DOCSLIB.ORG

CROSS-BORDER TRADE on the ISLAND of IRELAND in the WAKE of BREXIT Logan Herr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CROSS-BORDER TRADE on the ISLAND of IRELAND in the WAKE of BREXIT Logan Herr View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lehigh University: Lehigh Preserve Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Volume 36 - The nitU ed Kingdom On The rB ink Of Perspectives on Business and Economics Brexit (2018) 2018 Cross-Border Trade On The slI and Of Ireland In The akW e Of Brexit Logan Herr Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v36 Recommended Citation Herr, Logan, "Cross-Border Trade On The slI and Of Ireland In The akW e Of Brexit" (2018). Volume 36 - The United Kingdom On The Brink Of Brexit (2018). 5. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v36/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Perspectives on Business and Economics at Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Volume 36 - The nitU ed Kingdom On The rB ink Of Brexit (2018) by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Perspectives on Business and Economics, Vol. 36, 2018 CROSS-BORDER TRADE ON THE ISLAND OF IRELAND IN THE WAKE OF BREXIT Logan Herr Cross-border trade is the cornerstone of the Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland economic relationship and a primary driver of Brexit discussions, which threaten the integrated and currently invisible seams of the border. The UK has simultaneously committed to maintaining frictionless trade and to no hard border post-Brexit. This article analyzes the UK’s proposed solutions for the Irish border as well as the potential impact of these new systems on the economics of cross-border trade on the island of Ireland. Introduction units in the north. Each month, roughly 385,000 trucks and vans and 1,850,000 cars Uncertainty presides over the future of cross that border. Additionally, around 35,000 cross-border trade on the island of Ireland in people cross daily because they live and work the wake of the quickly approaching March on opposite sides. One particular east-west 2019 Brexit date. At the time of writing this road between the towns of Clones and Cavan article, the UK is committed to leaving the traverses the border four times within six customs union and single market of the EU, miles. Unravelling ties as tightly intertwined as thereby forcibly erecting a customs border these amplifies the challenges Brexit presents that will need to be managed in the future. for the border (McCann and McSorley). A focused examination of the UK’s proposed In this article I first lay out the history of resolutions for the Irish border post-Brexit the border and then explore the border’s role provides clarity into the future of cross-border at the center of Brexit negotiations and the trade and its economic impacts. British position on the border’s future status. Spanning the province of Ulster, the I then focus on economic aspects, complete border between Northern Ireland (NI) and with a snapshot of current trade between NI the Republic of Ireland (ROI) divides rivers, and the ROI. Finally, I critically analyze, derive bridges, towns, and even the occasional the economic impacts of, and develop points farmhouse. Despite a troublesome and violent for consideration on the proposed solutions history, the 310-mile frontier today is nearly from the UK government for the Irish border invisible. One of the only detectable differences post-Brexit. Shifting away from a frictionless during a crossing is the change in speed limit free trade border will have heavy consequences signs from metric units in the south to imperial at the local island level on the two integrated 76 economies. Through highlighting the key role in a disruptive trade war (Hayward). pitfalls of the UK’s imaginative plans, it is evident that nothing can compare to openness Anglo-Irish Trade War and cooperation in driving seamless trade relations. In the early years after partition, the Irish Free State and the UK (including NI) History of the Irish Border were closely tied through trade. The Irish Free State was greatly dependent on UK coal Partition coming across the Irish Sea while nearly 90% of all agricultural products, the largest As a result of the Irish War of sector of the Irish economy, was exported to Independence, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was the UK. After a series of financial disputes in signed in 1921. It established the Irish Free 1932, the UK instituted a hefty 20% import State while partitioning 6 of the 9 counties duty on all goods coming from Ireland as of Ulster in the majority Protestant and well as quotas on Irish livestock. Retaliating, pro-British northern region of the island. the Irish Free State imposed import duties This northern territory, just one-sixth of on coal, steel, iron, cement, electrical goods, the landmass of the island, became NI and machinery, and other top British exports (“The remained a member of the UK. The partitioning Economic War…”). This period offers insight kept majority Protestant unionist counties into an uncertain future where import duties within NI, while majority Catholic nationalist and trade boundaries may be established once counties became part of the Irish Free State again. (later becoming the Republic of Ireland