The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 AGENDA The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 AGENDA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 3 1. No poverty ...... 5 2. Zero hunger ...... 11 3. Good health and well-being ...... 19 4. Quality education ...... 31 5. Gender equality ...... 39 6. Clean water and ...... 47 7. Affordable and clean energy ...... 53 8. Decent work and economic growth ...... 61 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure ...... 71 10. Reduced inequalities ...... 79 11. Sustainable and communities ...... 87 12. Responsible consumption and production ...... 95 13. Climate action ...... 103 14. Life below water ...... 107 15. Life on land ...... 111 16. Peace, justice and strong institutions ...... 117 17. Partnership for the goals ...... 125 References and data sources ...... 129

Abbreviations and Acronyms

EU EU (28) 28 Member States of the European Union GDP IAEG-SDGs Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators kgoe Kilogram of oil equivalent NACE Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community NAFC National Agricultural and Centre NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development UN p.p. Percentage point PPP (Purchasing power parity is an artificial exchange rate of currencies of individual reflecting the price levels of goods and services purchased in these countries.) PM Particulate matter SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SHMI Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute SILC Statistics on Income and Living Conditions SR Slovak Republic SO SR Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for CCTIA Central Control and Testing Institute in HLY Healthy Life Years

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INTRODUCTION

This publication is the first comprehensive statistical glance at the fulfilment of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda in the Slovak Republic which represents orientations towards people, the planet and prosperity. It describes the current position of within the European Union respecting 17 sustainable development goals and 169 related targets of the new universal Agenda 2030. The United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda at its 70th General Assembly on 25 September 2015. The goals and related targets came into force on January 1, 2016 and decisions of all countries will be taken in compliance with them for the next fifteen years. In March 2016, the UN Statistical Commission approved the list of 241 global indicators developed by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) with the aim to measure progress in achieving goals. Slovakia and other countries at the discretion of them will determine the ways how to ensure the fulfilment of the2030 Agenda goals. In March of this year, the Slovak Government approved the starting points for implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; they set the basic steps for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The new strategy and specific plan for implementation of the goals into practice will be based on the previous Sustainable Development Action Plan 2005 – 2010 resulting from the National Sustainable Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic. The ambition of the publication is not to evaluate the progress made in achieving the policy objectives of the Slovak Government but to provide a view on the current situation in Slovakia within the European Union in terms of statistics, which is based on the principles of expertise, independence, and impartiality. There are indicators associated with each goal of the 2030 Agenda that correspond to the global goals, and are also available in the official databases. When selecting indicators, the relevance from the point of view of the Slovak Republic and the European Union was taken into account, in particular the Sustainable Development Strategy (EU SDS), and, the strategy for the smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth Europe 2020. The publication is structured according to seventeen SDGs. It contains indicators identified by Eurostat as the relevant ones for measuring the current situation in the European Union, and indicators selected by experts of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic because of their relevance to the national level. Emphasis is placed on evaluation of the Slovakia´s position within the European Union, as well as of respective indicator values for the Slovak Republic. In the conclusion of each chapter, there are listed the targets of the 2030 Agenda enabling to present the 2030 Agenda more detailed.

Slovenská republika a ciele udržateľného rozvoja Agendy 2030 3

1 No poverty

NO POVERTY

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

At present, poverty in the EU is measured primarily through the indicator people at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The definition of the indicator is based on a multidimensional approach to measuring poverty, which interlinks the concept of monetary poverty with other two dimensions - material deprivation and exclusion from the labour market.

In Slovakia, there is 18.4% of the population threatened by poverty or social exclusion, whereas the EU average is 24.4% of population.

Slovakia is among the countries with the lowest monetary poverty in the EU. There

was 12.6% of the Slovak population at risk.

In 2014, about 9.9% of the population was at risk of severe material deprivation in Slovakia.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 5

30 1 No poverty

People at risk of poverty or social exclusion

In 2014, there was 24.4% of the EU population (122,200,000) at (14.8%). In Slovakia, in terms of development over time, the risk of poverty or social exclusion; this share decreased by proportion of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion 1.4 p.p. compared to 2005. declined between 2005 and 2009 (from 32.0% to 19.6%). Due to the economic crisis, there was a slight increase (to 20.6% in 2010 In 2014, the most people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and 2011) but, from 2012, the proportion of people at risk of were in (40.1%), (39.5%), and (36.0%) poverty or social exclusion was gradually reduced again, reaching of the EU. On the contrary, the least people at risk of poverty 18.4% of the population in 2014. were in (11.2%), (13.5%), and the

Methodological Notes: Risk of poverty or social exclusion includes persons threatened by monetary poverty or severe material deprivation, or those who live in households with very low work intensity. Persons at risk of monetary poverty have an income lower than the set for the corresponding year. The risk of poverty threshold is defined as 60% of the median equalized disposable income. Persons at risk of severe material deprivation face a forced lack in at least four out of nine material deprivation items in the economic strain and durables dimension. Persons are considered to be living in households with very low work intensity, if aged 0−59, and the household members in the working age have worked less than 20% of their potential over the last year. The definition of working age refers to persons aged 18−59 excluding persons who are students aged 18−24.

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30 1 No poverty

G 1.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion in EU countries, 2014 (% of the population)

50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_50)

G 1.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 − 2014 (% of the population)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 32,0 26,7 21,4 20,6 19,6 20,6 20,6 20,5 19,8 18,4

Source: SO SR

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30 1 No poverty

People at risk of poverty or social exclusion − aggregation of sub-indicators

The risk of poverty or social exclusion rate indicator is created by very low work intensity was at the level of 5.6% of the total combination of three sub-indicators – risk of poverty rate, severe population. material deprivation rate and very low work intensity rate. As graphically illustrated in Chart G 1.3, at risk of poverty or social In terms of sub-indicators, monetary poverty achieves the exclusion rate indicator is formed by the aggregation of all maximum levels in the EU. About 17.2% of the EU population was intersections of three sub-indicators. The most vulnerable at risk of monetary poverty (86.2 million people) on average. The people are those ones who are also threatened by all three highest percentage of those being at risk of monetary poverty indicators. Thus, 3.1% of population was at risk in Slovakia. was in Romania (25.4% of population) and (22.2% of population). G 1.3 Aggregation of sub-indicators of poverty or social exclusion in the Slovak republic in 2014 Slovakia is among the countries with the lowest monetary poverty in the EU. There was 12.6% of the Slovak population at risk. In the EU, there was 8.9% of the population severely materially deprived (44.4 million). Severe material deprivation was the lowest in the Nordic countries − such as (0.7%) and Norway (1.2%), and also in (1.4%), while the highest was in Bulgaria (33.1%) and Romania (25.0%). In Slovakia, about 9.9% of the population was at risk of severe material deprivation in 2014.

About 8.4% of EU population (41.8 million) on average lived in households with very low work intensity. In Slovakia, the rate of Source: SO SR

8 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 1 No poverty

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Targets:

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day.

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable.

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including .

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters.

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions.

1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender- sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 9

2 Zero hunger ZERO HUNGER Goal 2: End hunger, achieve and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Gross nutrient balance is the indicator of zero hunger and achievement of food security; it relates to agricultural , and highlights the fact that there is an increased proportion of nitrogen in the soil in areas with intensive meat production, resulting in the pollution of groundwater. Another indicator is the area under organic farming. It is also the indicator of protection of natural resources and biodiversity. Intensive meat production, as expressed by livestock density indicator, is associated with a number of negative environmental impacts that undermine sustainable agriculture. The high livestock density is associated with high greenhouse gas emissions, excess of nutrients and eutrophication, the spread of antibiotic-resistant microbes, and it is also linked to issue of appropriate animal welfare.

The application of phosphate fertilisers in Slovakia has been for a long time at a level that does not cover the requirements for crops for a given nutrient.

The area under organic farming in Slovakia increased to 9.48% (2014), while the

European Union average is 5.91%.

The Slovak Republic is among the EU countries with the lowest index of the density of livestock.

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30 2 Zero hunger

Gross nutrient balance on agriculture land

The resulting nitrogen balance, which represents a difference Another reason is also declining number of livestock where a between the inputs of mineral and organic fertilisers, biological certain year-on-year decrease of applied nitrogen from farm nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition, and nitrogen outputs fertilisers can be observed by 1,227 tonnes, on average, for the in the form of harvested product taken from the field points out whole Slovakia. the slight annual excess of nitrogen. At the first sight, the balance of phosphorus can be seen as Of course, this excess also depends on the amount of yield balanced, because a nearly zero value on average was recorded gained each year. This balance is most significantly influenced by for the reference period. However, the application of phosphate the applied nitrogen-containing mineral fertilisers, the fertilisers in Slovakia (since 1991 an average of 4.25 kg of consumption of which has increased, year on year, on average by phosphorus per hectare) has been for a long time at a level that 6,349 tonnes of nitrogen. does not cover requirements of crops for a given nutrient; therefore, the phosphoric nutrients are ensured to detriment of the soil reserves.

