The Least Developed Countries Report 2017
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Malaysia's Development Challenges: Graduating from the Middle
bs_bs_banner BOOK REVIEWS In the Quest for Prosperity, Lin proposes that observing that countries will fail by investing so governments of poor countries can promote far from their comparative advantage to a govern- growth by providing the ‘hard’ (power, telecom- ment knowing what ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ infrastruc- munications, roads, etc.) and ‘soft’ (education, ture and provision of information will be of most financial, and legal) infrastructure necessary to use to certain infant industries. support the structural transformation that has to While being critical of Lin’s central thesis, I take place continuously for an economy to grow have to say that this is an enjoyable and instructive based on its comparative advantage. Moreover, book. The reader is treated to a wide range of its comparative advantage will change as the eco- developing country experiences drawn from Lin’s nomic structure changes. travel in his World Bank job. These experience are The new line in Lin’s thinking about the eco- used very well to illustrate important points about nomic growth process that may make some econo- the development process—especially about the mists uncomfortable is his emphasis on mistakes made by developing countries in government provision of the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ attempting capital-intensive import substitution. infrastructure to reduce the transaction costs for There is also an excellent summary of the eco- new firms. The justification for such government nomic theory of growth (Chapter 5). However, it actions is that the process of industrial upgrading is a contentious book and hopefully will foster and structural transformation is beset by market much debate over the growth paradigm. -
EXTENDING DECOLONIZATION: How the UNITED NATIONS MIGHT HAVE ADDRESSED Kosovo
ARTICLES EXTENDING DECOLONIZATION: How THE UNITED NATIONS MIGHT HAVE ADDRESSED Kosovo Thomas D. Grant TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 10 II A PROBLEM OF UN POLITICS ............................... 12 m. A PROBLEM OF RIGHTS AND STATEHOOD ..................... 21 IV. DECOLONIZATION ....................................... 26 V. EXTENDING THE PROCESS OF DECOLONIZATION ................ 33 VI. THE RISKS ............................................. 39 VII. CONCLUSION ........................................... 52 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. [Vol. 28:9 EXTENDING DECOLONIZATION: How THE UNITED NATIONS MIGHT HAVE ADDRESSED Kosovo Thomas D. Grant* I. INTRODUCTION Use of force against Yugoslavia, initiated on March 24, 1999, raised vexing problems about international governance. This article identifies two problems in particular and suggests an alternative approach which may have averted them. The Kosovo crisis can be characterized as a crisis of self-determination. When a group of human beings achieves self-determination, it is manifested by the participation of the group in the governance of a state. Where there are no other groups in the territory of the state, this will mean a monopoly by the group over governance. Where more than one group lives within a state, (which is to say, in most states) self-determination means shared participation in governance either through democratic institutions constituting a unitary government or through sub-state territorial units possessing their own competencies such as "autonomy" or "self-government." An important incident of self-determination when expressed this way is the right of the state to maintain its territorial integrity. Not all groups however have achieved self- determination. Where a group has not achieved self-determination, it may later be achieved through a change in the organization of the state in which the group lives. -
Differentiation Between Developing Countries in the WTO
Differentiation between Developing Countries in the WTO Report 2004:14 E Foto: Mats Pettersson Differentiation between Developing Countries in the WTO Swedish Board of Agriculture International Affairs Division June 2004 Authors: Jonas Kasteng Arne Karlsson Carina Lindberg Contents PROLOGUE.......................................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................... 5 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Purpose of the study............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Background to the discussion on differentiation................................................................................ 10 1.4 Present differentiation between developing countries in the WTO.................................................... 12 1.5 Relevance of present differentiation between developing countries in the WTO .............................. 13 1.6 Outline of the new differentiation initiative...................................................................................... -
