The Hospital\ February 15, 1896. Extra Supplement. ** Wht lljosjntal** iXuvsmcj Mivvov* Being the Extra Nursing Supplement of "The Hospital" Newspaper.

for this should be addressed to the Editor, The and should have the word [Contributions Supplement " Hospital, 428, Strand, London, W.O., " Nursing plainly written in left-hand top corner of the envelope.]

flews from the IRursfng

INCURABLE CASES AT WESTMINSTER. house masters, Guardians, and patients. The demand for the association nurses is an The inursing of chronic and incurable patients is ever-increasing one, but lack of funds limits the and subscriptions apt to be considered as a doleful and depressing duty supply, are urgently needed for more All by those who have no experience of the work. Such an training probationers. particulars of the work can be obtained from the office, opinion cannot long be maintained by anyone entering 6, Adam Street, Strand, and donations will be the ward at Westminster Hospital which is devoted to gladly received and acknowledged by the hon. secretary, Miss this class of patients, for it is one of the brightest Wilson, 13, Barkiston Mansions, S. W. spots in the house. There are plenty of windows, and they command a view of the Abbey, St. Margaret's NURSING GUILD AT RICHMOND. Church, the Houses of Parliament, and, by no means The annual meeting of the St. John Ambulance the least attraction to the patients, a pleasant pros- Nursing Guild at Richmond took place last week. It pect of the street life, with its constant traffic, from was held at the house of the president, the Hon. Miss which infirmity has cut them off. The ward is fresh Brodrick, and there was a large attendance, the chair and bright, and, strange to say, so are the patients. being taken by Colonel Sparks. A trained district Always helpless, and often suffering, as some of them nurse is employed by the guild, and she is assisted by are, they seem cheerful and comfortable. The secret the lady associates, who visit the sick and distribute of their contentment lies not only in the patient nursing gifts, and make loans of nursing appliances. In the and skilled care to afflicted but in given poor bodies, course of last year 234 sick persons received 4,284 the and varied pleasant occupations provided. With visits. The visits paid in 1894 were reported as 2,500; these women and dress undisguised pride girls dolls by the work of the guild,therefore, appears to be increasing the dozen in the a winter, and when sufficient number very rapidly, and receives the countenance and support have been made ready for the patients at Westminster of the local medical men. they then busy themselves with the preparation of GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION OF GOOD NURSES. equally pretty gifts for children elsewhere. The dolls are charming, and so are their dainty little garments, The nursing staff at the Government Civil Hospital, but there is a deeper attraction about these offerings Hong Kong, were agreeably surprised on Christmas made by the incurables for those poorer than them- morning by the receipt of a most beautiful tea and selves. Excellent pinafores for their own wear are coffee service. This presentation was made by made in this Westminster ward by the girls, and many Government, and was accompanied by a letter which other useful things. Just now, to give a change of stated that the services rendered by the Sisters last year occupation, the matron, to whom so much of their during the plague visitation at Hong Kong had been happiness is due, has introduced knitting for the Deep brought to the nptice of the Secretary of State. This Sea Fishermen, and it is pleasant to see delicate (and, handsome gift is therefore a public recognition of the alas! often distorted) fingers busy with the warm aid then rendered by them. The various pieces are gloves and vests which will be gratefully accepted by beautifully chased, and the stand has a shield on either the active toilers in the North Sea. side, one beating an inscription stating the pre- sentation was made by Government, and the other WORKHOUSE INFIRMARY NURSING engraved with the names of the Sisters, the majority ASSOCIATION: of whom were trained at the London Hospital: Miss The Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association C. Eastmond (matron), E. G. Ireland, C. Mcintosh, of the inserts in its latest annual report a resolution E. F. Heggin, A. Brookes, C. Walker, E. M. Palmer, that executive committee of so reasonable a character A. Penruddocke, S. E. Barker. Previous to this it ought nowhere to meet with opposition. It runs as official the nursing staff received from " presentation, follows: That in view of the very considerable the residents at Hong Kong a handsome silver centre- foi expense incurred by the committee in training nurses, piece for the dinner-table, and medals themselves, Boards of Guardians are to the services to the expected to subscribe as a testimony of valuable community funds of the of one association in the proportion at a time of extreme peril. guinea per nurse's filled the annually place kept by QUEEN'S NURSES AT TUNBRIDGE. association." The provision of trained nurses for The attendance at the annual meeting of the workhouse infirmaries is the object for which the asso- Tunbridge Wells District Nursing Association showed ciation was first established in 1879. It arranges and the widespread interest taken in its work. The pays for the training of probationers, and provides for chairman spoke in high terms of the valuable advice systematic visiting of nurses in country workhouses. and assistance received from the Jubilee This is much valued workers, Queen's friendly supervision by with which the association is it is Institute, affiliated. who are often very much isolated, and Reference was also made to the excellent rule which pleasant to read of the cordial recognition of their for the duties of the nurses on work which is reported to the association by work- provides being carried clxviii THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Feb. 15, 1896. under medical control. Three nurses reside in the the past and present, explaining that 70 per cent, of Home which was provided for them last year, and the the births amongst the working classes took place in Queen's Inspector has given a favourable report of the absence of a medical man. the their work and of the condition of Home. IRISH DISTRESSED LADIES' FUND.