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G 2.1. Gross nutrient balance on agricultural land in EU countries, 2013 (kilograms per hectare - Nitrogen)

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_rn310)

G 2.2. Gross nutrient balance on agricultural land in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2014 (kilograms per hectare - Nitrogen)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 35 39 47 28 32 46 34 42 49 46

Source: CCTIA

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30 2 Zero hunger

Area under organic farming

In 2006, 2010, and 2014, there were significant changes in the into the relevant support measure within the Rural Development development of area under organic farming, and the increase of Program. For the agricultural entities, it represents a the proportion of this area within the total utilised area. The area commitment for five years, but also the possibility to draw down under organic farming increased 2.5 times in 2006 compared to stable support payments per hectare while complying with the 2004. In 2006, the 2007−2013 Rural Development Program was conditions imposed. developed, and its measures started to apply in 2008. In 2009, the share increased to 7.5%, and reached 9.1% in 2010. In 2010, The changes in the area of organically farmed land within the the last call was open for entry into the measure of the Organic system of organic farming production have also been affected Farming within the 2007 – 2013 Rural Development Program of indirectly by the fact that the demands on product quality has the Slovak Republic. In 2013, this share amounted to 8.3% and it increased, consumer behaviour has been changed, the interest reached 9.5% in 2014. That year, the subsequent 2014 - 2020 in the production of organic agricultural production has grown Rural Development Program of the Slovak Republic was under despite higher prices, and also the interest of farmers in preparation. chemistry-avoiding farming has risen. The changing climate conditions, the completion of a business plan, and a non- The above mentioned increase of area of agricultural land inclusion of an entity into the relevant support measure of the farmed organically directly relates to development of new Rural Development Program has had indirect negative impacts legislation and providing different forms of state aid. Better on the proportion of the area under organic farming out of the opportunities were created for the entry of agricultural entities total utilised area.

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30 2 Zero hunger

G 2.3. Area under organic farming in EU countries, 2014 (% of utilised agricultural area)

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdpc440)

G 2.4. Area under organic farming in the Slovak Republic in years 2003 – 2015 (% of utilised agricultural area)

12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 2,2 2,6 4,6 6,2 6,1 7,3 7,5 9,1 8,6 8,6 8,3 9,5 9,6

Source: The Central Control and Testing Institute in Agriculture

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30 2 Zero hunger

Livestock density index

The livestock density index expressed in the number of livestock livestock units is currently prevailing in the Slovak Republic. units per hectare of utilised agricultural area is based on an While in 2005, about 0.42 livestock units were noted per hectare aggregation of different livestock species at different ages, and is of utilised agricultural area, they constituted only 0.34 livestock regularly monitored in the context of the Farm Structure Census. units in 2013. The Slovak Republic thus ranks to the EU countries with the lowest index of the density of livestock. This Based on the results of the Farm Structure Census, it can be phenomenon has resulted from the reduction in the numbers of concluded that the downward trend of loading of farmland with cattle as well as the significant decrease in rearing pigs.

G 2.5 Livestock density index in EU countries, 2013 (livestock units per ha) 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdpc450)

16 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

2 Zero hunger

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Targets:

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of , including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment. 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to , extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed. 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. 2.b Correct and prevent restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the . 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

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3 Good health and well-being

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

The chapter on the third goal of the 2030 Agenda presents indicators, which can monitor and evaluate the quality of health and life from many aspects, such as life expectancy at birth, healthy life years at birth, self-perceived health, and self-reported of unmet needs for medical care due to monetary constraints. Mortality by sex and mortality by causes of are complemented as national indicators supporting the monitoring of this goal from the aspect of mortality.

The life expectancy at birth is long-term lower for men; however, there is recorded the tendency of approaching values for both sexes.

In Slovakia, men live 55.5 years in health, women only 54.6 years.

Higher mortality of men than women remains in the Slovak Republic; in 2014, men accounted for 52% of all .

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Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth reaches different values for both sexes; . In contrast, the lowest life expectancy at birth in it has been long-term lower for men, but both values show the 2014 had the men in Romania, Bulgaria, , and converging trend. (under 72 years). Life expectancy of the Slovak men was 73.3 years in 2014, which means that they lag by almost five years In 2014, there was a gender gap of 5.5 years in the population behind the EU value (78.1 years). across the EU, which is 0.6 years less than in 2005 (6.1 years). A lower difference was identified particularly in , Life expectancy at birth was 83.6 years for women in the EU; in the higher differences in Eastern Europe. The difference Slovakia, it reached a value of 80 years, which means that they between sexes in Slovakia belongs to those higher ones in the EU lag behind the value of the EU by three years. The highest values (for almost seven years). of life expectancy (over 85 years) were recorded for women in Spain, , , and Luxembourg. The lowest one was In 2014, the values of life expectancy at birth were 80 and more achieved by women in , Latvia, Romania, and Bulgaria years for men in , Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the (values below 80 years).

Methodological Notes: The life expectancy at birth (at the “x” age) is the average number of years that a person likely reaches at age x provided that the mortality trends were to remain unchanged. The life expectancy at birth is the most commonly used indicator, i.e. the life expectancy at age 0.

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3 Good health and well-being

G 3.1 Life expectancy at birth in EU countries, 2014 (in years)

90 80 70 60 50 40

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdph100)

G 3.2 Life expectancy at birth in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2014 (in years)

90

80

70

60 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Men 70,1 70,4 70,5 70,9 71,3 71,6 72,2 72,5 72,9 73,2 Women 77,9 78,2 78,1 78,7 78,7 78,8 79,4 79,5 79,6 80,0

Source: SO SR

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 21 3 Good health and well-being

Healthy life years at birth

Healthy life years at birth of Slovak men in 2014 reached 55.5 Sweden, , and Ireland. Women in the EU reached 61.8 years, i.e. by 5.9 years less than in the EU (61.4 years). The lowest healthy life years; Slovakia recorded the lowest number (54.6 number of expected healthy life years for men were observed in years) within the EU. Figures over 70 were observed in Malta and and Latvia. Figures over 70 were reached by men in Sweden.

G 3.3 Healthy life years at birth in EU countries, 2014 (years) 75

70

65

60

55

50

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdph100)

Methodological Notes: Healthy life years (age x) divide the life expectancy into life periods spent in various states of health, from good to poor health. In this aspect, a dimension of quality was added to the quantity of life spent. The Healthy Life Years (HLY) at birth indicator measures the number of years that a person may expect at birth to live in good health. HLYs indicate the expected healthy life, which combines the information on mortality and morbidity.

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G 3.4 Healthy life years at birth in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2014 (years)

57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Men 55,2 54,5 55,6 52,1 52,4 52,4 52,1 53,4 54,5 55,5 Women 56,6 54,6 56,1 52,5 52,6 52 52,3 53,1 54,3 54,6

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdph100)

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Self-perceived health

About 21.6% of the EU population perceives their health as “very evaluating the health of people in Slovakia − in 2014, 64.7% of good”. Up to two-thirds of the population judged their health as people assessed their health as being “good” or “very good”. being either “good” or “very good”, and this percentage has continuously increased since 2005. In 2014, the highest percentage of the population of Slovakia evaluates their health as “good” (44.2%) while, in 2005, it was People in Cyprus (45.3%), Greece (44.8%), and Ireland (42.9%) only 28.9% of the population. The relatively high proportion of most often perceive their health as “very good”. On the contrary, persons in the Slovak Republic considered their health as “very (8.2%), Lithuania (7.4%), and Latvia (4.6%) belonged to good” (it was 20.5% of the population in 2014). About 2% of the the countries with the lowest share of people judging their Slovak population had to face a “very bad” state of their health. health positively. Positive perception of health prevailed in

G 3.5. Self-perceived health in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2014 (%) 100

80

60

40

20

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 very good good fair bad very bad

Source: SO SR

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3 Good health and well-being

Self-reported unmet needs for medical care due to monetary constraints

About 2.4% of the population across the EU reported limited restricted for financial reasons in Latvia and Greece, where the access to health care due to financial reasons. This is a lower share was roughly four times higher than the average of the EU proportion than in 2005, when 3.7% of the population declared countries. unmet need for medical care because of a lack of money. In Slovakia, the worst situation in relation to limited access to In 15 member states, i.e. in more than half, the proportion of the health care because of financial reasons was in 2005 (2.6% of the population reporting difficulties in accessing health care due to population). The share of the population declaring the unmet their financial situation was very low (less than 1% of the needs for medical care due to financial reasons was the lowest in population). In four countries – , , and the 2008 (0.5%); in recent years (2013 and 2014), it stabilized at the , it presented only 0.1% of the population. On value of 0.8% or 0.9%. the contrary, limited access to health care was most often

G 3.6. Self-reported unmet needs for medical care due to monetary constraints in EU countries, 2014 (%)

10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdph270)

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G 3.7. Self-reported unmet needs for medical care due to monetary constraints in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 - 2014 (%) 3

2,5

2

1,5

1

0,5

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 2,6 2,1 0,8 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,8 0,9

Source: SO SR

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Mortality by sex in the Slovak Republic

Excess mortality of men persists in Slovakia. In 2014, men excess mortality of men was in the age group 25−29, where accounted for 52% of all deaths − per 1,000 deaths of women deaths of men accounted for 78% of all deaths in this category. were 1,066 deaths of men. Excess mortality persists in men up to 75 years of life. From that Unbalanced mortality rates between men and women are age excess mortality occurs in women as a result of higher particularly evident in the productive age. In 2014, the highest number and proportion of women at higher.

G 3.8 Mortality rate by sex in the Slovak Republic, 2014 (%)

Men Women 100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 4 9 – – 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 85+ 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Age categories Source: SO SR

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 27

30 3 Good health and well-being

Mortality by causes of death in the Slovak Republic

According to the International Classification of Diseases, proportion of deaths fell by 6 percentage points in men, and by circulatory system diseases, neoplasms, external causes, more than 8 points in women. The second leading cause of death respiratory diseases, and digestive system diseases caused more (again in both genders) is neoplasms. Around 12 to 13 thousand than 92% of all deaths. people die each year due to this diagnosis. “External causes” The highest proportion of deaths in men and women is (traffic accidents, accidental injury, intentional self-harm) is the associated with diseases of the circulatory system, causing the third leading cause of death among men (2 thousand deaths, i.e. death of 43% men and 55% women in 2014. The development, 8%). It is a less frequent cause of death in the group of women however, has shown a positive trend in the last 10 years; the (from 600 to 700 deaths per year).