Fact Sheet on the Kyoto Protocol
The U.S. View FACT SHEET ON THE KYOTO PROTOCOL t a conference held December 1–11, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, the Parties to A the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to an historic Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by harnessing the forces of the global marketplace to protect the environment. Key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol include weather, either of which could spike emissions targets, timetables for industrial- emissions in a particular year. ized nations, and market-based measures for meeting those targets. The Protocol • The first budget period will be makes a down payment on the meaning- 2008–2012. The parties rejected bud- ful participation of developing countries, get periods beginning as early as but more needs to be done in this area. 2003, as neither realistic nor achiev- Securing meaningful developing country able. Having a full decade before the participation remains a core U.S. goal. start of the binding period will allow more time for companies to make the transition to greater energy efficiency Emissions Targets and/or lower carbon technologies. A central feature of the Kyoto Protocol is a set of binding emissions targets for • The emissions targets include all six developed nations. The specific limits major greenhouse gases: carbon diox- vary from country to country, though ide, methane, nitrous oxide, and three those for the key industrial powers of the synthetic substitutes for ozone-deplet- European Union, Japan, and the United ing CFCs that are highly potent and States are similar—8 percent below 1990 long-lasting in the atmosphere. emissions levels for the European Union, 7 percent for the United States, and 6 • Activities that absorb carbon, such as percent for Japan. -
39 40 Industrial Countries 20 17 16
Human Capital and Economic Development* Simon Appleton** and Francis Teal 1. Introduction Health and education are both components of human capital and contributors to human welfare. One index of human welfare, which incorporates income, education and health, shows that Africa’s level of ‘human development’ is the lowest of any region in the world. In this paper we will frequently compare Africa with South Asia. While Africa’s level of human development is lower than that of South Asia, its per capita income is higher. Africa’s poor economic performance has been most marked in its growth rate which has been half that of South Asia. As Africa has found since 1980, slow economic growth severely limits the ability of governments and households to fund further investments in health and education. Low investments in human capital may impinge on already low growth rates of income. Such interrelations might be thought to imply a vicious circle of development, but this should not be overstated. Poor countries have considerable discretion over how much to invest in health and education. Since Independence, Africa has achieved a rapid growth of some aspects of human capital - particularly in the expansion of education - despite starting from a low level of income. The expansion of the human capital stock has not been matched by a commensurate rise in physical capital. The result has been low growth of incomes and low returns to the educational investment. This paper provides an overview of Africa’s achievements in the formation of human capital, and its impact on economic growth and welfare. -
345100Egy0economic0growth.Pdf
34510 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Growth in Egypt: Constraints and Determinants Anton Dobronogov and Farrukh Iqbal Middle East and North Africa Social and Economic Development Group October 2005 Discussion papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They represent preliminary and often unpolished results of country analysis and research. Circulation is intended to encourage discussion and comments; citation and the use of the paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings and conclusions of the paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................1 2. Growth Performance in 1961-2003: Phases and Trends ....................................................1 3. Empirics of Growth Performance in 1986-2003 .................................................................10 4. What constrains Growth in Egypt? A Diagnostic Approach .........................................13 5. Inefficiency of Financial Intermediation: Causes, Nature, and Implications for the Economy.........................................................................................................................19 6. Concluding Remarks.................................................................................................................23 -