A GENEROUS GIFT. The work of the society which bears the title of Irish Distressed Ladies' Fund is more varied than A most opportune gift of ?3,000 has been made by its name Not does it to Mrs. 0. E. Lees for the erection of a Home for the implies. only give pensions the infirm and and grants to relieve Oldham district nurses, who sadly need proper aged, urgent and but it of headquarters. Their services are highly valued in suffering distress, helps gentlewomen reduced means to of their needlework, and it Oldham. Many whom they have successfully nursed dispose secures education for the Two have been will be glad to learn that the erection of a comfortable young. girls trained as technical teachers in permanent establishment will soon be proceeded with. cookery, laundry-work, and dressmaking, and both have obtained diplomas LAUNDRESS OR NURSE. and subsequent engagements. This most practical The Congleton Guardians have been advised by education is certainly not the least useful part of the a the Local Government Board Inspector to appoint work of a society of which Her Majesty the Queen is second nurse, as he considered that there was too much patron and Princess Louise president. The offices work for one, there a number of cases of being pneu- are at 17, North Audley Street. , monia in the which no one woman could wards, WREXHAM DISTRICT NURSING SOCIETY. look after and The advice possibly night day. given A tear ago the Nonconformists at Wrexham decided a by the inspector was duly considered at recent board to establish a trained district nurse in the town. The some meeting, and (according to the local press) movement was well supported, and the society, in with original views were shown to prevail at Congleton presenting its first annual report'," shows a creditable to the of an assistant nurse. It regard qualifications balance in hand. Nurse Wilson attends persons of all was decided that she seam- must combine the duties of creeds, has paid 2,000 visits to 73 patients, and her stress with those of assistant nurse, and it is stated services and instructions have been gratefully received after a short the that, discussion, Guardians agreed in all quarters. that the present laundress at the workhouse should be THE COMPANY OF PUBLIC SUCCOUR. promoted to the composite post. Of course, this woman An interesting account is given of the branch of the may be a trained nurse, although it hardly seems pro- "Military Brotherhood" at Florence known as the bable, and her qualifications are not alluded to in the Company of Public Succour, of which Queen Margaret report of the meeting. The patients, whose condition is patron. The brotherhood was organised in 1878 by caused the inspector to recommend the additional King Yictor Emanuel, and received the title of nurse, are not to receive much benefit from the " likely Fratellanza and is formed of retired intermittent services of an ex-laundress and Militare," present soldiers of character. The of Public seamstress. It is that such an good Company improbable appoint- Succour consists of 150 who ment will receive the sanction of the Local Govern- members, voluntarily bestow their services on any who require them. Aid ment Board, which holds a somewhat higher standard Committees have been and the associates of a nurse's than the established, qualifications Congleton observe attend the Bick in Guardians. military discipline. They their homes or transport them to hospitals when THE MIDWIVES BILL. required, sometimes going quite long distances in At a largeand influential meeting recentlyheld in the emergencies. They are strictly forbidden to accept a con- Hall at some details any payment for their services. As medical Co-operative Leicester, interesting " temporary says, it is sufficient to see them handle on the subject of midwives and their work were given by a patient to know that they are adapted both by nature the various It was stated that in one speakers. year and training to the work." alone six thousand women had died in childbirth in SHORT ITEMS. and the been attended England Wales, majority having A meeting has been held at Girvan to consider the women. who by ignorant Mrs. Creighton, presided, of a trained district nurse for the " question being engaged made an able speech, in which she said, the health town and neighbourhood.?Nurse Thurlow has resigned her at of the community was the concern of the community, post Yarmouth Workhouse after twenty years' service. A and the health of the wives and mothers was of the superannuation allowance is proposed for her, and it is that a trained and nurse greatest importance to all." Other speakers followed? hoped experienced will be secured for the vacancy.?Nurse Salter's ser- and it was out one of the doctors pointed by present vices appear to be highly appreciated at Ashburton, that the proposed Bill for Compulsory Registration where she holds the position of district nurse.?The of Midwives was essentially a woman's question, erection of a fever hospital at Belfast is contemplated, and one which all women should help to advance. and attention has been called to the urgent need of accommodation for the who are far Those present were unanimous in the typhoid patients, appreciating too numerous for the district nurses to undertake fact that the Bill was not a matter of doctors versus to look after them in their own homes, even if but was rather secure for the midwives, designed to such an arrangement were desirable.?At Wood- poor women of England duly trained instead of borough the guardians accompanied their consent to ignorant attendants. Marked attention was paid by the payment of an annual subscription to the local the audience to an interesting address given by Miss district nursing association with remarks on the value osa ind of the services rendered to who in cases Paget, member of the Midwives' Institute, persons many were off the rates aid.?A successful a trained ^rse. Miss kept by timely +ron^nkan?-herSelfced the Paget concert was given at Redditch for the benefit of the history of midwives and their position in Nursing Association. Feb. 15, 1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. clxix

lectures on nursing.

Br a Superintendent of Nurses.

X.?FOOD. First, by perspiration. It has been estimated that from One of the things which distinguish an animate object like two to three pounds of water are daily evaporated from the the human body from an inanimate one is, that in the former skin, and this is hardly to be wondered at when one learns there is constant wasting away of its parts, which waste has that there are no les3 than 28 miles of tubelike sweat glands to be replaced by new material, and this new material we on the surface of the human body. It is also thrown off call food. The food-stuffs are divided into two great classes, from the lungs when we breathe, and lastly, a large quantity the organic and inorganic. The organic includes proteids, is excreted by the kidneys. By means of evaporation of the fats, and carbohydrates ; the inorganic, water and mineral sweat, too, the temperature of the body is regulated. substances, and particularly salts of sodium, calcium, and To realize how important an article of diet it is, one has iron. only to recall to mind the cases of the men like Succi, who have lived or even Proteids.?The common examples of these in the animal for fifty more days without any other kingdom are white of egg and the lean of meat; while in the form of food than water. vegetable kingdom we get legumen in peas, beans, and the A person doing an ordinary amount of work would require cereals like wheat. The proteid-containing foods are broken per day of proteids, 3J oz.; of fats, 3? oz.; of carbohydrates, up Bmall in the mouth by mastication, but are not absorbed 8 oz.; of water, 80 oz.; of salts, 1 oz. But it has been until they reach the stomach, where the gastric juice, con- found that the mere presence of these food stuffs in the taining pepsin and hydrochloric acid, changes them into above quantities and proportion in a diet is not of itself peptone, a substance which is soluble and can pass into the sufficient to ensure good health. A certain proportion of the capillaries, or small blood-vessels of the stomach. Any pro- food must be fresh. It is owing to a want of appreciation of are not absorbed in the stomach are acted teids which upon this fact that so many sailors have in past time lost their the lives at sea by pancreatic juice. from scurvy, and that nowadays so many little which are Fats, supply heat, principally, but not entirely, children, if not actually losing their lives, suffer from ill- furnished by the animal kingdom, and undergo no change, health. broken in the until except being up mouth, they reach the Milk as an article of diet deserves special mention, as not duodenum (the upper of the small where the part intestine), only does it contain all the various food stuffs in the proper bile emulsifies them, separating them into the tiniest propertions, but it has antiscorbutic properties, i.e., properties and the converts them into a particles, pancreatic juice that safeguard against scurvy. substance. are then absorbed or sucked in soap-like They But in settling a diet, especially when doing so for a sick the which are vessels that the or by lacteals, convey chyle person, we must consider not merely its chemicsl composi- nutritious of the food from the intestines to the part thoracic tion, and whether or not it possesses anti-scorbutio proper- duct. This is a small one vessel that opens into of the large ties, but also whether it can he easily digested. For in- of the left Bide of the neck. veins stance, cheese and cold hard-boiled eggs, considered from a Carbohydrates are of two kinds, starches and sugars. chemical point of view, are excellent articles of diet, and, Starches are found chiefly in roots and seeds. They are indeed, for healthy individuals starting out for a day's less easily digested than sugar, because before they can be picnicking to be highly recommended, but they are hardly assimilated or absorbed by the system they have to be con- articles of diet for the sick chamber. in mouth verted into sugars. This is effected partly the by We may britfly summarise the changes that food undergoes the action of the saliva and partly in the intestines by the in its passage from the mouth to the blood-vessels which pancreatic juice. On the other hand, the sugars after having convey the nourishment to all parts of the body as follows : are absorbed into the been converted into grape sugar easily It is ground fine by the teeth and being moved about by the blood. It should be remembered that the saliva of very tongue is mixed with the saliva. The saliva not only young children does not possess the power cf converting moistens the food but mixes up with it the substance, ptyalin, them starch into sugar. Hence the importance of not giving which converts its starch into sugar. The saliva is secreted starchy goods like arrowroot or potatoes. in glands which open into the interior of the mouth, and Salts are absorbed into the blood at once, either in the discharge a liquid varying in quantity in a full-grown person mouth or Btomach through the thin walls of the capil- from 8 oz. to 24 oz. in the twenty-four hours. It consists laries. Salts of iron deserve special mention seeing that principally of water, but a small quantity of saline matter is the red corpuscles of blood contain a large percentage of iron mixed with the ptyalin. the food should not be and probably owe their oxygen-carrying powers to its It is therefore most necessary that should masticate all presence. It is to the presence of calcium that the hard parts "bolted," but that people thoroughly the food is of the body, such as the bones and the teeth, owe their proper- they eat. On reaching the stomach thoroughly has of its ties. Mothers therefore should see that their children have mixed with the gastric juice, and by it part proteid a plentiful supply of whole meal bread and porridge, because materials converted into soluble peptones. the semi-solid acid food, now called in the milling processes which convert the grain into After this process of the small intestines. the "purest whites'' a large proportion of the calcium salts chyme, passes on to the upper part an active secretion of bile from the is lost. Here its presence causes an alkaline from the pancreas. The bile, Water is absorbed more or less from all parts of the liver, and of juice emulsifies the fats, while the action of the digestive track. It plays an essential, if not the most as before stated, essential, part in the nourishment of the system. There is pancreas is threefold. insoluble which have the action not a single tissue in the whole body into the composition of (1) More proteids escaped are now made soluble. Which water does not enter. It forms 70 per cent, of the of the gastric juice Whole weight of the body, and all the nutritious substances (2) The fats are saponified. which have are without exception finally carried to the tissues of the (3) Carbohydrates, escaped the action of the are converted into body, dissolved, or suspended in water. saliva, grape sugar. fluid means The food now is in a condition to Not only is this the case, but water is the by have its soluble parts which all waste products are carried off. absorbed by the lower part of the small intestines. This is elxx THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Feb. 15, 1896.