G 3.9 Mortality rate by cause of death in the Slovak Republic, 2014 (%)

Women

Men

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Diseases of the circulatory system Neoplasms External causes Diseases of the respiratory system Diseases of the digestive system Others diseases

Source: SO SR

28 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

3 Good health and well-being

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Targets: 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, , malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents. 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential and vaccines for all. 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination. 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Control in all countries, as appropriate. 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and , which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all. 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and risks.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 29

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4 Quality education

QUALITY EDUCATION

Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Education is one of the best and also the most effective measures to achieve sustainable development. The used indicators that can most accurately describe its level were the early leavers from education and training (% of population aged 18−24), the tertiary educational attainment (% of population aged 30−34), and the adult participation in learning (% of the population aged 25−64).

Slovakia is among the countries with lower rate of early leavers from education and training than the EU average. The increasing trend of this indicator in the last period is,

however, a warning. Although the rate of tertiary educational attainment in Slovakia is growing in the long

run, the share of population with university education is still low compared to most Member States in the EU. A low percentage of population is involved in lifelong learning in the Slovak Republic, with the participation rate decreasing constantly in recent years.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 31

30 4 Quality education

Early leavers from education and training

In 2015, the rate of early leavers from education and training in the Slovak Republic. This concerns especially non-employed the age group of 18−24 was at the level of 10.1% in the EU, and young persons, where increase in the rate of early leavers from 6.9% in Slovakia, which ranks Slovakia among countries, such as education and training presents 1.8 p.p. for men and 1.4 p.p. for Ireland, Luxembourg, Greece, and the Czech Republic, with the women in 2015 in comparison with 2010. lower rate of early leavers from education and training. Overall, the rate of early leavers from education and training rose Nevertheless, in the last few years, there was recorded an in the Slovak Republic by 2.2 p.p. in 2015 compared to 2010. increase in the number of young people who left school early in There is recorded a downward trend in most EU countries.

G 4.1 Early leavers from education and training in EU countries, 2015 (% of population aged 18-24)

20 15 10 5 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: edat_lfse_02)

32 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 4 Quality education

G 4.2 Early leavers from education and training in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2015 (% of population aged 18-24) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Men 5,5 5,2 5,0 4,1 3,1 3,4 4,2 4,3 4,3 4,9 Women 5,9 5,8 4,9 4,1 4,8 4,6 4,6 6,1 6,5 6,8

Source: Eurostat (online data code: edat_lfse_02)

Tertiary educational attainment rate

In Slovakia, 28.4% of the population aged 30−34 has completed Nevertheless, in the Slovak Republic we can observe a long-term tertiary education, which is by 10.3% less than the EU average. increasing trend in this area. Slovakia is among the countries with a low share of tertiary education, and ranks to the countries with the lowest rate of the Tertiary educational attainment rate rose by 17.9 p.p. in 2015 university education. We lag behind the with the highest compared to 2002 and by 5.2 p.p. compared to 2011. Alike to the rate of tertiary education, Lithuania, by almost 30 p.p. EU, also in the SR more women than men completed tertiary education.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 33

30 4 Quality education

G 4.3 Tertiary educational attainment in EU countries, 2015 (% of population aged 30-34) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc480)

G 4.4 Tertiary educational attainment in the Slovak Republic in years 1998 – 2015 (% of population aged 30-34)

30 25 20 15

10 5 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 10,6 11,1 10,6 10,7 10,5 11,5 12,9 14,3 14,4 14,8 15,8 17,6 22,1 23,2 23,7 26,9 26,9 28,4

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc480)

34 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 4 Quality education

The rate of participation in lifelong learning

In 2015, about 3.4% of women and 2.7% of men participated in Compared to 2011, the percentage of participation of the the lifelong learning in the age group of 25−64 in the Slovak population in lifelong learning decreased by 1 p.p., with more Republic, representing 3.1% of the total population. decline in women than in men (it was by 1.2 p.p. in women, and 0.8 p.p. in men). Compared to the other EU countries, the Slovak Republic belongs to the countries with very low rate of participation in lifelong In the EU as well as in the Slovak Republic, we record a higher learning. In the EU it is 11.7% of women and 9.7% of men. It ranks participation rate of women than of men. This represents about us to the end of the list to the countries such as Bulgaria, , by 1% more involved women than men over the last 10 years. and Romania. Moreover, a decline can be observed in this indicator in recent years.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 35 4 Quality education

G 4.5 Participation in lifelong learning by sex in EU countries, 2015 (% of population aged 25–64) 40

30

20

10

0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc440)

G 4.6 Participation in lifelong learning by sex in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2015 (% of population aged 25–64)

5 4 3 2

1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Men 4,0 3,7 2,8 2,5 2,5 3,5 2,8 2,9 3,0 2,7 Women 4,6 4,6 4,4 3,7 3,7 4,6 3,7 3,3 3,2 3,4

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc440)

36 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 4 Quality education

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Targets: 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes. 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education. 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university. 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship. 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations. 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy. 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development. 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all. 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries. 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 37

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5 Gender equality

GENDER EQUALITY

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

The fifth goal is a challenge for achieving gender equality and eliminating discrimination against women and girls. This chapter analyses two indicators relating to gender equality, i.e. a gender pay gap and women's representation in the National Parliament. The gender pay gap indicator provides information on discrimination and inequality in the labour market, where the majority of this pay gap is caused indirectly - by segregation in the labour market, stereotypes, and unequal distribution of care responsibilities. Direct discrimination on grounds of gender constitutes a smaller part of the income inequalities. Lower lifetime earnings of women have an impact on the future pensions, and thus it may result in a greater number of elderly women at risk of poverty. The second indicator is the representation of women in the Parliament. Although women make up about half the world's population, their representation in the political, economic and public life is low. As women bring a different view to the public life, therefore it is important their representation in elected positions is to be adequate.

Despite the high rate of gender pay gap in Slovakia, its decline by 4.7 p.p. was recorded compared to 2006.

On average, the gross monthly earnings of women were by 23.1% below the average nominal monthly of men in 2014.

In the modern history of independent Slovakia since its inception in 1993, the proportion of women elected for the National Parliament has never reached the level of 20%.

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 39

30 5 Gender equality

Gender pay gap in an unadjusted form

Employment and are one of the areas showing significant the Netherlands. Conversely, nineteen Member States recorded gender gap. The gender pay gap in an unadjusted form a gender pay gap below the EU average, of which the lowest was constitutes 21.1% in Slovakia in 2014. Compared to the EU in Slovenia (2.9%), and Malta (4.5%). Level of 10% or less was presenting 16.1%, it is more by 5 p.p. achieved in eight countries of the Union. Compared to 2006 (results for 27 European countries), the gender pay gap Overall, up to a third of the Member States exceeded the EU decreased by 1.6 p.p. average. The gender pay gap (in an unadjusted form) over 20% was recorded by five Member States in 2014, including Slovakia. Since 2002, the pay gap between men and women in Slovakia has The highest pay gap between men and women was observed in been long standing above 20%, with the exception of a slight Estonia (28.3%), followed by Austria (22.9%), the Czech Republic decrease in 2010 and 2013. Despite the high rate of wage (22.1%), and (21.6%). Other four countries were above inequality between the genders, Slovakia recorded its decline; it the average of the EU - Spain, the United Kingdom, Finland, and was by 4.7 p.p. compared to 2006.

Methodological Notes: The gender pay gap in an unadjusted form is a difference between the average hourly pay for men and the average hourly pay for women, as a percentage of the average gross hourly wages of men in enterprises with 10 or more employees.

40 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 5 Gender equality

G 5.1 Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in EU countries, 2014 (%)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc340)

G 5.2 Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in the Slovak Republic in years 2002 – 2014 (%)

30

25

20

15 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 27,7 25,8 23,6 20,9 21,9 19,6 20,5 21,5 19,8 21,1

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc340)

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 41

30 5 Gender equality

Gender pay gap of the average gross monthly wages

Despite the high level of education of Slovak women, which is educational attainment, the most significant differences are in higher than that of men, women, on average, do not reach the persons with the second degree of university study (29.9%) and comparable earnings of men. The average gross monthly full secondary education completed with school-leaving earnings of women in 2014 were by 23.1% below the average examination (29.1%). The most striking gender pay gap is among nominal monthly wage of men. In terms of the long-term legislators and managers (30.4%), workers in services and trade development, the gender pay gap in Slovakia was calculated on (28.4%), and skilled workers and craftsmen (28.1%). the basis of the achieved average monthly wage ranging from 22.4% in 2015 to 28.4% in 2005. In the EU countries, the highest gender pay gap was recorded in Austria, 35.1%. The gender pay gap above 20% was observed in The highest wage differences between the genders were in the nine European countries; it was up to 10% in the three countries, age group 40−44 years (29.9%) and 45−49 years (27.2%); the i.e. Slovenia (5.3%), Romania (7.4%), and Luxembourg (7.8%). lowest in 25−29 years (10.5%). According to the highest

Methodological Notes: The gender pay gap is calculated from the average gross monthly wage. It is a difference between the average monthly gross earnings from employment of a man, and the average monthly gross earnings of a woman, as a percentage of the average gross monthly earnings of a man. The results come from the survey on the structure of wages.