'A World to Gain: a New Agenda for Aid, Trade and Investment'
A World to Gain A World A World to Gain KampalaCapeTownLuandaTiranaBelgradeShanghaiPanamaCityBeijingAmmanTheHagueKhartoumIslamabadKievBernCopenhagenSofiaRomeBrasiliaBra A New Agenda for Aid, A New Agenda for Aid, Trade and Investment Agenda for Aid, Trade A New Trade and Investment A World to Gain A New Agenda for Aid, Trade and Investment April 2013 A World to Gain Table of Contents Summary 5 Introduction 9 1 Trends, developments and lessons learned 12 1.1 Shifts in global power relations 13 1.2 Increased global interconnectedness and interdependence 14 1.3 Changing patterns of poverty 14 1.4 Changing roles 16 1.5 Lessons learned 17 2 A new approach 20 2.1 Policy coherence 21 2.2 New forms of cooperation 23 2.3 New forms of financing, definition of ODA and transparency 24 2.4 Spending cuts 25 3 Changing relationships 26 3.1 Background 27 | 3 | 3.2 Global issues: international public goods (IPGs) 29 3.3 Aid relationships 34 3.4 Transitional relationships 40 3.5 Trade relationships 47 4 Cooperation 52 4.1 Bilateral relations with countries and regions 53 4.2 Civil society organisations 53 4.3 The private sector 54 4.4 Research institutions 55 4.5 The European Union 56 4.6 International organisations 57 5 Funding 58 5.1 Integrated budget for foreign trade and development cooperation 59 5.2 Cuts in development cooperation expenditure 59 5.3 Towards the 2017 budget 63 Annexes 66 Dutch Good Growth Fund country list 67 Abbreviations 68 References 70 | 4 | A World to Gain Summary The Netherlands wants to move forward in the world, and move forward with the world. -
Country Classification 2019 – As of 14 August 2019
COUNTRY CLASSIFICATION 2019 – AS OF 14 AUGUST 2019 This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Country Subject to Repayment Country Risk Tied Aid Minimum Term Category Classification Eligibility Concessionality Name ISO Methodology? Afghanistan AFG II yes eligible 50% Albania ALB II yes ineligible -- Algeria DZA II yes ineligible -- Andorra AND II no ineligible -- Angola AGO II yes eligible 50% Antigua and Barbuda ATG II yes ineligible -- Argentina ARG II yes ineligible -- Armenia ARM II yes ineligible -- Aruba ABW II yes ineligible -- Australia AUS I no ineligible -- Austria AUT I no ineligible -- Azerbaijan AZE II yes ineligible -- Bahamas BHS II yes ineligible -- Bahrain BHR II yes ineligible -- Bangladesh BGD II yes eligible 50% Barbados BRB II yes ineligible -- Belarus BLR II yes ineligible -- Belgium BEL I no ineligible -- Belize BLZ II yes ineligible -- Benin BEN II yes eligible 50% Bhutan BTN II yes eligible 50% Page 1 http://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/export-credits/arrangement-and-sector-understandings/financing-terms-and-conditions/ (14 August 2019) COUNTRY CLASSIFICATION 2019 – AS OF 14 AUGUST 2019 Country Subject to Repayment Country Risk Tied Aid Minimum Term Category Classification Eligibility Concessionality Name ISO Methodology? Bolivia BOL II yes eligible 35% Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH II yes ineligible -- Botswana BWA -
Growth and Economic Thought Before and After the 2008-09 Crisis1
WPS5752 Policy Research Working Paper 5752 Public Disclosure Authorized Learning from Developing Country Experience Growth and Economic Thought Before and After Public Disclosure Authorized the 2008–09 Crisis Ann Harrison Claudia Sepúlveda Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Development Economics Vice Presidency August 2011 Policy Research Working Paper 5752 Abstract The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it documents the Second, it explores what these global economic changes changing global landscape before and after the crisis, and the recent crisis imply for shifts in the direction of emphasizing the shift towards multipolarity. In particular, research in development economics. The paper places it emphasizes the ascent of developing countries in the a particular emphasis on the lessons that developed global economy before, during, and after the crisis. countries can learn from the developing world. This paper is a product of the Development Economics Vice Presidency. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted may be contacted at [email protected] and [email protected]. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. -
Estimating the Costs and Impacts of Intimate Partner Violence in Developing Countries a Methodological Resource Guide