effected partly by the lacteals on its walls and partly by the in Canaba. blood-containing capillaries. In both cases the ultimate IRuretng destination is the but that heart, portion taken up by the GRADUATED NURSES AT THE TORONTO GENERAL capillaries passes by way of the liver to the heart, whilst HOSPITAL. that absorbed the lacteals is the thoracic by conveyed by The annual graduating exercises of the Training School for duct to the veins of the neck and so to the heart. Nurses were held on January 23rd in the amphitheatre of From the side of the heart the blood right is pumped into the General Hospital. the lungs, to be aerated, whence it returns, red in bright The event was made the occasion of a pleasant gathering, colour, to the left side of the heart, and is then distributed there being present many friends of the graduates, in to the and tissues of the hungry thirsty body. addition to the house staff and hospital workers. Mr. W. S. Lee, the chairman, briefly addressed the mnrses' graduates, after which the following programme was carried Co-operation. out: Recitation, Miss Forbes ; reading, Rev. Arthur Bald- win; song, Mr. J. Baker; address, Dr. I. H. Cameron; ANNUAL MEETING. report for the year, Miss M. A. Snively, superintendent of The business before the ordinary general meeting of the the school; address, Dr. Parkin; song, Miss Louisa Craig. The certificates were Dr. Charles members of the Nurses' Co-operation, which was held at 8, presented by O'Reilly, medical of the reminded New Cavendish Street, on Tuesday last,was of a purely formal superintendent hospital, who the character. Resolutions were passed re-electing Mr. Michelli graduates that the certificate of the school was in each case be and Miss Gethen as members (of the committee of manage- granted conditionally, and that its return might demanded ment, the auditors for the ensuing year were re-elected, and should the recipient be guilty of conduct unbecoming either the accounts, balance-sheet, and annual report were passed. a trained nurse, a true woman, or a lady, or should she At the nurses' meeting on February 7th Mr. Bickersteth betray the confidence of her patients or patrons, or be negli- and Nurse Slater were re-elected nurse representatives. gent, careless, or indifferent in the performance of duty. The report for 1895 shows the society to be not only con- Following is a list of the recipients of certificates and tinuing but increasing in prosperity, the gross receipts for badges : Misses Mima Gordon, Orillia; Mary Burt, Hills- the year amounting to ?27,389 19a. Id. (including fees out- burgh ; Jessie M. Porte, Toronto Junction; Annie Brown, standing on December 31st), as compared with ?23,218 183. lid. Grahamsville; Emma Hall, London; Matilda Craig, and ?18,762 lis. 4d. in the years 1894 and 1893 respectively. Kingston; Annie I. Brown, Gravenhurst; Annie Lennox, The income exceeded expenditure in the past year to the Toronto; Florence N. Davies, Cayuga; Harriet Thompson, amount of ?824 2$. 4d,, the capital of the Co-operation now Malvern; Ella A. Wood, Toronto; Emma Parmenter, standing at ?2,023 19a. lid., the greater part of which sum Toronto; Mary C. Stewart, Britannia; Sarah E. Bliss,. is invested. A sum of ?24,228 7s. 10J. was paid over to the Compton, Que.; Ethel A. Bayly, Toronto ; Adela A. Drew,. nurses during the year, and the income of the society, Oshawa; Jessie Christie, Toronto; Helen Flett, Mount derived from the 7? per cent, deducted from the total Forest; Lucy Bowerman, Napanee; Virginia M. Taylor, earnings of the nurses, together with ?56 10s. 5d. received in Collingwood; Margaret M. Campbell, Toronto ; Elizabeth G. home fees and ?24 lis, interest on investments, amounted to Flaws, Toronto; Bridget Kennedy, Toronto. ?2,050 9s. 7d. That the Nurses' Co-operation is popular is proved by the St. ambulance association number of applications, an average of 400 having been 3obn received at the office previous to each half-yearly election, IWursing Gocps. and this though nurses have not been advertised for. It is felt by the committee that the almost unprecedented success A lecture was given at Ipswich on the 11th inst., under the of the Co-operation is doubtless in large measure due auspices of the local branch of the St. John Ambulance to the wise administration of Miss K. Fhilippa Association, entitled " Good Nursing, and How to Get It." the Hicks, lady superintendent, who, "in addition There was a good attendance in the Co-operation Hall, the to her indefatigable devotion to her own department, chair being taken by Mrs. Bartlet in the unavoidable absence has given much aid to the committee in forwarding the in- of the energetic hon. secretary, Miss Coulcher. In intro- terests of the nurses and in developing the work of the ducing the lecturer, Miss Gethen (formerly Sister Queen, of society." The committee of management specially note in tbe London Hospital), Mrs. Bartlet alluded to the regret their report the high standard of training and efficiency which which all the members must feel at the absence on this characterises most of the candidates who apply for election occasion of one who had done so much to advance the inter- ests of the As Mrs. Bartlet won on the staff, a fact which testifies to the estimation in Association. mayoress golden, last from the members of the British which the Co-operation is held in the nursing world. Be- opinions year Royal Association so courteously entertained by Dr. Bartlet in the with a roll of 185 nurses in 1891, the number has ginning course of a week which will b9 long remembered in Ipswich ; risen with each year to 333 at the present time, and on the and the lady certainly proved herself as able as a chairman very day of the meeting MisR Hicks reported 307 of these as as she had previously been hostess. The lecture received at its conclusion a cordial vote of being in actual work. Nurses have been sent during the year marked attention, and thanks was to Miss Gethen for her advice to all parts of the world, including America, Africa, Japan, passed practical and sound teaching as regards nursing, which must prove and of the Continent. 1895 a Egypt, many parts During useful to every woman in the world at some time or other circular was issued to the nurses on the staff, pointing out in her life. the need for making provision for old age, and explaining that the Co-operation paying the nurses the whole of their fllMnor earnings (less 7$ per cent, for working expenses) the com- appointments. mittee could not hold themselves responsible in case of dis- ablement from age or infirmity, and directing attention to Pendlebury Children's Hospital.?Miss Cecil Bennett the has been of the fever block encouragement to thrift offered by the Royal National appointed Sister-in-charge enaion Fund attached to this Miss Bennett has had much ex- for Nurses. are to be taken hospital. Steps very in and fever and has ? a perience general nursing work, recently nurses' home in connection npfir tii with, and held the of nuree at the North-Eastern near, the office in New post charge Hospital, Cavendish Street. Tottenham. Feb.. 15, 1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. C1XXI