42 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 5 Gender equality

G 5.3 3 Gender pay gap of the average gross monthly wages in selected EU countries, 2015 (%) 40

30

20

10

0

Source: UNECE, SO SR

G 5.4 The gender pay gap of the average gross monthly wage in the Slovak Republic in years 2000 − 2015 (%) 30

28

26

24

22

20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 25,0 25,9 28,2 27,1 27,6 28,4 26,9 25,8 24,0 25,3 24,6 24,2 24,1 22,5 23,1 22,4

Source: SO SR

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 43

30 5 Gender equality

Women´s representation in the parliament

The proportion of women elected to the National Council of the National Council of the Slovak Republic held in March 2016, the Slovak Republic in 2016 amounted to 19.3%, which was the total number of candidates decreased to 2,882 people, of whom increase by 3.3 p.p. compared to the result of the previous female candidates accounted for 24.5%, which means a decline election in 2012. There were 29 women elected to the 150- compared to the previous election by 1.7 p.p. The success rate of member Parliament, by five more than in previous elections. In women in this election slightly increased up to 4.1%, whereas in the modern history of independent Slovakia since its inception in men decreased to 5.6 %. 1993, the proportion of women elected to the National Council has never reached the level of 20%; close to this level were Seventeen countries of the EU have less than 30% representation women in 2003, 2007 and 2016, when their share amounted to of women in their national parliaments. The lowest proportion 19.3%. of women elected was recorded in the eastern and southern EU countries (10.1% Hungary; 12.5 % Cyprus, Malta 12.9 %, Romania The success rate of female candidates was lower than that of 13.7%). The proportion 30% or more of women elected was males; women are involved in the public life in a much lower rate. achieved in eleven EU countries. The highest rate of female In March 2012, in election to the National Council, the total representation in the national parliaments, more than two fifths, number of those who stood as candidates was 2,967 persons, of was registered in the Nordic countries (Sweden 43.6%, Finland whom the share of female candidates constituted 26.2%. The 41.5%) and Spain (41.1%). In the EU countries, function of a success rate expressed as a ratio of the number of elected member of a national parliament is held by 28.3 % of women on parliament members to the total number of candidates was at average, which has represented the highest share since 1997, 3.1% of women and 5.8% of men in 2012. In election to the and an increase by 11.2 p.p.

44 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 5 Gender equality

G 5.5 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in EU countries, 2015 (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0

Source:

G 5.6 Proportion of seats held by women in the Slovak Republic in years 1997 – 2016 (%) 25

20

15

10

5

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Proportion of seats held by women 15 15 13 14 14 17 19 17 17 20 19 19 18 15 16 19 19 19 19 19 Source: SO SR

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 45

30 5 Gender equality

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Targets: 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere. 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced and female genital mutilation. 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate. 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life. 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences. 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws. 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women. 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels.

46 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 6 Clean water and sanitation CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers is a key indicator for assessing water quality. Decrease in oxygen demand means the improved water quality. An indicator, which plays an important role in the evaluation of healthy living conditions is the proportion of people without their own home basic sanitary facilities in a form of baths, showers, and flush toilets.

Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers in Slovakia has been declining since 2002, with slight fluctuations.

The share of the Slovakia´s population with a lack of basic sanitary facilities has almost been at the same level since 2008 (from 0.1% to 0.6%).

The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda 47

30 6 Clean water and sanitation

Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (in mg of O2/l)

The long-term development of reported data, in the time series fluctuations which means water quality improvement. In the of the years 2000-2014 of the biochemical oxygen demand in period 2010−2014, the trend was steady, with a slight increase in rivers proves a considerable decline in this indicator, with slight the concentration in 2014.

G 6.1 Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers in selected EU countries, 2012 (mg of O2 per litre)

4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0

Source: Eurostat (online data code tsdnr330)

48 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 6 Clean water and sanitation

G 6.2 Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers in the Slovak Republic in years 2000 – 2014 (mg of O2 per litre)

3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 3,3 3,0 3,1 2,7 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,2 2,1 1,9 2,2 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,5

Source: Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute

Population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household

A bath, shower, and indoor flushing toilet belong to the basic be the biggest problem from among the EU countries particularly sanitation facilities of households. Their availability plays an in Romania (31.2%), Latvia (13.3%), and Bulgaria (12.0%). important role in terms of healthy living conditions, and their lack influences the intensity of severe housing deprivation. The share of the population having no basic sanitation facilities in their households, has almost been at the same level in Slovakia In terms of sanitation facilities, the lack of bath or showers and since 2008 (0.1% to 0.3%), and showed a slight percentage flushing toilets located directly in the flat or house appeared to increase in 2014 (to 0.6%).

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30 6 Clean water and sanitation

G 6.3 Share of population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household in EU countries, 2014 (% of total population) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_mdho05)

G 6.4 Share of population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2014 (% of total population) 1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 1,3 1,3 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,6

Source: SO SR

50 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 6 Clean water and sanitation

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Targets:

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable for all.

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.

6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies.

6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

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7 Affordable and clean energy

AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

To achieve the seventh goal, the share of renewable energy should be increased in total final energy consumption. Another pillar is energy productivity. The more efficient is the energy system, the lower is the energy consumption needed to produce products and provide services. The indicator, which expresses the proportion of the population unable to finance the maintenance of adequate heat in the household, enables the monitoring of access of households to the fuel supplies.

The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption in Slovakia is below the EU average, but with an upward trend.

In terms of energy poverty, Slovakia belongs to the countries that have long been below the EU average.

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30 7 Affordable and clean energy

Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption

In 2014, the share of renewable energy in final energy Czech Republic, , and Hungary. However, the share in consumption in Slovakia was 11.6%, which was lower than the Slovakia proves an increasing trend, as it increased by 5.2 p.p. EU average which represented 16%. The Slovak Republic is below compared to 2005. the EU average along with its neighbouring countries, i.e. the

G 7.1 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in EU countries, 2014 (%) 60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Source: Eurostat (online data code t2020_31)

54 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 7 Affordable and clean energy

G 7.2 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2014 (%)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 6,4 6,6 7,8 7,7 9,4 9,1 10,3 10,4 10,1 11,6

Source: Eurostat (online data code t2020_31)

Energy productivity

In 2014, the average energy productivity in Slovakia was 4.5 the Czech Republic lagged behind us. Energy productivity in the EUR/kgoe (kilogram of oil equivalent), which is by 3.7 EUR/kgoe Slovak Republic is gradually increasing. Compared to 2005, it less than the EU average. In terms of the neighbouring countries, went up by 60.7%. This increase was by 38.3 p.p. higher than the Hungary got ahead of us in energy productivity, but Poland and average in the EU.

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30 7 Affordable and clean energy

G 7.3 Energy productivity in EU countries, 2014 (PPS per kg of oil equivalent) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_rd310)

G 7.4 Energy productivity in the Slovak Republic in years 1997 – 2014 (PPS per kg of oil equivalent)

5,0

4,0

3,0

2,0 1,0

0,0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,1 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,2 4,5

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_rd310)

56 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 7 Affordable and clean energy

Energy poverty

In 2014, about 10.2% of the EU population was affected by warm. More than a quarter of the population affected by energy energy poverty. poverty was also in Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, and Lithuania. Although many Member States are facing the problem of energy Seventeen countries had the percentage of energy poverty poverty to a certain extent, there are the countries of eastern, below the EU average. The lowest values were recorded in southern and that are heavily affected by that Luxembourg (0.6%), Sweden (0.8%), and Finland (1.5%). problem. Slovakia was one of the countries, where energy poverty was Within the EU, it is primarily Bulgaria, where 40.5% of the lower than the EU average in the years 2007−2014. Development population was not financially able to keep the home adequately of energy poverty has had an upward trend since 2009, reaching 6.1% in 2014 (growth by 2.5 p.p.) G 7.5 Share of population that cannot afford to keep home adequately warm in EU countries, 2014 (% of total population) 50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_mdes01)

Methodological Notes: Energy poverty is defined as the lack of access to fuel supply due to factors, such as low household income, high energy costs, or low energy efficiency, as well as combinations of these factors.

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30 7 Affordable and clean energy

G 7.6 Share of population that cannot afford to keep home adequately warm in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2014 (% of total population)

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 9,7 4,6 6,0 3,6 4,4 4,3 5,5 5,4 6,1

Source: SO SR

58 The Slovak Republic and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

30 7 Affordable and clean energy

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Targets:

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology.

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support.

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8 Decent work and economic growth

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Sustainable and inclusive economic growth will ensure that the economic benefits will be shared by the entire population and generations together. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used as a basic indicator of economic performance of the country. GDP growth is closely linked to other indicators of sustainable development goals, such as employment, and investment in research and development. To meet the eighth goal, following indicators are monitored, such as GDP per capita, employment rate in the aged group 20-64, youth unemployment rate of the age group 15−24, long-term unemployment rate, and economic activity rate of the age group 15−64 was selected as a national indicator.

Slovakia is among fifteen countries with a higher youth unemployment rate of the age group 15−24 than the EU average.

Slovakia belongs to the countries with high long-term unemployment rate.

Slovakia is among the two thirds of the countries where the economic activity rate of the age group 15-64 has exceeded 70 %.

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GDP per capita

GDP per capita is calculated as a ratio of nominal/real GDP and progress, and the GDP produced per capita from 2010 was population of the country concerned. It is a derived indicator, growing at a slower pace until 2015. which measures the impact of economic growth on living standards of the population. Based on a comparison of the average growth rate of GDP per capita within the EU countries in 2015, it can be concluded that Since 2000, the growth of real GDP per capita in Slovakia has Slovakia is gradually catching up richer EU countries by its shown significant differences. Slovakia recorded the fastest . The real GDP growth in 2015 was growth rate between 2000 and 2007. This period can be entitled supported mainly by domestic demand significantly driven by as a period of the Slovak economic boom. Subsequently, public investment as a result of drawing down the EU funds, and however, the global economic crisis in 2009 froze further employment growth.

