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Assessment of Visual Function Amongst Motor Vehicle Drivers in Maseru, Lesotho

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Assessment of Visual Function Amongst Motor Vehicle Drivers in Maseru, Lesotho ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FUNCTION AMONGST MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS IN MASERU, LESOTHO By ZUBETA MOLEDI (217081344) Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Optometry in the School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Supervisor: Dr Diane Van Staden Resubmitted January 2021 DECLARATION I, Mrs Zubeta Moledi, declare that: The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, and is my original work. This dissertation has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Signed___________________ Date____________ i DEDICATION The dissertation is dedicated to my Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, for all the strength when I felt like giving up. Indeed, I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength. My family: My husband (Mr Thuso Moledi) and my children (Tumelo, Mokhethoa and Hlalefo Moledi). Thank you for your constant support and motivation throughout this journey. Ke ya leboha Bataung ba batle. Victims of road traffic accidents in Lesotho: many families have lost lives and children are left with no parents due to road accidents. I pray to God that through the impact of this study, we will combat this tragedy. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the following people for their contribution to this study: 1. My supervisor, Dr Diane Van Staden for the full support, guidance and motivation from the beginning of the study until the end. 2. Mr Nyika Mtemeri (Biostatistician) for assisting with sampling strategy and statistical analysis. I am grateful for his guidance and patience. 3. Mrs Geraldine Coertze (Scientific Editor) for critically editing my thesis. Her assistance is highly appreciated. 4. The Department of Traffic in Lesotho for their assistance in obtaining information that is valuable to the study. 5. The Statistics and Road Safety departments for assisting with the relevant statistics for the study. 6. All participants for their time and their interest in the study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 CHAPTER OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ............................................................................................... 2 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF VISION IN DRIVING ............................................................................. 4 1.5 ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN .............................. 4 1.6 REGULATIONS OF VISUAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIVING ..................................... 5 1.7 BACKGROUND TO LESOTHO AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY ................................... 6 1.8 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN LESOTHO .............................................................................. 9 1.9 VISUAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIVING IN LESOTHO ................................................ 9 1.10 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 10 1.11 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 10 1.12 RESEARCH QUESTION ....................................................................................................... 10 1.13 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 11 1.13.1 AIM ................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.13.2 OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................... 11 1.14 DISSERTATION OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 11 1.15 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.16 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................. 18 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 DRIVING AND VISION .......................................................................................................... 18 2.3 TESTS OF VISUAL FUNCTION FOR DRIVING ............................................................... 20 2.3.1 VISUAL ACUITY .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 CONTRAST SENSITIVITY............................................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 VISUAL FIELDS ................................................................................................................................ 21 2.3.4 COLOUR VISION .............................................................................................................................. 22 iv 2.3.5 REFRACTIVE ERROR ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.6 AGE-RELATED OCULAR DISEASES ............................................................................................ 23 2.3.7 BINOCULAR VISION ....................................................................................................................... 27 2.4 ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM ............................ 28 2.5 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.6 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 42 3.1 TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS ........................................................................................ 42 3.1.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................. 42 3.1.2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN .......................................................................................... 42 3.1.3 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH DESIGN ...................................................................................... 42 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS.................................................................................................... 43 3.2.1.1 QUALITATIVE METHODS ...................................................................................................... 44 3.2.1.2 QUANTITATIVE METHODS ................................................................................................... 45 3.3 STUDY SETTING ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.4 PARTICIPANT SELECTION ................................................................................................. 52 3.4.1 SAMPLING STRATEGY ................................................................................................................... 52 3.4.2 INCLUSION CRITERIA .................................................................................................................... 52 3.4.3 EXCLUSION CRITERIA ................................................................................................................... 52 3.5 SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION ........................................................................................... 52 3.6 DATA MANAGEMENT .........................................................................................................
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