?ur Hmertcan Qietter* a IRiviera iRursing Ibome. A great work has been done during the past year by the New York City Society, at the Lying-in Hospital, the annual VILLA D'ORMESSON, CANNES. report that seven thousand destitute women were The Villa was stating d'Ormesson built by the Count of that name cared for there. Some very liberal contributions have been in 1878, and was duly fitted up with every comfort and made to the and one friend has the funds, defrayed whole modern convenience as a winter home for himself. Since- cost of the much-needed and extensive alterations which 1892 it has been rented by Mrs. Dan Norris, an English have been The is a handsome recently completed. hospital trained nurse, with the idea of supplying some place which, and is now and it is intended building, thoroughly equipped, while possessing all the comforts and conveniences of an hotel to extend its of usefulness largely sphere by establishing or well-appointed private house, might be more acceptable to small branch stations in the localities. poorer many invalids as a temporary residence than either the more An friend has offered to undertake the cost of anonymous expensive alternative of renting an entirejhouse, or the pub- building an additional block at the Pennsylvania Hospital, licity of an hotel, also providing, if needed, the best sick Philadelphia, which will, it is estimated, require 100,000 dols. nursing. At the Westmoreland has been Greensburg, Pa., Hospital The villa occupies a good site near the western end of remodelled and and to have refitted, appears every prospect Cannes, on the southern slope of the Croix-des-Gardes Hill,, of a successful career under the able medical superintendence and possesses a garden of its own of nearly three acres* of Dr. Frank who has a valuable in Miss Gowan, ally Clark, Though only four hundred yards from the sea, the house the matron, a thoroughly trained nurse from the West Penn. stands 180 feet above it, owing to the sharp slope of the Hospital. ground, and has consequently grand views from its windows,, for Great interest has been taken in the departure Armenia looking seawards over to the Isles de Lerins, and westward of Miss Clara of the American National Barton, president over La Bocca, the Bay of Napoule, with a foreground of has to to Red Cross Society. She gone Constantinople dis- terraced gardens and pine-covered hillsides, and the Esterel she can tribute relief to the Armenians, _if succeed in reaching Mountains in the distance. them. Miss Barton, who is^ about sixty years of age, has The sanitary and heating arrangements are on the English taken with her a secretary, Mr. G. H4 Pullman, a steno- system, and water is laid on to every floor. The principal grapher, Miss L. Graves, and is accompanied Dr. J. B. by bedrooms are ten in number, with others for nurses and ser- Hubbell, general field agent of the Red Cross and Society, vants, and there is also an annexe, with stable, coach-house4 Mr. Ernest Mason. Should this in party succeed carrying and additional bed-rooms. out their plan they will be followed a of American by party Mrs. Norris has herself had exceptional nurses. nursing experience. She was trained at St. Thomas's Hospital, afterwards being The matron of the has established Philadelphia Polyclinic assistant lady superintendent of the Royal Infirmary, a system of post-graduate training at that institution. It Edinburgh, and subsequently for nine years matron at St. commenced in and four nurses have received May last, Mary's Hospital, Paddington. Besides this, Mrs. Norria was- at the conclusion of a six months' course. If diplomas appli- selected by the Government at the time of the war in the cants come direct from their school a training reference is Soudan to take charge of the Royal Victoria Military Hospi- from their late From those nurses required superintendent. tal at Suez, and for her services there received on her return been for some time with who have engaged private cases, to England the Order of the Royal Red Cross. She is also " references must ba also given to the doctors under whom known in the English nursing world by her Notes on they have worked. No one is admitted to the post-graduate Nursing." A staff of carefully selected nurses is maintained course who cannot show satisfactory antecedents, nor are under Mrs. Norris's directions for work in Cannes through- those eligible who have failed to obtain the diploma of their out the season. training school. Miss Banfield (matron of this Philadelphia Invalids ordered to the Riviera for the winter and seeking for less than Polyclinic) does not admit the post-graduates the quiet of home life combined with skilled care in case of services six months. No payment is given for their beyond serious illness thankfully welcome the opportunity thus in addition to the board, lodging, and laundry. They have, afforded, and they are, of course, at liberty to choose their a of if course of general nursing, course housekeeping, own medical man. The villa is primarily for the benefit of and or desired ; also cooking, operating-room work, masaage invalids, but in certain cases room can also be found for electricity^ friends or relatives. Inquiries respecting terms, which are at the Massa- The gold medal presented to the graduates inclusive except for special nursing, wine, and bed-room fires, chusetts has a familiar appear- Dan in the winter at the Clinton Hospital strangely should go direct to Mrs. Norris, the motto of ance to the eyes of English nurses, for it bears Villa d'Ormesson, in the summer at 1a, Dennington Park the Prince of the words Ich Dien engraved Wales, being Mansions, West Hampstead, N.W. on a cross on one side, the recipient's name adorning the reverse side. In spite of opposition and discouragement the American Pension Fund for Nurses is making quiet and steady progress Club. in Philadelphia, and a bazaar, organised by the promoters of Chicago Moman's the scheme in resulted in a clear of 1,200 as December, profit Woman's Club has just issued, its dollars for the new The Chicago sosiety. the of "nineteenth annual announcement," report there is a board of 1895-6. Besides the usual officers, of and IRurses' Quarters at Bristol twenty-four directors, a committee management, The club was in- An extension of the NurseB' Home at Bristol various other standing committees. a number of its General Hospital is a scheme which appears to be corporated in 1885, has large members, in the town. An a and its ob- regarded with considerable favour rules appear to be of practical character, offer from a member of the committee of a sum " equal are stated to be mutual sympathy and counsel, a to that each of three other donors has been jects given by united effort towards the higher civilisation of responded to one of ?500 and already by promise and and another of ?100. Doubtless many other liberal dona- humanity, general philanthropic literary tions will follow. work." olxxii THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. feb. 15, 1896.