in After 6 years of this economic tug of 1949). Despite establishing independence, Dr. war, known as the Anglo-Irish Trade War, Katy Hayward, a sociology researcher from severe impacts rippled across these nations, Queen’s University Belfast who specializes in underpinned at the same time by the global studying international borders, describes how economic depression. The biggest scars were the new Irish border was drawn with British left on the island of Ireland. The economy of contempt: the Irish Free State nearly collapsed with its The colonial high-handedness with economic lifeblood, the cattle industry, down which the border was carved is reflected 35% in exports and many farmers going in its route, which cuts through bankrupt. Unemployment rose over 475% single farm holdings and shows little from 1931 to 1935 while, simultaneously, Irish respect for the natural terrain of the emigration increased to more economically landscape. For the largely rural and sustainable shores, including Australia, impoverished borderlands, there were Canada, the United States, and England. particularly dire consequences from The overall cost to the Irish Free State from severing the close social, economic the trade war was about £48,000,000, an and kinship ties that ran across what amount worth roughly £3 billion today (“The had previously been merely a county Economic War…”). NI, a region dependent boundary. on cross-border trade, struggled to find new The Common Travel Area was created in markets, and many industries were hit hard 1923, shortly after partition, to allow citizens by the duties imposed at the border. Mainland of the Irish Free State, NI, and mainland Britain suffered least in comparison but still Britain to travel throughout and between lost 22% in its share of the Irish Free State the island nations without identification or market and faced shortages of agriculture documentation. This significantly eased the products traditionally acquired from the Irish burden of separation on people living on either Free State. A treaty ended the trade war in side. In its early stages, the border’s customs 1938, although the adverse effects echoed in checkpoints managed a limited variety of basic the region much longer. One lasting impact, goods, including some manufactured products. smuggling, has become an integral part of A short decade later, the border played a pivotal Irish culture (“The Economic War…”). 77 A Culture of Smuggling businesses began cooperating across the border and trade become more fluid (McCann Smuggling became a day-to-day and McSorley). opportunity not just for organized crime A Guardian journalist, Sean O’Hagan, groups funding violent activities but also for journeyed in Spring 2017 along the Irish families to make ends meet and avoid the border, documenting the sentiment of the effects of duties and fines on small family people living in the borderlands on issues of the budgets. This phenomenon was amplified in border post-Brexit. His discoveries exemplify the borderlands, where even children were sent the threat a hardened border would have on off by their parents to smuggle butter, bacon, the foundations of peace gained through the bread, or eggs across the border (“Living Good Friday Agreement: with...”). Duties on products coming from one If one were to imagine a worst-case side meant cheaper prices on the other, and post-Brexit scenario for Northern smuggling itself became an accepted norm, Ireland, it would involve the border carrying with it an air of rebellious glamor and becoming once again a focus for humanitarian vindication, where the culture paramilitary aggression. Dissident welcomed innovative methods of subverting republican groups remain sporadically the border (O’Leary). active in Northern Ireland. They are Smuggling significantly waned after the relatively few and have little support joint accession of the UK and the ROI to the among the nationalist population of European Economic Community (EEC) in the north of Ireland, but it is worth 1973. This established access into the EEC remembering that the Provisional customs union and standardized policies IRA occupied a similar position on the and tariffs on goods, which greatly reduced margins at the start of the Troubles. trade barriers and furthered the openness of O’Hagan’s travels unearthed a heavy border relations. Looking forward, a post- sentiment against a return to the border posts Brexit withdrawal from the customs union of the past. There is a lot at stake. Thanks and a potential return to a hardened border, to the combined effects of the Good Friday including tariffs and customs checkpoints, Agreement and membership in the EU for could bring criminal and cultural smuggling both the UK and the ROI, cross-border trade is back to the forefront (Hayward).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Tanzania and Her Neighbors Implications for Food Security
    SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Tanzania and Her Neighbors Implications for Food Security C. Ackello-Ogutu P. N. Echessah TechnoServe Inc. Technical Paper No. 89 September 1998 This publication is part of the Regional Trade Agenda Series USAID / Africa Bureau Office of Sustainable Development Productive Sector Growth and Environment Division Food Security and Productivity Unit and Regional Economic Development Support Office Eastern and Southern Africa, Office of Agriculture and Natural Resources Activity Title Regional Trade and Comparative Advantage in Eastern and Southern Africa: Implications for Food Security The series includes the following publications: n TradeNet: User’s Guide to InterMail n Comparative Analysis of Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programs in East Africa: With Emphasis on Trade Policies n Comparative Analysis of Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programs in East Africa: With Emphasis on Trade Policies—ANNEX n Comparative Transportation Cost Analysis in East Africa: Executive Summary n Comparative Transportation Cost Analysis in East Africa: Final Report n Comparative Analysis of Structural Adjustment Policies in Southern Africa: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade n Comparative Cost of Production Analysis in East Africa: Implications for Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage n Methodologies for Estimating Informal Cross-Border Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa n Reported Trade in East and Southern Africa:
    [Show full text]
  • Shopping for Christmas 2016: Retail Prospects
    Shopping for Christmas 2016: Retail Prospects ~ A Research Report for VoucherCodes.co.uk, part of RetailMeNot Report Prepared by Centre for Retail Research Limited, Nottingham September 2016 Research Report Shopping for Christmas 2016 Shopping for Christmas 2016: Retail Prospects ~ A Research Report for VoucherCodes.co.uk, part of RetailMeNot Executive Brief Report. This independent report into the prospects for Holiday or Christmas shopping in 2016 has been commissioned by RetailMeNot, the world’s leading marketplace of digital offers, and carried out by the Centre for Retail Research based in Nottingham, England. Spending on shopping by consumers in the final weeks before Christmas is vital to most retailers’ profitability and many achieve 20% or more of their annual sales in this period. This is only so because, irrespective of background, the Holiday festivities, including celebrations and gift-giving, are an important and traditional part of social and family life. Shopping for Christmas 2016, considers the Holiday/Christmas prospects for retailers and consumers in nine important countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, UK, the U.S.A. and Canada. Their combined populations are 699.2 million. We estimate that Christmas spending this year will be: £280.991 bn (€323.895 bn) in Europe; £492.246 bn ($635.96 bn) in the U.S.; and £38.470 bn ($49.84 bn) in Canada. The 2016 report has taken account of major shifts in exchange rates and both the 2015 and the 2016 figures are based on current rates of exchange. This is to ensure that changes given in the report reflect only changes in the retail sector, and not currency movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Bode, Eckhardt; Krieger-Boden, Christiane; Lammers, Konrad Research Report — Digitized Version Cross-border activities, taxation and the European single market Kieler Sonderpublikationen Provided in Cooperation with: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) Suggested Citation: Bode, Eckhardt; Krieger-Boden, Christiane; Lammers, Konrad (1994) : Cross-border activities, taxation and the European single market, Kieler Sonderpublikationen, ISBN 3-89456-075-4, Institut für Weltwirtschaft (IfW), Kiel This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/799 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the U.S./Canada Customs Clearance Process Understanding the U.S./Canada Customs Clearance Process
    Understanding the U.S./Canada Customs Clearance Process Understanding the U.S./Canada Customs Clearance Process Introduction One day in late 2012, vehicles attempting to enter Import requirements are also determined by which the United States via the Ambassador Bridge, which Canadian province is the shipment’s end destination. connects Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, were Each of Canada’s 10 provinces maintains its own tax faced with unexpected delays and electronic warnings to requirements, and several have very strict marketing avoid the bridge altogether. The reason? Canada Border and labeling codes (in addition to federal marketing and Services Agency (CBSA) agents on the Ontario side of labeling requirements). In Quebec, for example, which the bridge, North America’s busiest border crossing, lists French as its primary language, explicit mandates were staging a work slowdown as a way to express are imposed for the use of French on all packaging, displeasure over a new requirement to wear name tags signage, instruction materials, and advertisements. while on duty. People are often surprised at the complexity of the U.S./ Although the job action lasted for less than a day, and Canada trade process and underestimate the resources is certainly not an everyday occurrence, it is indicative necessary to ensure full compliance. Many businesses of the many factors at play in the world of cross-border mistakenly assume that given the closeness of the two trade. Whether you are bringing products into the U.S. nations—shared border, shared language, common from Canada or sending shipments to your Canadian values—that cross-border shipments must be a breeze.