G 8.1 The annual GDP per capita in the Slovak Republic in years 2000 −2015 (%) 112 107 102 97 92 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Nominal growth 110,6 109,1 108,6 111,1 111,3 108,9 111,6 111,9 108,5 93,2 105,3 105,2 102,7 101,8 102,2 103,3 Real growth 101,2 103,7 104,5 105,5 105,2 106,3 108,4 110,7 105,5 94,3 104,8 103,5 101,3 101,3 102,4 103,6

Source: SO SR

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Employment rate in the age group 20−64

The EU employment rate in the 20−64 age group reached the are by about 7% worse. Similarly to the EU, in Slovakia there were level of 70.1% in 2015. Compared with the SR, it is more by 2.4%. also observed the consequences of the economic crisis. The The Slovak Republic is among fifteen Member States with a rate upward trend of employment was halted there in 2008, and below the EU average, being at the level of Poland and Malta. began to grow significantly from 2014. The employment rate In comparison with the Czech Republic, which ranks among the increased by 4.2 p.p. compared to 2000, and by 2.7 p.p. 10 most successful countries in the EU in the last five years, we compared to 2011.

G 8.2 Employment rate in the age group 20-64 in EU countries, 2015 (%) 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_10)

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G 8.3 Employment rate in the age group 20-64 in the Slovak Republic in years 1997 - 2015 (%)

70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 67,7 67,4 65,0 63,5 63,5 63,6 64,8 63,7 64,5 66,0 67,2 68,8 66,4 64,6 65,0 65,1 65,0 65,9 67,7

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_10)

Youth unemployment rate in the age group 15−24

In 2015, the unemployment rate of young people aged 15−24 in stagnated, showing a decrease since 2013. This development Slovakia was 26.5%, ranking us to one of the fifteen countries reflects the development of youth unemployment in Europe with a higher rate of unemployment than the EU average. In the after the onset of the economic crisis in 2009. The years 2009 and 2010, there was an increase in youth unemployment rate of young people aged 15−24 decreased in unemployment; then, the unemployment of persons aged 15−24 Slovakia by 7.5 p.p. compared to 2012.

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G 8.4 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training in the age group 15-24 in EU countries, 2015 (%) 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

Source: Eurostat (online data code: lfsa_urgaed)

G 8.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training in the age group 15-24 in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2015 (%) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 26,6 20,3 19,0 27,3 33,6 33,4 34,0 33,7 29,7 26,5

Source: Eurostat (online data code: lfsa_urgaed)

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Long-term unemployment rate

In 2015, the long-term unemployment rate in Slovakia was 7.6%, and Italy. Regarding the development of long-term which is by 3.1% more than the EU average. unemployment, we can observe its decrease over the years 2008−2009; in the years 2010−2013, the long-term Slovakia is among ten countries with higher long-term unemployment stagnated and it has declined since 2014. This unemployment rate than the EU average and among seven represented a decrease by 0.9 p.p. compared to 2008, and by countries with long-term unemployment rate higher than 6%. 2.4 p.p. compared to 2013. Overall, it ranks Slovakia at the level of countries such as Portugal

G 8.6 Long-term unemployment rate in EU countries, 2015 (%) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc330)

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G 8. Long-term unemployment rate in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 – 2015 (%)

12

10 8 6 4 2

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 10,3 8,4 6,7 6,6 9,3 9,3 9,4 10,0 9,3 7,6

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdsc330)

Economic activity rate in the age group 15-64

In 2015, the economic activity rate in the 15−64 age group in years, the rate was falling, reaching the lowest level in 2007 Slovakia was at the level of 70.9%, ranking us among the (68.3%). Since 2011, there has been observed a steady and countries, such as Luxembourg, France, Slovenia, and Ireland. balanced increase of this indicator. Slovakia first reached the 70% threshold in 2001. In subsequent

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G 8.8 Economic activity rate in the age group 15-64 in EU countries, 2015 (%) 85 80 75 70 65 60

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tipslm60)

G 8.9 Economic activity rate in the age group 15-64 in the Slovak Republic in years 1997 – 2015 (%)

75 73 71 69 67 65 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 69,2 69,3 69,5 69,9 70,4 69,9 70,0 69,7 68,9 68,6 68,3 68,8 68,4 68,7 68,7 69,4 69,9 70,3 70,9

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tipslm60)

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Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Targets: 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries. 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors. 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services. 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead. 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value. 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training. 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms. 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment. 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all. 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries. 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization.

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9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure

INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Four indicators are relevant for the ninth goal of the 2030 Agenda. These are the following: R&D intensity expressed as an expenditure on research and development share of GDP; employment in high- and medium-high technology manufacturing (% of total employment), and access of enterprises to the internet. The structure of expenditure on R&D by source of funding was added as a national indicator to monitor this goal. Investments in research, development, and innovation are essential for long-term economic development and prosperity, as they strengthen the economic growth, job creation, labour productivity, and resource efficiency. The employment in high- and medium- high technology manufacturing indicator shows the contribution of this sector to the economy and job creation. High-tech industries are a key driver of economic growth and productivity and provide a high added value to sustainable growth. Access to information and communication technologies is essential for a knowledge-driven economy; it facilitates access, transfer and dissemination of knowledge and innovation that promote productivity growth.

R&D intensity in the Slovak Republic has been continuously growing since 2007; it exceeded the threshold of one percent (1.18%) for the first time in 2015, and approached thus to the national goal.

A third (31.9%) of expenditure on research and development was financed from national public resources, and 35.9% came from public foreign resources, notably from the Structural Funds. Slovakia is among the EU countries with the highest percentage of workers active in the production with the high-and medium-high technology manufacturing.

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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (percentage of GDP)

In 2014, the Slovak Republic within the EU ranked the 21st in GDP in the EU. The national goal of the Slovak Republic in this terms of the R&D intensity indicator. Its value was by 0.86 p.p. indicator is to reach 1.2% of GDP. The R&D intensity in the Slovak lower in Slovakia than the EU average (2.04%), while the other Republic has been continuously growing since 2007; it exceeded nineteen Member States also lagged behind this average. One of the threshold of one percent (1.18%) for the first time in 2015, the main goal of the Europe 2020 Strategy is to increase the and thus approached to the national goal set. overall level of investment in research and development to 3% of

G 9.1. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (R&D intensity) in EU countries, 2014 (% of GDP) 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_20 )

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G 9.2. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (R&D intensity) in the Slovak Republic in years 1995 – 2014 (% of GDP)

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 0,91 0,89 1,05 0,77 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,56 0,56 0,50 0,50 0,48 0,45 0,46 0,47 0,62 0,67 0,81 0,83 0,89

Source: SO SR

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Expenditure on R&D by resource of funds

One of the goals in funding the European research and accounted for 32.2% of the total expenditure on research and development is to finance two thirds of expenditure on research development. Almost a third (31.9%) of expenditure on research and development from private resources. Achieving this goal in and development was funded from the national public the Slovak Republic remains a major challenge as, in 2015, the resources, and 35.9% came from public foreign resources, private resources (including foreign private resources) notably from the Structural Funds.

G 9.3. Expenditure on research and development in the Slovak Republic in years 1994 − 2015 by source of funds (thousands of EUR)

1 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

State Business Private non-profit organisations Universities Foreign

Source: SO SR

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Employment in high- and medium-high technology manufacturing

In 2015, Slovakia ranked as the second in the EU, following the for the period 2008 to 2015 was 9.6%. From 2009 to 2010, there Czech Republic, with the highest percentage of workers in this was recorded a slight decline in employment in this sector, sector. In this year, the employment rate in the high- and probably caused by the crisis. The average rate in the EU was only medium-high technology manufacturing sectors was the highest 5.7% in 2015. over the past eight years reaching 10.6%, while the average value

G 9.4 Employment in high- and medium-high technology manufacturing in EU countries, 2015 (% of total employment) 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsc00011)

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G 9.5. Employment in high- and medium-high technology manufacturing in the Slovak Republic in years 2008 – 2015 (% of total employment) 12

11

10

9

8 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 10,2 8,6 8,6 9,7 10,2 9,8 9,4 10,6

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsc00011)

Enterprises with internet access

“The Access of Enterprises to the Internet” indicator includes all Slovakia lagged behind this average only by 1 p.p., while in 2004, forms of access (fixed and mobile, broadband, and others). As it was as many as 21 p.p. When compared with neighbouring many as 94% of enterprises in Slovakia had an internet access in countries, we lag by 4 p.p. behind the Czech Republic, and 2015, which is by 69 p.p. more than in 2004. Compared to 2010, equally by 2 p.p. behind Germany and Austria. But compared it was the increase by 16 p.p. The EU average was 95% in this with Hungary and Poland, access of enterprises to the internet in indicator in 2015. Slovakia is higher by 4 p.p., respectively by 2 p.p.

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G 9.6 Enterprises with broadband internet access (fixed or mobile) in EU countries, 2015 (% of enterprises) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tin00090)

G 9.7 Enterprises with broadband internet access (fixed or mobile) in the Slovak Republic in years 2004 – 2015 (% of enterprises) 100 80 60 40 20 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 25 48 61 76 79 78 78 81 92 91 93 94

Source: SO SR

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Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. Targets: 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all. 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries. 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets. 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities. 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending. 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. 9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities. 9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020.