Women Workers in mew England ibospttals.

NEW ENGLAND HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND roof with surgical patients. A development in private CHILDREN, BOSTON. nursing is also contemplated in the near future. The The story of this hospital is specially interesting as education of the probationers is carefully looked after, and showing what is being done by women on the other side of very complete courses of lectures are given by the various the Atlantic for the help and benefit of their own sex. members of the medical staff. The syllabus for the present Founded so long ago as 1863 by three ladies, Miss Lucy year began with a lecture by,Dr. Marie E. Zikrzawska on the " Goddard, Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska, and Mrs. Ednah D. Relation of Nurse to Physician, Patient, and Families of ?heney, its objects were to be : (1) to provide for women Patients," followed by systematic instruction in anatomy, medical aid by competent physicians of their own sex ; (2) to physiology, surgical, obstetrical, and medical nursing, and assist educated women in the practical study of medicine; concluding with the treatment of special subjects. The and (3) to train nurses for the sick. To these aims the lecturing physicians are all women. hospital has remained faithful, and to-day not only is the It is disappointing that subscriptions and donations should medical staff composed, with the exception of the consultants, have decreased of late years, being only 42 per cent, of the wholly of women, even to the dental surgeon, but the amount obtained from these sources in 1882. Board and governing body also numbers more women than men among treatment receipts and donations for yearly free beds were its members. considerably less in 1895 than in the preceding yeir, while While possessing the proud distinction of having been the the decrease in income from invested funds was much less " " first in the United States to start a Training School for marked. All this," states the treasurer's report, means Nurses, in the development of district nursing this New Eng- two things : First, a tendency?and a growing .tendency? land Hospital has also taken a pioneer part, and the dis- toward becoming an endowed institution instead of living pensary attached to it in one of the poorest quarters of from the contributions of those giving each year. This is Boston is an important factor in the training of both its common to many successful institutions, though dangerous in internes and nurses. A service of three months at the dis- the end, perhaps, in diminished stimulus. Second, it means pensary is required of the internes, and there is also ia resi- that a very large part of our work is given in charity." In- dent dispensary physician, so that sudden calls can be vested property amount3 to something over ?100,000. The promptly responded to, and the visiting among the poor annual income is insufficient for necessary expenses, and this carried on with thoroughness. The valuable help thus deficit would be met if the subscription list were doubled. afforded to the women of the lower classes in Boston is very The state of matters deplored by the treasurer means that, greatly appreciated, and none the less so that all patients in fact, the present generation is failing to recognise its able to afford it are charged a fee of ten cents. That this responsibilities by not adequately supporting the institutions payment is gladly and willingly made is evident from the re- which minister efii ciently to its needs. The women of Boston port of the medical staff, who state that there are many might see to it that this particular hospital, which does so "self-respecting, hard-working women who are obliged to much for their sex, shall not be crippled in its useful work for make two visits each weeks for months in the gynaecolo- want of money. gical department, who never fail to bring their little fee, but who could not afford to go to a doctor's office for the pro- longed treatment necessary in such cases." The dispensary 2>oIl Show ant> Competition, patients pay twenty-five cents each upon their prescriptions, except in those case3 where investigation proves inability to With the praiseworthy intention of assisting towards the pay, when it is at the discretion of the physician to give salary of the district nurse, some energetic and helpful in- free tickets. The dispensing is presided over a lady by habitants of a and Wiltshire are pharmacist. large very poor parish a doll show for Easter It is also a The custom which has for some at organising Monday. prevailed years past for are offered for the best-dressed doll. various diet kitchens and similar institutions in the district competition, prizes Many people take up some extra charitable work during of supplementing the medical work of the hospital by allow- Lent, and here is an opportunity for some who may have a ing the physicians to distribute free cards for the nourishing little leisure to devote to such an object. They will have food there supplied, and undertaking the feeding of sick the satisfaction of feeling that they are helping to forward children and babies at nominal prices, is a practical charity the cause of true charity, for no more real kindness can be of the highest value. All who have ever worked among the done to the poor of any district than to provide them with sick poor know well the uselessness of medicines when skilled care and attention in times of illness. The hon. the of the means that proper food is unat- poverty patients of the Mrs. Sherston tainable. secretary scheme, Ribbans, Vicarage, Malmesbury, will supply full information to all inquirers. Patients of all nationalities are treated at the dispensary, and admitted into the hospital. The growth of the dispen- sary work has made new and larger buildings imperatively necessary, and this it is the aim of the directors to accom- appointments. plish as soon as possible?in other words, as soon as funds will allow. Bangor Infectious Diseases Hospital.?Mrs. Rice, who The Training School for Nurses does its work quietly and was trained at the Adelaide Hospital, Dublin, has been smoothly in charge of the superintendent of nurses, and appointed Matron of the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Bangor. under the supervision of the resident physician. There is We congratulate her on her promotion. a staff of twenty nurses; the period of training ha3 just St. Monica's Hospital, Easingwold.?Miss Evelyn A. lately been extended from eighteen months to two years. Mansel has been made Nurse-Matron of this hospital. She The addition of a new surgical building, which is hoped for, was trained at Cross afterwards worked as will Charing Hospital, give the nurses in fever cases which cannot experience a Queen's Nurse for two and a half years, and then went to now be admitted owing to want of sufficient accommodation, We wish Miss Mansel success in her new an t e Guy's Hospital. impossibility of treating such cases under the same work. Feb. 15, 1896. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. nl?;;

?n Certain aspects of tbe IRursing Question as Seen in j?nglant> anb ?ermanv>. By a Certificated Midwife.