    [Show full text]
  • Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States
    The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States Updated April 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33105 SUMMARY RL33105 The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and April 16, 2021 Relations with the United States Derek E. Mix Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United Specialist in European States’ closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, Affairs including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues. The UK’s January 2020 withdrawal from the European Union (EU), often referred to as Brexit, is likely to change its international role and outlook in ways that affect U.S.-UK relations. Conservative Party Leads UK Government The government of the UK is led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party. Brexit has dominated UK domestic politics since the 2016 referendum on whether to leave the EU. In an early election held in December 2019—called in order to break a political deadlock over how and when the UK would exit the EU—the Conservative Party secured a sizeable parliamentary majority, winning 365 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. The election results paved the way for Parliament’s approval of a withdrawal agreement negotiated between Johnson’s government and the EU. UK Is Out of the EU, Concludes Trade and Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 2020, the UK’s 47-year EU membership came to an end.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Border Management to Facilitate Trade in SPECA: Challenges and Prospects
    Improving Border Management to Facilitate Trade in SPECA: Challenges and Prospects Improving Border Management to Facilitate Trade in SPECA: Challenges and Prospects 2 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Improving Border Management to Facilitate Trade in SPECA: Challenges and Prospects UNITED NATIONS 2010 Improving Border Management to Facilitate Trade in SPECA: Challenges and Prospects United Nations publication Copyright © United Nations 2009 All rights reserved Manufactured in Thailand ST/ESCAP/ 2574 For further information on this publication, please contact: Mr. Ravi Ratnayake Director Trade and Investment Division Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Building Rajadamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] All material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is required, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. The use of this publication for any commercial purpose, including resale, is prohibited unless permission is first obtained from the Trade and Investment Division, ESCAP, Bangkok. Requests for permission should state the purpose and the extent of reproduction. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in the study are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. PREFACE An efficient and secured border management is vital for conducting cross-border trade in a smooth and cost-effective way. This is particularly true for the landlocked developing countries which are far away from seaports. Their traded goods usually need to cross a number of land borders before reaching seaports.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Quality, Cross-Border Connectivity, and Trade Costs
    ADBI Working Paper Series INFRASTRUCTURE QUALITY, CROSS-BORDER CONNECTIVITY, AND TRADE COSTS Elvira Kurmanalieva No. 1208 December 2020 Asian Development Bank Institute Elvira Kurmanalieva is a leading expert at the Eurasian Development Bank. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. The views that this paper expresses are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Eurasian Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the governments that they represent. The author would like to express thanks to Hozumi Morohosi for providing advice and helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. Suggested citation: Kurmanalieva, E. 2020. Infrastructure Quality, Cross-Border Connectivity, and Trade Costs. ADBI Working Paper 1208. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/infrastructure-quality-cross-border-connectivity-trade-costs Please contact the authors for information about this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism and International Trade in France, 2014-16 Volker Nitsch, Isabelle Rabaud
    Under Attack: Terrorism and International Trade in France, 2014-16 Volker Nitsch, Isabelle Rabaud To cite this version: Volker Nitsch, Isabelle Rabaud. Under Attack: Terrorism and International Trade in France, 2014-16. 2019. hal-02411649 HAL Id: hal-02411649 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02411649 Preprint submitted on 15 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Document de Recherche du Laboratoire d’Économie d’Orléans Working Paper Series, Economic Research Department of the University of Orléans (LEO), France DR LEO 2019-12 Under Attack: Terrorism and International Trade in France, 2014-16 Volker NITSCH Isabelle RABAUD Mise en ligne / Online : 05/12/2019 Laboratoire d’Économie d’Orléans Collegium DEG Rue de Blois - BP 26739 45067 Orléans Cedex 2 Tél. : (33) (0)2 38 41 70 37 e-mail : [email protected] www.leo-univ-orleans.fr/ November 24, 2019 Under Attack: Terrorism and International Trade in France, 2014-16* Volker Nitsch Isabelle Rabaud Technische Universität Darmstadt Univ. Orléans, CNRS, LEO Abstract Terrorist events typically vary along many dimensions, making it difficult to identify their economic effects. This paper analyzes the impact of terrorism on international trade by examining a series of three large-scale terrorist incidents in France over the period from January 2015 to July 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Realities of Trade After Brexit