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REDUCE INEQUALITIES

Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Description of the economic disparities between countries, and within countries themselves, is tracked by the GDP per capita in purchasing power standards (PPS) and GDP per capita in PPS by NUTS 2 Regions indicators. These indicators contribute to the monitoring of income disparities and living standards in different countries and regions. Large income disparities threaten the social cohesion; the large economic disparities restrict equal access to education, health care, and employment. Another indicator is the ratio of income distribution: S80/S20 (the income quintile share ratio), which refers to the distribution of income between different population groups within the same country, and thus describes the use of economic resources within countries.

The Slovak Republic is among the countries with the most significant shift from the position of GDP per capita in PPS to the EU average.

Generally, the income inequality in Slovakia is not too large; the values of the S80/S20 indicator have not changed much in the last five years, and ranged from 3.6 to 3.9.

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GDP per capita in purchasing power standards

The indicator of GDP per capita in purchasing power standards New members, including Slovakia, reached the level below the (PPS) is used for the international comparison of economic European average. In 2015, GDP per capita in PPS in Slovakia aggregate - GDP. As the purchasing power standards eliminates accounted for 77% of the EU average. Our neighbouring the effects of different price levels between countries, a derived countries such as Austria and the Czech Republic ranked better indicator of GDP per capita in PPS takes into account the size of than Slovakia. the economy expressed by the total population, as well as the differences in the price levels of individual countries. When it comes to relative position of the EU countries, compiled by Eurostat for 2015, it is obvious, that the Slovak Republic ranks A relative position of each country may be expressed by to the countries with the largest shift from the position of GDP comparing with the average, while the value of the EU is set at per capita in PPS to the EU average, i.e. from 55 % in 2003 to 77% 100 (%). All countries with GDP per capita in PPS above the in 2015. In terms of the economic growth, we have been labelled European average are the initial member countries of the EU. as a “European tiger” in the last ten years.

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G 10. 1 GDP per capita in EU countries, 2015 (Purchasing power standards (PPS) per capita)

80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000

Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_10_pc)

G 10.2 GDP per capita in the Slovak Republic in years 2003 – 2015 (Purchasing power standards (PPS) per capita)

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slovakia 11 700 12 600 13 800 15 300 17 300 18 500 17 300 18 600 19 000 19 700 20 200 21 100 22 000

Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_10_pc)

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GDP per capita in PPS by NUTS 2 regions

The regional gross domestic product per capita is the ratio of two in the region. Data on Bratislava Region can be significantly indicators based on different principles - the regional GDP (the distorted by workers residing in another region. ‘place of work’ principle) and the average number of residents in the region (the ‘residency’ principle). For international The current information from Eurostat shows that, in the years comparisons, the regional GDP is expressed in the purchasing 2008−2014, the highest GDP growth per capita in PPS in ratio to power standards (PPS), and calculated per capita. the EU average, was recorded in the regions of Slovakia and Poland, where Bratislava Region and Mazowieckie reported an Over the last decade, Slovakia has been one of the fastest increase by 24.0 p.p., respectively 18.8 p.p. With its increase in growing economies in the EU. However, it has not been growing 2014 (chart G 10.4), Bratislava Region ranks among ten richest at the same pace in all regions. In Bratislava Region, the value of EU regions. It is interesting that during the economic crisis in GDP per capita was twice as high as the average of Slovakia 2009, the economy of this Region remained at the same level, already in 1995. In fact, GDP per capita takes into account the while other regions of Slovakia reported the economic decrease. population, but not the number of workers generating the GDP

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G 10.3 GDP per capita, by NUTS 2 regions in the Slovak Republic in years 1995 – 2014 (purchasing power standards (PPS))

60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000

20 000 10 000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Bratislava Region Western Slovakia Central Slovakia Eastern Slovakia

Source: SO SR

G 10.4 GDP per capita, by NUTS 2 regions in the Slovak Republic in years 1995 – 2014 (purchasing power standards (PPS)) 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Bratislava Region Western Slovakia Central Slovakia Eastern Slovakia

Source: SO SR

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The income distribution ratio: S80/S20 (income quintile share ratio)

In 2014, income inequality in the EU Member States, measured We can thus conclude that, according to data from 2014, the sum by the ratio between the average incomes of the richest and the of equalised disposable incomes received by the 20% of persons poorest population quintiles, varies between 7.2 (Romania) and with the highest incomes is almost four times higher than the 3.5 (in Czech Republic). sum of incomes received by the 20 % of persons with the lowest incomes. Income inequalities in Slovakia are generally not too large. In the Slovak Republic, the S80/S20 indicator values have not changed much over the last five years, and ranged from 3.6 to 3.9.

Methodological Notes: Indicator S80/S20 income quintile share ratio is calculated as the ratio of the sum of equalised disposable income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (the top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (the lowest quintile). Coefficient can theoretically gain values from 1 to infinite values. The higher is value of this coefficient, the higher are total incomes of 20 % of the richest persons in society in ratio to total incomes of 20 % of the poorest ones.

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G 10.5 S80/S20 income quintile share ratio in EU countries, 2014

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_di11)

G 10.6 S80/S20 income quintile share ratio in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 - 2014

4,2 4,0 3,8 3,6 3,4 3,2 3,0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 4,1 3,5 3,4 3,6 3,8 3,8 3,7 3,6 3,9

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_di11)

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Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Targets: 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status. 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard. 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality. 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations. 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions. 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies. 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with agreements. 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes. 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent.

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30 11 Sustainable cities and communities

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. One of the indicators associated with creating and maintaining a safe and inclusive dwellings for people is the urban population exposure to air pollution by particulate matter that negatively affects the health of the population, as well as subjective satisfaction with life. The recycling rate of municipal waste enables to track the progress in reducing its negative environmental impact. In addition to reducing the amount of waste that accumulates in landfills, the higher level of recycling also provides the potential for creating new jobs. The third indicator is the distribution of population by level of difficulty in accessing of public transport. Accessibility of public transport has a major impact on economic growth and allows residents to take advantages of economic and social opportunities. In addition, easy accessibility of public transport is also a key part in addressing the environmental problems of cities.

Concentration of particulate matters (PM10) and (PM2.5) emissions, to which the urban population is potentially exposed in Slovakia, has had a declining trend since 2011.

In spite of increasing recycling rate, the Slovak Republic belongs to the countries with the lowest rate of recycling of municipal waste in the EU.

About 84.2 % of the population in Slovakia reported “low” or “very low” level of difficulty in accessing public transportation.

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Urban population exposure to air pollution by particulate matter

Since 1989, there has been a transformation of industry carried consumption, has been also caused by the change in fuel base in out gradually in Slovakia. Outdated technology, the high energy favour of clean fuels, and the use of fuels with better quality. consumption, focus on heavy industry, the unsatisfactory Reduction in emissions was also affected by the installation of composition of the fuel base, no or rather ineffective separation new separating, desulphurization and de-nitrification facilities in technology, all of these caused that the pollution at that time the largest industrial and energy sources in Slovakia. Renewal of reached enormous levels, with concentrations several times the vehicle fleet positively affected a reduction in emissions per exceeding the current level. vehicle. In spite of increasing number of vehicles, the emissions from car traffic remained at the same level or slightly declined. The turning point in the development of pollution occurred in the early 90s. The market transformation of economy necessitated a These positive changes are also reflected in the development of substantial restructuring of the industry and the closure of air pollution by particulate matter, as documented by the inefficient and energy-intensive production plants. Emissions of achieved progress in concentrations of hovering particulate air pollutants have suggested a steady downward trend since matter PM10 and PM2.5 with a tendency of further decline after 1990 which, alongside a decline in production and energy 2013.

Methodological Notes: PM2.5 are dust particles with an aerodynamic grain diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μm. PM10 are dust particles with an aerodynamic grain diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm.

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G 11.1 Urban population exposure to air pollution by particulate matter in EU countries, 2013 (µg/m³) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code tsdph370), data for PM 2.5 are not available for Lithuania and Greece

G 11.2 Urban population exposure to air pollution by particulate matter in the Slovak Republic in years 1999 – 2013 (µg/m³)

40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 PM 10µm 36,5 29,1 27,1 28,7 30,3 31,4 33,8 31,2 28,7 27,0 24,8 29,6 34,4 28,9 24,5 PM 2.5µm 22,8 33,3 26,4 25,1 27,2 22,9 26,7 22,8 17,2

Source: SHMI; Data for PM 2.5 are not available for the years 1999 to 2002, 2004 and 2005

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Recycling rate of municipal waste

This indicator reflects the proportion of the recycled municipal A slight decrease was observed in 2013 (10.8%) and 2014 waste of the total amount of municipal waste generated. (10.3 %). Recycling includes the material recycling and reclamation of organic substances, including composting and other biological Within the EU, the recycling rate of municipal waste was, as transformation processes. estimated by Eurostat, as many as 43.5% in 2014. The Slovak Republic belongs among the countries with the lowest recycling In Slovakia, there was recorded the trend of gradual increase in rate of municipal waste. Recycling rate higher than 50% was the recycling of municipal waste until 2012 (13.3%). registered in Germany, Austria, , and the Netherlands.

G 11.3 The rate of recycling of municipal waste in EU countries, 2014 (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_rt120)

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G 11.4 The recycling rate of municipal waste in the Slovak Republic in years 1995 − 2014 (%)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 2,8 2,8 5,0 4,7 4,8 5,1 5,4 4,8 5,6 6,2 2,0 4,1 6,6 7,4 8,2 9,1 10,3 13,3 10,8 10,3

Source: SO SR

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The distribution of population by level of difficulty in accessing public transport

Accessibility of public transport is characterized by a level of In Slovakia, even a higher percentage of the population (84.2 %) difficulty, at which population may reach means of transport, reported “low” or “very low” level of difficulty in access to public such as buses, trams, or subway. transport, of which more than half of the population stated “low” level of difficulty in accessing public transport (52.8 %). During the reference period (2012), the majority of population of the EU Member States (79.6 %) reported “low” or “very low” level of difficulty in accessing public transport.