Estimating the Costs and Impacts of Intimate Partner Violence in Developing Countries A Methodological Resource Guide Introduction Violence against women is a pervasive phenomenon common in developing and developed countries alike. Violence against women manifests in multiple behaviors including rape, sexual coercion, incest, honor killings, female genital mutilation, acid burnings, stalking and trafficking. Perpetrators of violence against women can be intimate partners, family members, members of the community or strangers. Across cultures, the most common experience for women is violence by intimate partners. In the past decade, research in developing countries has established a rigorous, quantitative evidence base on the risk factors, prevalence and, to a lesser extent, the health impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, progress has been slower in exploring its economic costs and broader welfare impacts, partly due to the lack of a comprehensive methodology adequate for such costing studies in developing country settings. To address this gap, the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and its partners, with funding from UNFPA, conducted a study to refine and field test a methodology to estimate the costs as well as the impacts of intimate partner violence to households, communities and, ultimately, the national economy. The pilot study, started in 2006, took place in three countries – Bangladesh, Morocco and Uganda – in partnership with the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Bangladesh; Hassan II University, Morocco; and the Economic Policy Research Center (EPRC), Uganda. All three countries report high prevalence rates and recently rolled out legal, policy and programmatic efforts to curb intimate partner violence. This made these sites appealing for research because of the expressed stakeholder interest and demand for studies on intimate partner violence. -
USAID/Nigeria Country Development Cooperation Strategy 2015-2020
Country Development Cooperation CountryStrategy Development Cooperation Strategy2015-2020 2015-2019 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development Nigeria (USAID/Nigeria). 1 USAID/Nigeria Country Development Cooperation Strategy Contents I. Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 4 II. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 III. Development Context .......................................................................................................... 10 Government of Nigeria Strategies ............................................................................................ 21 IV. USAID’s Strategy in Nigeria ............................................................................................... 22 Development Hypothesis .......................................................................................................... 22 Focus and Selectivity ................................................................................................................ 24 Assumptions and Risks ............................................................................................................. 26 Development Objective 1: Broadened and inclusive growth ................................................... 27 IR 1.1: Agricultural Competitiveness Increased .................................................................. -
Agricultural Development in the Netherlands, I Consider It a Pity That Id O Not Understand Dutch
Haifa Feng Interne Nota 491 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTH ENETHERLAND S An analysis of the history of Dutch agricultural development and its importance for China July 1998 ; L-5-HC^i C CONTENTS Page TABLES 5 FIGURES 6 ABBREVIATIONS 7 PREFACE 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11 1. INTRODUCTION 15 1.1 Statement of concern 15 1.2 Objectives of the report 16 1.3 Approach 17 1.4 Structure 17 2. GENERALAPPEARANC E OF DUTCH AGRICULTURE 19 2.1 Natural background 19 2.1.1 Favourable points 19 2.1.2 Unfavourable points 22 2.2 Current situation 22 2.2.1 Productive level 22 2.2.2 Production structure 23 2.2.3 Regional concentration 25 2.2.4 Farm structure 26 2.2.5 Farm income 29 2.2.6 Trade capacity 30 2.3 Contribution to the national economy 33 2.4 Position in the world's scoreboard 34 3. LONG-TERMTREN D 36 3.1 Pre-modern times: before 1880 36 3.2 First modernization phase: 1880-1950 38 3.2.1 Introduction of modern input factors 39 3.2.2 Institutional factors 41 3.3 Second modernization phase: 1950-1980 42 3.3.1 Mechanization 44 3.3.2 Scaleenlargemen t 45 3.3.3 Specialization 46 3.3.4 Intensiveness 47 3.4 Sustainable growth: after 1980 47 4. MAIN FEATUREO F DUTCH AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 49 4.1 Land ownership and tenure system 49 4.1.1 Types of land ownership and tenure system 49 4.1.2 Strong points 51 4.2 Freetrad e system 53 Page 4.3 Cooperative system 53 4.3.1 Agricultural cooperatives 54 4.3.2 Methods of agricultural cooperatives 55 4.3.3 Defence of the cooperative interests 55 4.4 Financing system 56 4.4.1 Financing sources 57 4.4.2 Financing methods 59 4.4.3