I.?INTRODUCTORY. means do we as a nation provide for meeting this necessity ? England and Her Ways. A woman who takes up the profession of monthly nursing (a The system of nursing in England has wonderfully developed most unmeaning and unworthy name for a very responsible and improved within the last thirty years, save in one and worthy calling, but which I am forced to use for lack branch, which still stands in great need of regulated exten- of another), must be trained practically as well as theoreti- sion and practical force. I allude, as my readers will guess, cally if she is to understand and become skilled in her to the nursing of women in childbirth. Here much remains business. She must be taught what is necessary to to be done, and I have been asked to tell what I know of the be done, why it is necessary, and how to do it. difference between England and Germany as regards the To learn this she must be brought into contact with a training of those women who take up midwifery, and what sufficiently large number of cases of childbirth in order that is commonly called monthly nursing. To give my words she may see a variety of conditions; because it is only in any value it must first be stated that I have been trained as knowing a variety of conditions that the difficulties and midwife and monthly nurse in both countries, and hold cer- dangers concomitant to them can be appreciated; and it is in tificates from both. I was also trained in medical and sur- being able to meet and obviate these dangers and difficulties gical work in an English general hospital, and was a patient that the value of a monthly nurse lies. I do not mean that in a German one for eight weeks, so that I am in a position she is necessarily to be trained as a midwife, still less that to compare the methods of the two countries from personal she should oust the medical man from his proper post; but experience, which is an unusual advantage. I do mean that if she has not some knowledge of the In drawing deductions from my experience I do not wish to mechanism of labour, and the functions of human organs, she lose sight of the fact that with all our casual?and I might is but a broken reed for a helpless young mother to lean on; say slovenly?methods, we retain the inestimable blessings of In normal cases a very little knowledge and a very little skill liberty of action, and I will candidly confess at once that I do suffices. Nature and her instincts are strong lin a healthy not see how we are to combine the discipline, thorough woman and do their own work. But no one can tell before- training, and economy of the German schools of midwifery hand whether the case will be normal or not, and therefore with the pleasant freedom from State interference which we in choosing a nurse the expectant mother wishes to get the now enjoy. Bat wiser heads than mine are giving their best most experienced one available. The first thing she asks is " " attention to this subject, and all I shall attempt is to sat Where were you trained? or, perhaps, "What sort of " before my readers the different practices of the two nations training have you had ? and the answer is that the applicant as far as I have grasped them, and by this means make it for the po3t holds her certificate from one of the four large easier for the general public to see the bearing of the question. lying-in hospitals of London, one of the smaller maternities, There is no doubt whatever on the preliminary point, that or it may be from a provincial or less well-known institution. all women, whether rich or poor, require to be attended to This is for the well-to-do classes of women who have and taken special care of during childbirth. From the husbands to pay for them. But by far the larger proportion Queen on her throne, down through all grades of society, the of the mothers of England are not in the happy position of mother in her necessary suffering, possible danger, and tempo- being able to pick and choose a competent person to attend for aid. On the of on and have to with what can rary helplessness appeals efficiency this them, they put up they get. aid depends the welfare both of mother and child, and on the The better-to-do wives in the labouring class, and those of quality of this nursing is based the health and strength of the smaller tradesmen, engage the services of the cheapest man the men and women of tbe land. In uncivilised countries the medical in the neighbourhood for the actual delivery, women fare better in childbirth, being more in a state of and trust to the more or less incompetent friend or relation for feminine nature as regards animal conditions of life, and so get through help. In some happier or more fortunate dis- their trouble with but little danger, as do brute tricts private benevolence supplies a midwife or nurse, at a beasts. But we are a civilised people and thank heaven cheap rate, who has been able to get a certain amount of ex- for it, though we must take the burdens of civilisa- perience, a smattering of knowledge, and a good-natured, a for tion up with its blessings; and one of its burdens overworked doctor to back her up in difficulty. And is the attendant pain and peril of bringing forth offspring. the very poor there is always the workhouse to fall back on which the State Since it is our social and corporate life which accentuates in the last emergency?that sole provision this burden, the community (in all lands) acknowledges the makes for the poorest mothers of England. one I am no on the State, be it understood ; duty of mitigating its evil as far as may be ; in country by passing judgment case as it on the surface. private enterprise, public benevolence, or individual effort; I am only putting the appears or State in another by State regulations. Further, we all know that Lying-in hospitals are not State founded, supported, are the nation which succeeds best in taking care of its mothers any more than general hospitals. They private enterprises, either with benevolent intent or for medical schools. And the finest race of " ' will produce warriors, thinkers, and in or to get the benefit of their help as an out-patient, labourers?those three classes of without whom There is no such great society a subscriber's letter is required. tbiDgas for the a country is nowhere in the struggle of life and progress. It free entrance except for accidents. So much provision on does not follow that the nation which takes best care of its made by the English people for attendance its_ mothers. we will back to the which diseased or will have the most and In our next article go training weakly subjects healthy whom the can be got by those nurses among better-class prosperous community, and we have perhaps gone a little wives pick and choose. too far in our study of disease and our outpouring of senti- ment over sickness. It should help to rectify the balance if Wants anfc Workers. we were to take up as a national duty the study of health Convalescent Home?Referring to an inquiry in "Notes and and and a little mora to the of " life, give thought production of last week as to a suitable home in which to a Queries " place girl in sound children ! the < arly stage of phthisis, a correspondent writes: There i3 a small home at St. Leonards?Ribbsford Park we are as to the House, Ohapel Road?open from -Assuming, then, that all agreed necessity to for women October May, youcg only, which might be recommended. of caring for women in childbirth, the next point is, What Inmates are allowed to stay for some months on payment." clxxiv THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. Feb. 15, 1896.