G 11.5 Distribution of population by level of difficulty in accessing of public transport in EU countries, 2012 (%)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Very high High Low Very low

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_hcmp06)

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Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Targets: 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade . 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons. 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations. 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other . 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities. 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning. 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels. 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials.

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12 Responsible consumption and production

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Responsible production and consumption are the twelfth goal of the 2030 Agenda. Three indicators were selected to describe the situation in this area. Resource productivity is of essential importance for monitoring the efficient use of natural resources, because it points out the relationship between the materials used in the manufacturing process, and products on the output. Domestic material consumption refers to the overall amount of materials directly used within the national economy. This indicator makes it possible to monitor the progress in reducing the absolute level of resources used. The third indicator is the generation of waste excluding major mineral waste. To ensure sustainable production and consumption, fundamental changes are needed in waste management, since waste represents a significant loss of resources in a form of materials and energy.

Resource productivity in Slovakia is below the EU average, however, it tends to increase and, in 2015, it reached, according to the estimation of Eurostat, the level 1.635 PPS/kg. In 2014, the material consumption per capita in Slovakia was around the same level as the EU average. In 2014, at the level of the whole EU, the generation of waste per capita was, on average, by 633 kg higher than in the Slovak Republic.

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Resource productivity

This indicator represents the resource productivity expressed as productivity reached the level 2.1819 PPS/kg in 2015. The a ratio of GDP in PPS to the domestic material consumption in kg. highest productivity of resources from the EU countries is The time series (G 12.2) illustrate a gradual increase in resource registered in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, productivity in the Slovak Republic, while this indicator achieved and Italy. the highest value in 2013 (1.7799 PPS/kg). The EU-wide resource

G 12.1 Resource productivity in EU countries, 2015 (PPS per kg) 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0

Source: Eurostat (online data code tsdpc100)

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G 12.2 Resource productivity in the Slovak Republic in years 2000 – 2015 (PPS per kg) 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 * Slovakia 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,7 1,8 1,7 1,6

Source: Eurostat (online data code tsdpc100) * Preliminary data is presented for 2015 (as estimated by Eurostat)

Domestic material consumption

DMC is defined as a direct material input (comprising the mining of non-metallic mineral resources in that period. In 2014, domestic extraction and imports) minus exports. From 2008 to material consumption was 12.56 tonnes per capita, which is 2013, a slight decline in domestic material consumption was approximately at the level of value for the whole EU recorded in Slovakia, which is mainly related to a reduction in (13.19 tonnes per capita).

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G 12.3 Domestic material consumption in EU countries, 2014 (t/ per capita) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: env_ac_mfa)

G 12.4 Domestic material consumption in the Slovak Republic in years 2006 - 2015 (t/per capita) 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 * Slovakia 13,8 13,4 15,4 13,6 13,3 13,8 11,9 11,4 12,6 13,5

Source: SO SR * Preliminary data is presented for 2015 (as estimated by Eurostat)

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Generation of waste excluding major mineral waste (kg per capita)

This indicator covers generation of all waste (economic and In 2014, similar generation of waste to Slovakia was recorded, municipal waste) excluding major mineral waste, contaminated e.g., in the Czech Republic (1,118 kg per capita), Lithuania (1,119 soil, and contaminated dredging spoils. The highest generation kg per capita), Hungary (1,214 kg per capita), and Portugal (1,184 of waste was in the years 2006 and 2008 and then, it began to kg per capita). decline up to 1,173 kg per capita in 2014. In that year, the EU- wide generation of waste per capita was, on average, by 633 kg higher than in the Slovak Republic.

G 12.5 Generation of waste excluding major mineral waste in EU countries, 2014 (kgs per capita) 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdc210)

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G 12.6 Generation of waste excluding major mineral waste in the Slovak Republic in years 2004 - 2014 (kg per capita) 2 000

1 800

1 600

1 400

1 200

1 000 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Slovakia 1 285 1 807 1 650 1 230 1 250 1 173

Source: SO SR

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Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Targets: 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries. 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources. 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses. 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse. 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle. 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities. 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature. 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production. 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities.

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13 Climate action

CLIMATE ACTION

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

The rising average temperature of the Earth is the main cause of climate changes in the last 250 years. The thirteenth chapter presents two indicators related to combating climate changes and their consequences. The first indicator is greenhouse gas emissions, the second one is global annual mean temperature deviation over the course of 1850−2015.

Fifteen out of sixteen warmest years since 1850 have occurred in the 21st century.

The year of 2015 has been the warmest so far.

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Greenhouse gas emission

Last year, the Slovak Republic successfully completed the first because the timely implementation of the strict air quality and commitment period of the and the Secretariat of climate change legislation, the greenhouse gas emissions were the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and formally reduced by more than 40% in the reference period until 2012. declared the fulfilment of its commitment to reduce emissions This was contributed by the change in the structure of industry, by 8% over the years 2008−2012 compared to 1990. Also and the implementation of new technologies.

G 13.1 Greenhouse gas emission in EU countries, 2014 (index 1990 = 100) 150

130

110

90

70

50

30 Italy Spain Malta Latvia France Cyprus poland Ireland Austria Greece Croatia Estonia Finland EU (28) EU Belgien Sweden Bulgaria Slovakia Slovenia Hungary Portugal Romania Germany Lithuania Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic Czech United Kingdom United

Source: Eurostat (online data code: t2020_30)

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G 13.2. Greenhouse gas emission in the Slovak Republic in years 1990 – 2014 (index 1990 = 100) 120

100

80

60

40 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Slovakia 100 87 80 75 71 73 74 73 71 69 67 70 67 68 69 69 69 66 67 61 62 61 58 58 55

Source: SHMI

Global annual mean temperature deviation in years 1850 - 2015

The global annual mean temperature has shown, in accordance the 20th century. Since 1850, fifteen out of sixteen warmest with the global development, a long-term rising trend since the years have occurred in the 21st century; the year 2015 has been end of the 19th century which has been intensified since 70s of the warmest one so far.

G 13.3. Global annual mean temperature deviation, 1850 - 2015 1,00

0,50

0,00

-0,50

-1,00 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source: SHMI

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Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.*

Targets:

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning.

13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.

13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the through its capitalization as soon as possible.

13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities.

* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

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LIFE BELOW WATER

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

The fourteenth goal of the 2030 Agenda focuses on the careful and sensible use of oceans and marine resources in order to conserve marine habitats for the future generations. To measure progress in this area, Eurostat used two indicators, i.e. the indicator protected marine areas and total fish catches from major fishing areas. Marine protected sites designated as “Natura 2000” (the title of protected sites of the EU Member States) are not the strict nature reserves, but provide wider socio-economic benefits in the form of sustainable fisheries and tourism development with a sensitive impact on the environment. Overfishing is a global problem that affects not only the health and productivity of marine ecosystems, but also the food security of millions people, who rely on fish as their primary source of protein. As the Slovak Republic is not a maritime country, these indicators are not observed.

The Slovak Republic is not a maritime country and selected indicators are not observed and evaluated.

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Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

Targets:

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans.

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics.

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation.

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.

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14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.

14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets.

14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want.

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15 Life on land

LIFE ON LAND

Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

This chapter presents two indicators that can be applied to assess the state and progress of the Slovak Republic in the area of ecosystems and landscape change. The first one is the terrestrial sufficiency index under the Habitats Directive, which is the main EU instrument for preserving land, water, and non-bird species. Terrestrial sufficiency index expresses the extent, to which the Habitats Directive has been implemented in the Member States in terms of coverage of different habitats and species under their protection. The second indicator, the share of artificial land cover, shows the percentage of built-up areas and artificial non-built-up areas. Conversion of agricultural land, forests, and other countries on artificial land cover is a major cause of the loss and degradation of natural habitats.

In 2011, the Slovak Republic added 97 new locations to the National List of Sites of Community Importance, and by that significantly contributed to increasing of terrestrial sufficiency index. Due to changes of a permanent nature, in Slovakia, the agricultural land decreased by 4,733 hectares in 2012, of which 1,852 hectares was arable land.

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Protected terrestrial sites under the habitats directive (terrestrial sufficiency index)

Within the meaning of the Council Directive No. 92/43/EEC of 21 the meetings with the European Commission in March and May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild September 2005. The updated National List of Sites of fauna and flora (Habitats Directive), the Slovak Republic is Community Importance, submitted in October 2011, was obliged to specify the sites of Community importance for 67 assessed at the meeting with the European Commission in March habitats and 135 species. This obligation is currently met for 46 2012. habitats and 102 species of European importance. The process of consultation and approval of the proposed sites The National List of Sites of Community Importance, submitted for 100% fulfilment of the terrestrial sufficiency index began in to the European Commission in April 2004, was assessed during 2016.

Methodological Notes: Index Terrestrial sufficiency index shows the progress made by countries in implementing the Habitats Directive. It expresses the ratio of the number of habitats and species by biogeographical regions and countries that the European Commission deems as sufficiently represented in the list of sites proposed by EU Member States in relation to the number of species and habitats on the reference lists of habitat types and species in the same biogeographical regions.

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G 15.1 Sufficiency of terrestrial sites designated under the EU Habitats Directive in EU countries, 2013 (sufficiency index) 100 80 60 40 20 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code env_bio1)

G 15. Sufficiency of terrestrial sites designated under the EU Habitats Directive in the Slovak Republic in years 2005 – 2013 (sufficiency index)

80 75 70 65 60 55 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 Slovakia 65 72 72 72 74 71 77

Source: Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic

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Share of artificial land cover

In 2009, the built-up areas covered 0.9%, and the artificial non- In 2012, built-up areas amounted to 1%, and artificial non-built- built-up areas 1.5% of the country. up areas 1.7% of the land cover.