    The realities of trade after Brexit A new perspective from Baker McKenzie As companies consider their strategies for life in a post-Brexit world, there remains great uncertainty about the UK’s future trading relationship with the European Union. In this report, Baker McKenzie goes behind the headlines to uncover what the impact of ‘hard Brexit’ would be in four sectors that are key to UK manufacturing and to our clients: the automotive, technology, healthcare and consumer goods industries. For the purposes of this study, a hard Brexit is one in which the UK leaves the EU customs union and bilateral tariffs revert to WTO ‘Most Favoured Nation’ levels for all UK-EU trade in goods. This would be a ‘worst case’ scenario, which the UK is seeking to avoid, however, this model allows us to draw the strongest possible contrast between continued membership of the Single Market and each of the various ‘options’ posited for post-Brexit Britain. It is important to note that this research is limited to the above hard Brexit scenario and does not account for currency fluctuations, trade agreements with the EU or third countries, or any other measures such as state aid that could offset the potential losses associated with exiting the Single Market. Our findings shed new light on the real costs of Brexit, in both monetary and human terms, and uncover details about the level of dependency that exists between the EU and the UK. We also explore some overlooked but crucial issues for the business community, including the impact that non-tariff barriers will have on post-Brexit Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Modele Rapport
    REPORT NOVEMBER 2020 Interim report and outlook on the implementation of the minimum threshold of 70% of interconnection capacity for cross-border trade at the French borders INTERIM REPORT AND OUTLOOK ON THE 70% REQUIREMENT AT THE FRENCH BORDERS November 2020 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1. CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 70% REQUIREMENT AT THE FRENCH BORDERS ................. 4 1.1 THE IME REGULATION INTRODUCED THE 70% REQUIREMENT THAT MUST BE ENFORCED BY NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 CRE GRANTED THREE DEROGATIONS TO RTE IN 2020 ........................................................................................ 4 2. ASSESSMENT ON THE FRENCH BORDERS FOR THE FIRST HALF OF 2020 ................................................ 5 2.1 MONITORING OF MARGINS ON THE FRENCH NETWORK LINES CONSIDERED IN THE INTERCONNECTION CAPACITY CALCULATION ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE SHARE OF TIME STEPS IN WHICH ENSURING THE 70% IS RELEVANT ........ 6 2.3 PERCENTAGE OF TIME STEPS DURING WHICH RTE HAS REACHED THE REQUIRED CAPACITY LEVELS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE IME REGULATION .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Trade in the European Single Market
    The Geography of Trade in the European Single Market Shawn W. Tan∗ The World Bank Draft (October 2016) Abstract This paper uses a unique dataset of freight shipments between 270 regions in 28 countries of the European Single Market to examine how trade responds to spatial frictions. We find that aggregate trade falls rapidly over short distances as distance to destination increases. The sharp reduction in trade is driven by the fall in the extensive margins – the total and average number of shipments. And less so by the intensive margins: average value and average price reduce gradually, and average quantity does not change as distance increases. Border effects are present and affect aggregate trade largely through the extensive margins. We show that trade in intermediate inputs and the co-location of firms can explain why trade reduces rapidly at such short distances. We find that when the industrial demand of a sector at the destination is higher, the regions are more likely to trade with each other. JEL Classification: F10, F15, R10, R12, R40. Keywords: Distance, border effects, intermediate inputs, firm co-location, European Union. ∗Shawn Tan is an economist in the Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice at the World Bank and can be contacted at swtan [at] worldbank.org. He thanks Jelena Kmezic for her research assistance. 1 1 Introduction Trade should move freely within the European Single Market (ESM), unimpeded by tariffs and trade barriers. Yet, internal trade flows are still impeded by spatial frictions. These spatial frictions associated with distance and borders can exert a force on trade flows and reduce the flows between countries in Europe, and between the regions in each country.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Traffic in the Jutland Corridor
    Cross-border Traffc in the Jutland Corridor Strategic Analysis Report nr. 586 - 2018 Cross-border Traffc in the Jutland Corridor Strategic Analysis Report nr. 586 - 2018 Date: April 2018 Number printed: 50 Print: Vejdirektoratet ISBN (NET): 978-87-93436-95-4 ISBN: 978-87-93436-94-7 Copyright: Vejdirektoratet, 2018 Table of contents Background 4 Previous analyses 4 The present analysis of the Jutland Corridor 4 1 Summary 7 1.1 Main conclusions 7 1.2 Elaboration of the results 8 1.3 Constraints in the model calculations 11 2 Traffc situation in the Jutland Corridor 12 2.1 Jutland Corridor 12 2.2 Traffc today 12 2.3 Future traffc 15 2.4 Cross-border traffc 18 2.5 Truck traffc across the border 22 2.6 Summer holiday traffc 23 3 The scenarios examined 26 3.1 Alignment 26 3.2 Western scenarios 27 3.3 Eastern scenarios 28 4 Traffc impact of an 30 extension 30 4.1 Basis and assumptions 30 4.2 Scenarios 31 4.3 Traffc calculations for the basic scenario 2030 32 4.4 Traffc calculations for scenario 1 34 4.5 Traffc calculations for scenario 2 38 4.6 Traffc calculations for scenario 3 42 4.7 Traffc calculations for scenario 4 46 5 Time gains 49 5.1 Travel time savings 49 5.2 Travel time gains 50 5.3 Access to workplaces 54 Background Background At the request of the Danish Ministry of Transport, Buil- On this basis, it was decided at the end of 2016 to initi- ding and Housing, the Danish Road Directorate has con- ate two detailed analyses of a Central Jutland motorway.
    [Show full text]