opinion weighed but little with the strong-minded young ftbe ffiooh ant> its Story*. woman ; want of funds wag a more serious drawback. How Mias Blackwell overcame the latter obstacle is characteristic of her extraordinary fixity of purpose ; the money which A PIONEER AMONG WOMEN. was forthcoming from no other source for her intended career, own In A record of the darker days of the struggle which medical she raised through her exertions by teaching. the Miss women underwent has been given us by Dr. Elizabeth Black- summer of 1847, with her carefully-hoarded savings, to seek an entrance into some well in a little volume she has The book Elizabeth Blackwell resolved just published.* " medical school. " she was then con- has a personal as well as an historical interest, and it throws Philadelphia," writes, sidered the chief seat of medical in America." Here much light on some of the first efforts by means of which the learning refusal after refusal from medical profession of our day has been opened to women. her repeated attempts met with The suggestion of studying medicine was first presented the medical colleges in the city. The fear of successful rivalry, to the authoress, she tells us, in 1845, a suggestion which which at that time often existed in the medical mind, was the Dean of one of the smaller came from one of her lady friends, who was from a expressed by suffering " painful disease. The malady was of so distressing a nature schools, who frankly replied to her application, You that the treatment of it was an added affliction to the cannot expect us to furnish you with a stick to " break our heads with! sufferer. "You are fond of study ; have health and leisure," she once said to Miss Blackwell; " why not study Some kindly Quaker adviser, whose private lectures Miss had been to her said medicine ? If I could have been treated a doctor my Blackwell attending, referring project, by lady " worst sufferings would have been spared me." to her, Elizabeth, it is no use trying. Thee cannot gain to these schools thee must to Paris and don Her friend's words had a great hold on the hearer's mind, admission ; go masculine attire to the and added to this, in a journal of those days, the future gain inecessary knowledge. " But the of did not Miss physician writes, I must have something to engross my suggestion disguise tempt in her to ad- thoughts, some object in life which will fill the vacuum." Blackwell, and she persevered attempt gain mission into the smaller schools of the New York State. Miss Blackwell was but a young girl when she wrote these was one to the of the words. From all we can gather from her book, she was early Amongst these applications Faculty Medical of a small town in imbued with a sense of the responsibility of life, a feeling Department Geneva, university which its in unanimous to which was supplemented by an ambition to be a factor the States, opened doors, decree, in it; to do something, and to be something. Financial the lady student. difficulties urged on the necessity for work. Her father, The life here, in the winter session of 1847, of one isolated a flourishing merchant at Bristol, met with reverse woman among the crowd of male students presents a curious after reverse, and the comfortable, happy home which is picture, and an unique one in its way. All that we read of that of pictured to us there had to be given up^ In 1832 the Blackwell time is absorbing interest. Here Miss Blackwell's studiee family emigrated to New York. Six years after this change was ultimately crowned (in 1849) by a diploma. The in their circumstances the bread-winner was snatched from admission of a woman for the first time to a complete medica their midst, and, without friends or pecuniary resources, the education and full equality in the privileges and the responsi- widow and children were left to face the stern realities of life bilities of the profession produced a widespread effect ia in a foreign land. America. For a year or so after her diploma, Miss Blackwell The hiatory of the struggle is told in graphic language by studied in the Maternity Hospital at Paris, and, in London* certain lectures at St. Miss Blackwell's pen, and it was during this time of hardship attended Bartholomew's, given by and privation that the suggestion of a definite line of work Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Paget. At this hospital, she was put before her by her friends, as we have described writes, "Every department was cordially opened to me, above. As the idea gained force, Miss Blackwell con- except the department for female diseases." sulted several physicians as to the course' she should Here Miss Elizabeth Blackwell's student career ended, and pursue to enable her to become a doctor. The answers to her life commenced. The first seven of " professional years all her correspondence on this subject were curiously New York life, to which city she repaired in 1851, were years unanimous ; all who replied at all, replied to the of very difficult, though steady, uphill work. There was na effect that, though the id ea was a good one, its medical companionship for her, and the profession stood " accomplishment was impossible. There was noway, to begin aloof. Society," indeed, in the writer's own words, "was with, of obtaining the necessary education for a woman ; and distrustful of the innovation." But her indomitable per- yet this and all other hindering verdicts proved rather a severance, her steady resolve, conquered in the end j and stimulus than a check to the young aspirant's ambition. She though of this life she gives us too sparing an account, " writes : The idea of winning a doctor's degree gradually Miss Blackwell closes her narrative whilst she is in assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle, and the moral the full tide of her medical activity in New York, with fight had an immense attraction for me," and this moral a growing private practice, and increasing hospital claims. aspect of the case, Miss Blackwell further tells us, was forced During the twenty years which followed the graduation of upon her through the existence in New York City, at that the first woman physician, the public recognition of the time, of a certain Madame Restell, whose illegal practices justice and advantage of such a measure had steadily brought her. a great notoriety. The services of this lady grown. Indeed, throughout the Northern States the free " were in great demand ; she was called a female physician," and equal entrance of women into the profession of medicine a term then used exclusively by those women who carried on was secured. In Boston, New York, and Philadelphia special this particular occupation. medical schools for women were sanctioned by the legisla- But strong as was Miss Blackwell's determination to tures, and in some long-established colleges women were improve this degrading condition of a science which, if received in the ordinary classes. carried a into legitimate spheres, might become noble Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell's story is brightly and pleasantly position for women, the difficulties she had to encounter told. Its value is historical rather than literary, for its were Social dictum was her on the stupendous. against writer was a thinker and a rather than an authoress, one worker, hand, and want of means on If the other. public but as the record of an individual experience of a deeply interesting order, the book will meet many appreciative th? Medical Profession to Women,"Vt Dr. okWe11- ?Feni,?? ElizablthBla^kwrfl111 (London : Longmans ahd Co., 1895.) readers. Feb. 15, 189G. THE HOSPITAL NURSING SUPPLEMENT. clxxv