In 2009, agricultural land decreased by 5,834 hectares of which In 2012, agricultural land decreased by 4,956 hectares, of which 5,370 hectares constituted arable land. The largest decreases of 2,708 hectares constituted arable land. The main reason was the the agricultural land were due to the of industrial construction of roads, which represented 26.2% out of the above centres and logistics centres, agro-farming complexes, golf mentioned decrease of agricultural land (1,299 hectares), and courses, local roads and houses, partly also due to extraction and 36.6 % of arable land (725 hectares). landfills of gravel. In 2012, due to changes of a lasting nature (after summing up Due to changes of a lasting nature (after summing up increases increases and decreases), there was recorded a decrease by and decreases) in 2009 there was recorded a decrease by 5,358 4,733 hectares of agricultural land of which 1,852 hectares was hectares of agricultural land, of which 3,950 hectares constituted arable land. arable land.

Methodological Notes: Artificial land cover is formed by built-up areas and artificial non-built areas. Built-up areas are those under buildings and greenhouses, while artificial non built areas include streets and closed surfaces (e.g. roads, rails, runways, bridges).

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G 15.3 Artificial land cover – built-up and artificial non built-up areas in EU countries, 2012 (% of total land cover) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code tsdnr510)

G 15.4 Artificial land cover – built-up and artificial non built-up areas in the Slovak Republic in 2009 and 2012 (% of total land cover) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 2009 2012 1,0 0,8 0,6 2009 2012 0,4 0,2 0,0 Built-up areas Artificial non built-up areas 2009 0,9 1,5 2012 1,0 1,7

Source: National Agricultural and Food Centre (NAFC)

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Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Targets: 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements. 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally. 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world. 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development. 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species. 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed. 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products. 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species. 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, strategies and accounts. 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems. 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation. 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.

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PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

A major theme of the sixteenth goal of the 2030 Agenda is to achieve peace, justice and strong institutions. This chapter focuses on indicators that are associated with reduction of violence and crime, and efficient and accountable institutions in society. The first indicator is the number of victims of intentional homicide offences, which gives an overview of the level of peace and security in the country, with a large impact on the , as well as social and economic development. The share of clarified intentional homicide offences and total number of clarified offences were selected as national indicators that better describe the fulfilment of the set goal. Another indicator is the trust in institutions which refers to the level of governance in the country as a result of government policies, programmes, and laws. Lack of trust can lead to uncertainty and, in the long term, it may be associated with the economic downturn.

In 2014, 1.27 victims of intentional homicide offences were recorded per 100 thousand inhabitants of Slovakia which is, compared to neighbouring countries, more than in the Czech Republic, but less than in Austria, Poland, and Hungary.

In 2014, there was managed to clarify over 60% of the total number of intentional homicide offences in Slovakia.

In Slovakia, the values referring to the trust in the state systems and institutions were below the average or at the EU level.

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Number of victims of intentional homicide offences per 100 000 inhabitants

Number of victims of intentional homicide offences per 100 000 1.27 victim of intentional homicide offences per 100 000 inhabitants in Slovakia has had a fluctuating tendency over the inhabitants, which is by 0.04 victim less than in 2013. past five years. Slovakia ranked the 12th in the list of 30 countries in Europe that In 2010, 1.52 victim of intentional homicide offences per 100 000 provided Eurostat with data on the number of victims of inhabitants were recorded in the Slovak Republic. In 2011, this intentional homicide offences per 100 000 inhabitants in 2014. figure increased slightly (to 1.63 victim), but already in 2012, we Out of the neighbouring countries, only the Czech Republic could observe a significant decrease in the number of victims of ranked better in 2014 having 0.66 victim of intentional homicide intentional homicide offences per 100 000 inhabitants (by 0.48 offences per 100 000 inhabitants. victim). In 2014, reported the least victims per 100 000 In 2013, there was registered again a slight increase compared to inhabitants (0.50 victim); Lithuania reported the most (5.4 the previous year (by 0.16 victim). In 2014, Slovakia recorded victims).

Methodological Notes: The offence is unlawful act with the characteristics listed in the Criminal Code. Intentional homicide offence is the intentional killing of another person; the intentional homicide offence is a sort of criminal violence.

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G 16.1 Intentional homicide offence in selected EU countries, 2014 (per 100 000 inhabitants) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Source: Eurostat (online data code crim_hom_soff)

G 16.2 Intentional homicide offence in the Slovak Republic in years 2010 – 2014 (per 100 000 inhabitants) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 1,52 1,63 1,15 1,31 1,27

Source: Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic

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Clarified intentional homicide offences in the Slovak Republic

In Slovakia, in 2014, over 60% of the total number of intentional were detected, which represents 74%. In 2010, police clarified 64 homicide offences were clarified. The highest percentage of out of 89 intentional homicide offences, i.e. 71.9%. From 2012 to clarified intentional homicide offences in the reference period 2014, the percentage of clarified intentional homicide offences (2010 − 2014) was recorded in 2011. Out of the total number, 96 was falling, however, it remained over the 60 % threshold in each identified intentional homicide offences, in 71 cases offenders of those three years.

G 16.3 The percentage of clarified homicide offences in the Slovak Republic in years 2010 − 2014

75

70

65

60

55 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 71,9 74,0 69,3 65,4 63,9

Source: Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic

Methodological Notes: The Clarification of offences is when the police make it clear who committed the offence, i.e. they detect the offender. Offenders are people who are prosecuted and investigated by police. Statistical data on offenders are aggregated information about offenders, which are identified and registered by the police, during the police investigation.

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Total number of offences clarified in the Slovak Republic

Clarification of offences in the reference period (2010 − 2014) from 2011 the percentage of clarified offences was continually was constantly increasing in the Slovak Republic. While in 2010, growing reaching up to 55.8% in 2014 (by 6.7 p.p. more than in the offenders were detected in less than 50% of cases (49.1%); 2010).

G 16.4 The percentage of clarified offences together in the Slovak Republic in the years 2010 − 2014 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Slovakia 49,1 50,8 53,0 54,3 55,8

Source: Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic

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Trust in Institutions

The indicator trust in institutions provides insight into The highest confidence rate in the police was observed in the institutions´ performance as well as the information on the Scandinavian countries - Finland (8.2 points) and Sweden (7.1 governance level, the success rate of government policies, points). On the contrary, the lowest confidence rate in the police programmes and regulations that depend on how they are was in Bulgaria (3.6 points). respected by citizens. Particularly low level of trust in the legal system within the EU Trust of the population of the EU Member States to the three was reported in Slovenia and Portugal - 2.7 or 2.9 points. The types of government systems and institutions - the legal system, highest trust level in the legal system was recorded again in the the political system, and the police, was measured on a scale Scandinavian countries (Denmark 7.5 points, Finland and Norway from 0 to 10, where 0 means “no trust at all”, and 10 ”complete equally 7.2 points). trust”. The lowest trust level in the political system was recorded in In terms of trust in government systems and institutions in 2013, Portugal (1.7 points); the highest level of trust was in Switzerland the EU population had the highest confidence rate in the police (6.6 points) and Finland (6.0 points). (5.9 points), followed by the legal system (4.6 points); the political system achieved the lowest confidence rate (3.5 points). In Slovakia, the values concerning trust in the government systems and institutions were below or at the EU average; the This fact was observed in all EU countries, but the trust level was lowest value was recorded towards the trust in the political different. system (3.5 points). The trust in the legal system reached 3.6 points, and inhabitants of Slovakia trusted the police the most (4.4 points).

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G 16.5 Trust in institutions by type of institution in EU countries, 2013 (rating 0 - 10)

25

20

15

10

5

0

Trust in the police trust in the legal system Trust in the political system

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_pw03)

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Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Targets:

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere. 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children. 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all. 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime. 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms. 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels. 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels. 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance. 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration. 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime. 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development.

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PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

A successful programme of sustainable development requires partnerships between governments, the private sectors, and civil society. These partnerships must be built on the same principles and values, shared vision and common goals that place people and the Planet at the centre of attention at the global, regional, national and local levels.

For this purpose, no relevant indicators applicable for the Slovak Republic have been identified yet.

A successful program of sustainable development requires partnerships between governments, private sectors, and civil society. For this purpose, no relevant indicators applicable for the Slovak Republic have been identified yet.

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30 17 Partnerships for the goals

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

Targets: FINANCE 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection. 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries. 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources. 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress. 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries. TECHNOLOGY 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism. 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed.

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17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology.

CAPACITY-BUILDING 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation.

TRADE 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access

SYSTEMIC ISSUES

Policy and institutional coherence 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence

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17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

Multi-stakeholder partnerships 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

Data, monitoring and accountability 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries

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References and Data Sources

1. Internal databases of SO SR

2. The public “DATAcube” database of SO SR: http://datacube.statistics.sk/TM1WebSK/TM1WebLogin.aspx

3. The public database of Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/data/database Data used in this publication were extracted in September−November, 2016.

4. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/

5. Sustainable development in the European Union. A statistical glance from the viewpoint of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2016 edition. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7745644/KS-02-16-996-EN-N.pdf/eae6b7f9-d06c-4c83-b16f- c72b0779ad03

6. The World Bank databases: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx

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ISBN 978-80-8121-682-4 (online version)

ISBN 978-80-8121-681-7 (printed version) ǁǁǁ͘ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ͘ƐŬ