Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Swimming
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Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Swimming EDITED BY Joel M. Stager PhD and David A. Tanner PhD Department of Kinesiology Indiana University Bloomington, IN USA Second Edition Blac kwel I Science Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Swimming IOC Medical Commission Sub-Commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator) Boston, Massachusetts, USA Harm Kuipers MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands Per A.F.H. Renstrom MD, PhD Stockholm, Sweden Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Swimming EDITED BY Joel M. Stager PhD and David A. Tanner PhD Department of Kinesiology Indiana University Bloomington, IN USA Second Edition Blac kwel I Science 0 1991 Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd @ 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing Company Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Authors to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1991 Second edition 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Swimming / edited by Joel M. Stager and David A. Tanner.-2nd ed. p. cm.-(Handbook of sports medicine and science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-05914-1 1. Swimming-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Stager,Joel McCormick. 11. Tanner, David A. 111. Series. RC1220S8S937 2004 613.7’16-dc22 2004008705 ISBN 0-632-05914-1 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 8.75/12pt Stone Serif by TechBooks, New Delhi, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd Commissioning Editor: Andrew Robinson Production Editor: Nick Morgan Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwelIpublishing.com The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Contents List of contributors, vi 4 The mechanics of swimming, 51 Barry S. Bixler Foreword by the IOC, vii 5 Resistance and propulsion, 59 Foreword by FINA, viii Barry S. Bixler Preface, ix 6 Psychology, 102 John S. Raglin and Brendon S. Hale 1 Energy systems, 1 Joel M. Stager and Michael A. Coyle 7 Medical issues related to swimming, 115 David F. Gerrard 2 Central adaptations: heart, blood, and lung, 20 8 Training and testing of competitive Joel M. Stager swimmers, 128 David B. Pyne and WayneM. Goldsmith 3 Peripheral adaptations: the skeletal muscles, 35 Index, 145 Joel M. Stager V List of Contributors Barry S. Bixler David B. Pyne PhD Principal Engineer, Honeywell Engines and Systems, Physiologist, Department of Physiology, Australian 3145 W. Tyson Place, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia Michael A. Coyle PhD Vice President, Clinical Development, Pharmaceutical John S. Raglin PhD Division, VivoMetrics, 100 Overlook Center, Princeton, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. NJ 08540, USA 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7109, USA David F. Gerrard MD Joel M. Stager PhD Associate Professor, Academic Convenor-Sports Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. Medicine, and Associate Dean-Student Affairs, 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7109, USA University of Otago, Dunedin School of Medicine, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand David A. Tanner PhD Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. Wayne M. Goldsmith 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7109, USA Moregold Sports Pty. Ltd, PO Box 112, Charnwood, ACT 2615, Australia Brendon S. Hale MS Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7109, USA vi Foreword by the IOC The athlete’s health has always been a priority for the of a great deal of sports-medicine research. This re- International Olympic Committee. I therefore wel- search, both biomechanical and biophysiological, has come the initiative by the IOC Medical Commission, brought about an improvement in athletes’ condi- with Blackwell Publishing, to republish, after 12years, tions and training equipment and, consequently, their the Swimminghandbook. performances. An Olympic sport since the first Games of the I am convinced that this book will be a useful refer- modern era in 1896, swimming has always aroused ence tool for sports doctors as well as the medical and great interest among both the public and the medical- paramedical entourage of any athlete. Let us thank the scientific community. authors for this! Through the diversity of its disciplines, and espe- cially because it is practised in an unnatural environ- Jacques Rogge ment for man, swimming has always been the subject IOC President vii Foreword by FlNA On behalf of the Fkdkration lnternationale de Nata- We are also proud of counting with the FINA Sports tion (FINA), it is my pleasure to introduce you to Medicine Committee that has the duty of providing the second edition of Swimming, an IOC Handbook medical and sport science expertise and gives recom- of Sports Medicine and Science, which is mainly de- mendations regarding health conditions in the prac- voted to the physical, biomechanical, psychological; tice of our sports. The professors, doctors and other medical and training problems in competitive swim- specialists of this Committee are continuously search- ming. As world governing body for the disciplines of ing for new ideas and suggestions on how to improve swimming, diving, water polo, synchronised swim- and develop the medical aspects of our aquatic disci- mingand open water swimming, FINA is obviously in- plines. terested in the widest possible transmission of knowl- This Handbook, edited by the IOC, is a precious tool edge to our athletes, coaches, physicians and officials to help our members in the prosecution of their activ- involved in our sport. ities, as our main goal is to be useful to the aquatic As one of FINA's goals is to disseminate and accel- community formed by our 187 Member National Fed- erate the participation of young competitors in our erations. That is why I especially salute the editors and disciplines, it is of relevant importance to detect, cor- contributors who devoted their time and effort to the rect and prevent the health or injury problems that are elaboration of this publication. inevitably associated with the practice of any physical activity. The engagement in this area led to the cre- Mustapha Larfaoui ation of a FINA WorldSportsMedicine Congress, held ev- FINA President ery two years, and to which are invited scientific and clinical experts with an interest in the field of medicine applied to aquatic sports. viii Preface At a recent coaching convention, one of the keynote Our association with Doc Counsilman goes back speakers concluded that nothing particularly inno- over 35 years and we both admit to have been greatly vative has happened within competitive swimming influenced by his lifelong passion for swimming. Doc in the last 25 years. The speaker presented evidence often lectured about the “Three C’s of Learning: Cu- that illustrated his point and cited swim goggles, lane riosity, Confusion, and Comprehension.” Learning lines, interval training, touch pads, pace clocks, and begins with curiosity as to why we do something or age group swimming as important innovations that how thisor that works. Confusion follows when things acted to transform competitive swimming in the 1950s don’t make sense or the rationale behind a practice is through the 1970s. It is our hope that while this argu- found faulty. Comprehension results from repeated ment might be seen by some to be valid, the topics observations and the testing of hypotheses. Over the presented within this handbook will be cause for this course of time, by asking questions and challenging conclusion to be challenged. the status quo, advances in knowledge are attained. To The truth is that the world of competitive sports is paraphrase from Robert Persig, “Scientific truth is not far from static and is constantly changing. It should be dogma, good for eternity, but a temporal quantitative obvious that significant change has resulted from re- entity. the time spans of scientific truths are an in- cent advances in science and technology. The history verse function of the intensity of scientific effort. The of our sport over the course of the past 100 years of or- more you look, the more you see.” Doc Counsilman ganizedcompetitive swimming is essentially a descrip- was most proud of his ability toquestion, see, and then tion of the athletes, their coaches, and their collective implement new things that would directly affect how accomplishments. In the next decade, however, the fast swimmers swim. history of swimming will be defined by advances in This is an “up-front” acknowledgment that the technology, spearheaded by scientific innovators. Handbook of Swimming is not intended for the begin- In the past year, the world lost two men devoted ner swimmer. Rather, it is for the serious student of to innovation and science in swimming. Allen B. the sport, onewith thecuriosityand themotivation to Richardson, MD, coauthor of the first edition of this delve into the fine details. Some of this material is very handbook, passed away in September 2003. Then in complicated, especially the two chapters pertaining to January 2004 we lost our mentor and friend, James E.