaha, Omaha, Each issue of Cartographic Perspec­ Nebraska 68182. Manuscripts are Cartographic Perspectives li"ues includes featured papers, reviewed by a minimum of two EDITORIAL BOARD ·which are refereed articles report­ referees. The recommendations of ing original work of interest to the reviewers and the Chair of the '.\JACIS's diverse membership. CP Editorial Board are sent to the Chair Papers ranging from theoretical to Editor of CP. The Editor will Dr. Midinel P. Peterso11 applied topics are welcome. contact all authors to notify them if University of Nebraska - Omaha Prospective authors are encour­ their paper has been accepted for aged to submit manuscripts to the publication and if revisions are Mr. f i111 A11dcrso11 Editor or to the Chairperson of the necessary prior to publication. The Florida State University NACIS Editorial Board. Papers following technical guidelines may also be solicited by the Editor should be followed for all accepted Dr. Cy11tliia Brewer from presenters at the annual manuscripts (these guidelines also Pennsylvania State University meeting and from other sources. apply to book, map, and software Ideas for special issues on a single reviews). Ms. /n11 Coy11e topic are also encouraged. Papers Material should be submitted in University of Georgia. should be prepared exclusively for digital form on 3.5'' diskettes. publication in CP, with no major Please send a paper copy along Ms. Melissa Ln111011t portion previously published with the disk. Text documents Pennsylvania State University elsewhere. All contributions will processed with Macintosh soft­ be revie\ved by the Editorial ware such as WriteNow, Dr. Clinrles Rader Board, whose members will advise WordPerfect, MS Word, and University of Wisconsin­ the Editor as to whether a manu­ M.acWrite are preferred, as well as River Falls script is appropriate for publica­ documents generated on IBM PCs tion. Final publication decisions and compatibles using WordPerfect Dr. Keith W. Rice rest with the Editor, who reserves or MS Word. ASCII text files are University of Wisconsin - the right to make editorial changes also acceptable. Stt'vl•ns Point to ensure clarity and consistency of PostScript graphics generated style. with Adobe l//ustra/or or Aldus Nancy Ryck111a11 FreeHn11d for the Macintosh or Universitv of North Carolina - REVIEWS Corel Draw for DOS computers are Greensboro Book reviews, map revie\.vs, and preferred, but generic PICT or mapping software reviews are TIFF format graphics files are Ms. Caroly11 Weiss \velcome. The Editor will solicit usually compatible as well. St,1tistics Canada reviews for artifacts received from Manually produced graphics publishers. Prospective reviewers should be no larger than 11by17 are also invited to contact the inches, designed for scanning at Editor directly. 600 dpi resolution (avoid fine­ grained tint screens). Continuous­ COLOPHON TECHNICAL GUIDELINES tone photographs will also be This document was desktop-publishe< at the Department of Geography, FOR SUBMISSION scanned. Universitv of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Literature cited should conform to Materials should be sent to: using Ap~)(e Macintosh computers. the Chicago Manual of Style, 1-lth Dr. Sona Karentz Andrews, Word processing was accomplished ed., University of Chicago Press, Editor- Cartographic Perspectives, primarily with Microsoft Word 6.0; Chapter 16, style "B." Examples of Department of Geography, 3210 N. page layout with PageMaker 5.0. Graphics not rendered with Aldus the correct citation form appear in Maryland Avenue, University of FreeHa11d , Ado/11! ll/11slrator, Corel Drau the feature articles of this issue. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwau­ or ATLAS*GIS were scanned from Authors of Featured Papers should kee, WI 53211; (414) 229-4872, paper originals using a desktop submit four printed copies of their fax: (414) 229-3981; e-mail: sona@ scanner. The PagcMakcr document manuscript for reviev.r directly to csd.uwm.edu. was output at 2400 dpi. The bulletin was printed by offset lithography on Dr. Michael Peterson, Chair of the Warren P,1tina 70# text stock. Text CP Editorial Board, Department of type is set in Palatino, a face designed Geography, University of by Herman Zapf. cartographic perspectives NACIS membership form

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