i?ven>l)ot>t>'6 Opinion. IRotes anfc (Slueriea. fCorrespondence on all subjects is invited, but we cannot in any way be The contents of the Editor's Letter-box have now reached tnch ma responsible for the opinions expressed by our correspondents. No that it has become wieldy proportions necessary to establish a hard and communications can be entertained if the name and address of the fast rule regarding: Answers to Correspondents. In future, all is not or unless one side of the paper only be questions correspondent given, requiring replies will continue to be answered in this column without written ilf an answer a on.1 any fee. is required by letter, fee of half-a-crown must be enclosed with tt e note containing the enquiry. We are always pleased to help our numerous correspondents to the fullest extent, and we can AT SMALLER PROVINCIAL HOSPITALS. NURSING trust them to sympathise in the overwhelming amount of writing which, '' makes the new rules a necessity. communication must be accom- "An Honorary Secretary writes: The efficient Every nursing panied by the writer's name and address, otherwise it will receive no' of the smaller provincial hospitals is becoming year by year attention. Queries. a more difficult matter, and those who are responsible for (141) Age Limits.?I am a private nurse, and find that at the age of the of these institutions will soon have to face management thirty-five I cannot join any of the places where employment is found this question. I am writing to you in the hope that by ven- for private nurses. Some of the physicians and surgeons like older nurses, and employ those who have had long experience in private the in valuable some tilating subject your paper remedy may nursing, so the limit seems to me inexplicable. I am a registered nurte be found. In a of from ten to beds, and member of the R.B.N.A., and shall be glad of your advice.? hospital twenty-five Nurse M. and in which the matron herself acts as nurse, the staff will, (142) Scotch Schools.?Can you tell me how I can get a post as charge perhaps, consist of one nurse who has had three years'regular nurse in a Scotch training school P?N. M. R. thiDk and two nurses who have had from one to two (143) District.?Do you the Aberdeen District Nursing Asso- training ciation advertisement is genuine, because it is a long way to go in. years', these latter acting as assistant nurses. There is no uncertainty??L. 0. S. necessity that all the nurses employed should have had three (144) Lepers.?Will you kindly give me information about the leper settlements ? Do they require any. more nurses P?Kathleen. in it is better that should not, as years' training ; fact, they (145) Medical Terms.?Which is the oheapest dictionary of medical they act under the "charge nurse," and in consequence terms which yon can recommend ??Cis. (146) Instruction.?Where can I get instruction in for the occupy a somewhat subordinate position. The appli- chiropody relief of corns, bunions, and in-growing toe-nail ??E. F. cants for the of assistant nurse are now, with few ex- post (147) Training.?Should I be recognised as a trained nurse after two ceptions, the halt, the lame, and the blind of the nursing years in a cottage hospital of ten beds, and easily obtain employment as such ?? Probationer. > , profession. They are usually nurses who have either broken (148) Brazil.?Would there be a good opening for a private nurse in or down in health and been obliged to give up the full three near Rio de Janeiro, working on her own account ??E. TF, R. years' curriculum, or have left their training school because (149) Training? Should I be wise to go for a year to a general hospital ? I have had three years' asylum training.?E.F. they were quite unsuited to the work, or have been dismissed (150) Holiday.?WiU you tell me if Aix-la-Chapelle would be a nice for some failure of duty; or they are nurses who have found place to spend a fortnight in at Easter time, and if there are any cheap there ??Nurse. nursing not quite the "amusement" they expected, and, pensions (151) Co-operation.?Can you tell me if there is still a Nurses' Co- no real love having for their work, do not care operative Company at 18, Featherstone Buildings, Holborn ? I have written but no to put up with the discipline of a large hospital. there, got reply ??R. B, Such nurses are no more wanted in our small hospitals than Answers. in our large ones. Almost our only chance of obtaining a (141) Age Limits (Nurse M.),?We think you are wrongly informed j at any rate, the Nurses' Co-operation, 8, New Cavendish Street, does not nurse is to one who ill-health alone has good engage through make the age you name the limit. Perhaps your training does not fulfil failed to her and who the requirements insisted on by the rules there. What do you mean by complete training, may possibly regain " " any of the plaoes ? We should like to know if this refers only to. her health under the work of a small lighter hospital. Even private nursing establishments. is to write to if a larger salary than usual be offered, nurses who have gone (142) Scotch Schools (N.M.R.).?The only plan the matrons of the Scotch training schools. You will find a list in through a complete three years' course will not apply, as they "Burdett's Hospital Annual." As a rule, the probationers who have a are to do not care for a subordinate at a small as the received their full training in hospital promoted be staff nurses post hospital, when vacancies ooour. holding of such a position might stand in the way of their (14S) District (L.O.S.).?What do you mean? The Aberdeen Dis- trict Nursing Association is affiliated with the Scotch Branch of the future career. What then is to be done in order to supply Queen's Jubilee Institute, and you may think yourself fortunate if your what we so much need, viz., trustworthy nurses who are application is favourably considered at headquarters. (144) Lepers (Kathleen).?Do you want to nurse lepers in India, to act in a ? The answer I willing subordinate position only Russia, Ceylon, Bobben Island, the Sandwich Islands, or in the North can see to this question is that it must be made possible for of Europe ? Tour question is very vague. If you sincerely wish to live a useful and isolated life, why do not you devote your attention to the nurses to take a work as of period of cottage hospital part nursing of your fellow-countrymen and women ? In small-pox and their three years' curriculum. I would suggest that each fever hospitals the supply of nurses is unequal to the demand, and yet fail to see that the duty so near home is as as that have affiliated to it a certain people urgent large training school should which attracts them to distant lands to look after lepers, who have, in number of the smaller provincial hospitals, and that in return many cases, all that they require already. At the same time, if you are bent upon a leper colony, and will express yourself more certain of these joining for payments (which the managers hospitals definitely, we w ill answer your question for you with pleasure. Medical "Nurses' Honnor would be willing to make) nurses?say, for the last three or (145) Terms (Cis).?The Dictionary," by Morten, published by the Scientific Press, price 2s. four a similar at answer months of their second year, or for period (146) Instruction (E. F.).?Our advertuement>columns your the of their third be sent from the question. In-growing nail often needs a surgeon's treatment._ beginning year?should (147) Training training as you mention would Here (Probationer).?Such large training school to the small hospital. they not help you to an engagement in any good nursing institution^ Why do for admission at isomelarge, hospital eitter in would get change of air and of scene, lighter work, of a you not apply Lo^ somewhat different kind, but still very responsible and useful work. They would have the opportunity, at Rio a, of into the and not mow 0< any opening too, getting'an insight management working would be most unwise to attempt such Janeiro for a private nurse, and it of a small at or at some similar of work from a doctor, Or unless hospital, which, institution, a venture without some certain promise who would guarantee you they may possibly at some future date obtain the post of youhavepersonal friends in the neighbourhood a matron. The matron of the large training school, by making would be certainly wise to obtain Eome ^ Tracing (Ti\).-You be for so short a a but you would not accepted period wise selection of the nurses she told off for this work, might ceneral training, some London hospital without paying. Try provincial at any large a for save a nurse who was overworked the cannot afford a longer time than year training and many getting by hospital if you ?' Get How to Become a Nurse, Scientific Press, ceaseless toil of a and crowded from a break- wish for a salary. busy hospital !<>?

" " Mbere to (Bo. and atmosphere. Here, amtng the Millets, is the Angelus (a reduction from the larger original), that pathetic pastoral known so well to us all as to require no criticism here. In Grosvenor Total Abstinence Union. House.?Women's fact, all through the galleries the pictures of Millet, Corot, ?An afternoon meeting for nurses will ba held at 2.30 on Dupre, Diaz, Maris, and Rousseau disarm one's critical Friday, February 14th. faculties by their individual beauty. In the end gallery two Westminster Town Hall.?A concert in aid of the Royal hundred black and white drawings, representativ of London its its its and are for Children and Women will be given at half-past life, streets, barracks, Senate, hospitals, Hospital exhibited, from Paul Renouard's inimitable pencil. eight on Tuesday, February 25th, by the Children's Orchestra. Arlington House, Uxbridge Road.?The opening by the Countess of Chesterfield of this branch of the St. John's Hos- pital for Diseases of the Skin will take place at 3 30 on jfor TReaWng to tbe Sicft. Monday, February 17th. Royal British Nurses' Association.?The third sessional RESPONSIBILITY. lecture of the season will be given on Friday, February 21st, Motto. Our as Christians with the at 8 p.m., at the offices of the association, 17, Old Cavendish responsibility corresponds of the truth which is within our reach.? Street, by Dr. Wethered, the subject being "Bacteriology," grandeur placed Wescott. with demonstrations. