The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 4A
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Donald Knuth Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science, Emeritus Curriculum Vitae Available Online
Donald Knuth Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science, Emeritus Curriculum Vitae available Online Bio BIO Donald Ervin Knuth is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and Professor Emeritus at Stanford University. He is the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming and has been called the "father" of the analysis of algorithms. He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process he also popularized the asymptotic notation. In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces. As a writer and scholar,[4] Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming, and designed the MIX/MMIX instruction set architectures. As a member of the academic and scientific community, Knuth is strongly opposed to the policy of granting software patents. He has expressed his disagreement directly to the patent offices of the United States and Europe. (via Wikipedia) ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS • Professor Emeritus, Computer Science HONORS AND AWARDS • Grace Murray Hopper Award, ACM (1971) • Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1973) • Turing Award, ACM (1974) • Lester R Ford Award, Mathematical Association of America (1975) • Member, National Academy of Sciences (1975) 5 OF 44 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • PhD, California Institute of Technology , Mathematics (1963) PATENTS • Donald Knuth, Stephen N Schiller. "United States Patent 5,305,118 Methods of controlling dot size in digital half toning with multi-cell threshold arrays", Adobe Systems, Apr 19, 1994 • Donald Knuth, LeRoy R Guck, Lawrence G Hanson. -
Tug2007-Slides-2X2.Pdf
Dedication ÅEÌ Professor Donald Knuth (Stanford) Extending TEX and Professor William Kahan (Berkeley) ÅEÌAFÇÆÌ with Floating-Point Arithmetic AF Nelson H. F. Beebe ÇÆÌ X and Department of Mathematics University of Utah E T Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA TEX Users Group Conference 2007 talk. – p. 1/30 TEX Users Group Conference 2007 talk. – p. 2/30 ÅEÌAFÇÆÌ Arithmetic in TEX and Arithmetic in ÅEÌAFÇÆÌ ÅEÌ ÅEÌ Binary integer arithmetic with 32 bits (T X \count ÅEÌAFÇÆÌ restricts input numbers to 12 integer bits: ≥ E registers) % mf expr Fixed-point arithmetic with sign bit, overflow bit, 14 gimme an expr: 4095 >> 4095 ≥ gimme an expr: 4096 integer bits, and 16 fractional bits (T X \dimen, E ! Enormous number has been reduced. \muskip, and \skip registers) AF >> 4095.99998 AF Overflow detected on division and multiplication but not gimme an expr: infinity >> 4095.99998 on addition (flaw (NHFB), feature (DEK)) gimme an expr: epsilon >> 0.00002 gimme an expr: 1/epsilon Gyrations sometimes needed in ÅEÌAFÇÆÌ to work ÇÆÌ ! Arithmetic overflow. ÇÆÌ Xwith and fixed-point numbers X and >> 32767.99998 Uh, oh.E A little while ago one of the quantities gimmeE an expr: 1/3 >> 0.33333 that I was computing got too large, so I’m afraid gimme an expr: 3*(1/3) >> 0.99998 T T your answers will be somewhat askew. You’ll gimme an expr: 1.2 • 2.3 >> •1.1 probably have to adopt different tactics next gimme an expr: 1.2 • 2.4 >> •1.2 time. But I shall try to carry on anyway. -
Solving Sudoku with Dancing Links
Solving Sudoku with Dancing Links Rob Beezer [email protected] Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Puget Sound Tacoma, Washington USA Stellenbosch University October 8, 2010 Available at http://buzzard.pugetsound.edu/talks.html Example: Combinatorial Enumeration Create all permutations of the set f0; 1; 2; 3g Simple example to demonstrate key ideas Creation, cardinality, existence? There are more efficient methods for this example Rob Beezer (U Puget Sound) Solving Sudoku with Dancing Links Stellenbosch U October 2010 2 / 37 Brute Force Backtracking BLACK = Forward BLUE = Solution RED = Backtrack root 0 1 2 0 1 3 3 0 2 1 0 2 3 3 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 0 2 1 3 0 2 3 0 3 1 3 0 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 3 0 3 2 root 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 0 2 3 0 1 0 1 3 0 2 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 2 1 0 1 0 2 . 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 0 2 3 0 0 3 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 . -
Typeset MMIX Programs with TEX Udo Wermuth Abstract a TEX Macro
TUGboat, Volume 35 (2014), No. 3 297 Typeset MMIX programs with TEX Example: In section 9 the lines \See also sec- tion 10." and \This code is used in section 24." are given. Udo Wermuth No such line appears in section 10 as it only ex- tends the replacement code of section 9. (Note that Abstract section 10 has in its headline the number 9.) In section 24 the reference to section 9 stands for all of ATEX macro package is presented as a literate pro- the eight code lines stated in sections 9 and 10. gram. It can be included in programs written in the If a section is not used in any other section then languages MMIX or MMIXAL without affecting the it is a root and during the extraction of the code a assembler. Such an instrumented file can be pro- file is created that has the name of the root. This file cessed by TEX to get nicely formatted output. Only collects all the code in the sequence of the referenced a new first line and a new last line must be entered. sections from the code part. The collection process And for each end-of-line comment a flag is set to for all root sections is called tangle. A second pro- indicate that the comment is written in TEX. cess is called weave. It outputs the documentation and the code parts as a TEX document. How to read the following program Example: The following program has only one The text that starts in the next chapter is a literate root that is defined in section 4 with the headline program [2, 1] written in a style similar to noweb [7]. -
Posterboard Presentation
Dancing Links and Sudoku A Java Sudoku Solver By: Jonathan Chu Adviser: Mr. Feinberg Algorithm by: Dr. Donald Knuth Sudoku Sudoku is a logic puzzle. On a 9x9 grid with 3x3 regions, the digits 1-9 must be placed in each cell such that every row, column, and region contains only one instance of the digit. Placing the numbers is simply an exercise of logic and patience. Here is an example of a puzzle and its solution: Images from web Nikoli Sudoku is exactly a subset of a more general set of problems called Exact Cover, which is described on the left. Dr. Donald Knuth’s Dancing Links Algorithm solves an Exact Cover situation. The Exact Cover problem can be extended to a variety of applications that need to fill constraints. Sudoku is one such special case of the Exact Cover problem. I created a Java program that implements Dancing Links to solve Sudoku puzzles. Exact Cover Exact Cover describes problems in h A B C D E F G which a mtrix of 0’s and 1’s are given. Is there a set of rows that contain exactly one 1 in each column? The matrix below is an example given by Dr. Knuth in his paper. Rows 1, 4, and 5 are a solution set. 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 We can represent the matrix with toriodal doubly-linked lists as shown above. -
RISC-V Instructioninstruction Setset
PortingPorting HelenOSHelenOS toto RISC-VRISC-V http://d3s.mff.cuni.cz Martin Děcký [email protected] CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FacultyFaculty ofof MathematicsMathematics andand PhysicsPhysics IntroductionIntroduction Two system-level projects RISC-V is an instruction set architecture, HelenOS is an operating system Martin Děcký, FOSDEM, January 30th 2016 Porting HelenOS to RISC-V 2 IntroductionIntroduction Two system-level projects RISC-V is an instruction set architecture, HelenOS is an operating system Both originally started in academia But with real-world motivations and ambitions Both still in the process of maturing Some parts already fixed, other parts can be still affected Martin Děcký, FOSDEM, January 30th 2016 Porting HelenOS to RISC-V 3 IntroductionIntroduction Two system-level projects RISC-V is an instruction set architecture, HelenOS is an operating system Both originally started in academia But with real-world motivations and ambitions Both still in the process of maturing Some parts already fixed, other parts can be still affected → Mutual evaluation of fitness Martin Děcký, FOSDEM, January 30th 2016 Porting HelenOS to RISC-V 4 IntroductionIntroduction Martin Děcký Computer science researcher Operating systems Charles University in Prague Co-author of HelenOS (since 2004) Original author of the PowerPC port Martin Děcký, FOSDEM, January 30th 2016 Porting HelenOS to RISC-V 5 RISC-VRISC-V inin aa NutshellNutshell Free (libre) instruction set architecture BSD license, in development since 2014 Goal: No royalties for -
Implementation of a MIX Emulator: a Case Study of the Scala Programming Language Facilities
ISSN 2255-8691 (online) Applied Computer Systems ISSN 2255-8683 (print) December 2017, vol. 22, pp. 47–53 doi: 10.1515/acss-2017-0017 https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/acss Implementation of a MIX Emulator: A Case Study of the Scala Programming Language Facilities Ruslan Batdalov1, Oksana Ņikiforova2 1, 2 Riga Technical University, Latvia Abstract – Implementation of an emulator of MIX, a mythical synchronous manner, possible errors in a program may remain computer invented by Donald Knuth, is used as a case study of unnoticed. In the authors’ opinion, these checks are useful in the features of the Scala programming language. The developed mastering how to write correct programs because similar emulator provides rich opportunities for program debugging, such as tracking intermediate steps of program execution, an errors often occur in a modern program despite all changes in opportunity to run a program in the binary or the decimal mode hardware and software technologies. Therefore, it would be of MIX, verification of correct synchronisation of input/output helpful if an emulator supported running programs in different operations. Such Scala features as cross-compilation, family modes and allowed checking that the execution result was the polymorphism and support for immutable data structures have same in all cases. proved to be useful for implementation of the emulator. The The programming language chosen by the authors for the authors of the paper also propose some improvements to these features: flexible definition of family-polymorphic types, implementation of an emulator supporting these features is integration of family polymorphism with generics, establishing Scala. This choice is arbitrary to some extent and rather full equivalence between mutating operations on mutable data dictated by the authors’ interest in the features of this types and copy-and-modify operations on immutable data types. -
Covering Systems
Covering Systems by Paul Robert Emanuel Bachelor of Science (Hons.), Bachelor of Commerce Macquarie University 2006 FACULTY OF SCIENCE This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Mathematics 2011 This thesis entitled: Covering Systems written by Paul Robert Emanuel has been approved for the Department of Mathematics Dr. Gerry Myerson Prof. Paul Smith Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Thesis directed by Senior Lecturer Dr. Gerry Myerson and Prof. Paul Smith. Statement of Candidate I certify that the work in this thesis entitled \Covering Systems" has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree to any other university or institution other than Macquarie University. I also certify that the thesis is an original piece of research and it has been written by me. Any help and assistance that I have received in my research work and the prepa- ration of the thesis itself have been appropriately acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Paul Emanuel (40091686) March 2011 Summary Covering systems were introduced by Paul Erd}os[8] in 1950. A covering system is a collection of congruences of the form x ≡ ai(mod mi) whose union is the integers. These can then be specialised to being incongruent (that is, having distinct moduli), or disjoint, in which each integer satisfies exactly one congruence. -
Processor Architectures
CS143 Handout 18 Summer 2008 30 July, 2008 Processor Architectures Handout written by Maggie Johnson and revised by Julie Zelenski. Architecture Vocabulary Let’s review a few relevant hardware definitions: register: a storage location directly on the CPU, used for temporary storage of small amounts of data during processing. memory: an array of randomly accessible memory bytes each identified by a unique address. Flat memory models, segmented memory models, and hybrid models exist which are distinguished by the way locations are referenced and potentially divided into sections. instruction set: the set of instructions that are interpreted directly in the hardware by the CPU. These instructions are encoded as bit strings in memory and are fetched and executed one by one by the processor. They perform primitive operations such as "add 2 to register i1", "store contents of o6 into memory location 0xFF32A228", etc. Instructions consist of an operation code (opcode) e.g., load, store, add, etc., and one or more operand addresses. CISC: Complex instruction set computer. Older processors fit into the CISC family, which means they have a large and fancy instruction set. In addition to a set of common operations, the instruction set has special purpose instructions that are designed for limited situations. CISC processors tend to have a slower clock cycle, but accomplish more in each cycle because of the sophisticated instructions. In writing an effective compiler back-end for a CISC processor, many issues revolve around recognizing how to make effective use of the specialized instructions. RISC: Reduced instruction set computer. Many modern processors are in the RISC family, which means they have a relatively lean instruction set, containing mostly simple, general-purpose instructions. -
Visual Sudoku Solver
Visual Sudoku Solver Nikolas Pilavakis MInf Project (Part 1) Report Master of Informatics School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2020 3 Abstract In this report, the design, implementation and testing of a visual Sudoku solver app for android written in Kotlin is discussed. The produced app is capable of recog- nising a Sudoku puzzle using the phone’s camera and finding its solution(s) using a backtracking algorithm. To recognise the puzzle, multiple vision and machine learn- ing techniques were employed, using the OpenCV library. Techniques used include grayscaling, adaptive thresholding, Gaussian blur, contour edge detection and tem- plate matching. Digits are recognised using AutoML, giving promising results. The chosen methods are explained and compared to possible alternatives. Each component of the app is then evaluated separately, with a variety of methods. A very brief user evaluation was also conducted. Finally, the limitations of the implemented app are discussed and future improvements are proposed. 4 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my supervisor, professor Nigel Topham for his continuous guidance and support throughout the academic year. I would also like to thank my family and friends for the constant motivation. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 Background 9 2.1 Sudoku Background . 9 2.2 Solving the Sudoku . 10 2.3 Sudoku recognition . 12 2.4 Image processing . 13 2.4.1 Grayscale . 13 2.4.2 Thresholding . 13 2.4.3 Gaussian blur . 14 3 Design 17 3.1 Design decisions . 17 3.1.1 Development environment . 17 3.1.2 Programming language . 17 3.1.3 Solving algorithm . -
ACM Bytecast Don Knuth - Episode 2 Transcript
ACM Bytecast Don Knuth - Episode 2 Transcript Rashmi: This is ACM Bytecast. The podcast series from the Association for Computing Machinery, the world's largest educational and scientific computing society. We talk to researchers, practitioners, and innovators who are at the intersection of computing research and practice. They share their experiences, the lessons they've learned, and their own visions for the future of computing. I am your host, Rashmi Mohan. Rashmi: If you've been a student of computer science in the last 50 years, chances are you are very familiar and somewhat in awe of our next guest.An author, a teacher, computer scientist, and a mentor, Donald Connote wears many hats. Don, welcome to ACM Bytecast. Don: Hi. Rashmi: I'd like to lead with a simple question that I ask all my guests. If you could please introduce yourself and talk about what you currently do and also give us some insight into what drew you into this field of work. Don: Okay. So I guess the main thing about me is that I'm 82 years old, so I'm a bit older than a lot of the other people you'll be interviewing. But even so, I was pretty young when computers first came out. I saw my first computer in 1956 when I was 18 years old. So although people think I'm an old timer, really, there were lots of other people way older than me. Now, as far as my career is concerned, I always wanted to be a teacher. When I was in first grade, I wanted to be a first grade teacher. -
Rewriting the Bible in 0?
Technology Review - Rewriting the Bible in 0’s and 1’s Home Search Login Register My Profile Site Map Channels Infotech Biotech Nanotech Extra Rewriting the Bible in 0’s and 1’s September/October 1999 Inside By Steve Ditlea Magazine Forums Since the 1960s, Donald Knuth has been writing the sacred text of Newsletter computer programming. He’s a little behind schedule, but he has an excuse: he took time out to reinvent digitial typography. Scorecards Special Events Panel Series Nominate the When you write about Donald Next TR100! Knuth, it’s natural to sound scriptural. For nearly 40 years, the now-retired Stanford University professor has been writing the gospel of computer science, an epic Enter your email to called The Art of Computer receive our weekly Programming. The first three newsletter. volumes already constitute the Good Book for advanced software devotees, selling a million copies around the world in a dozen languages. His approach to code permeates the software culture. And lo, interrupting his calling for nine years, Donald Knuth wandered the wilderness of computer typography, creating a program that has become the Word in digital typesetting for scientific publishing. He called his software TeX, and offered it to all believers, rejecting the attempt by one tribe (Xerox) to assert ownership over its mathematical formulas. “Mathematics belongs to God,” he declared. But Knuth’s God is not above tricks on the faithful. In his TeX guide, The TeXbook, he writes that it “doesn’t always tell the truth” because the “technique of deliberate lying will actually make it easier for you to learn the ideas.” Now intent on completing his scriptures, the 61-year-old Knuth (ka- NOOTH) leads what he calls a hermit-like existence (with his wife) in the hills surrounding the university, having taken early retirement from teaching.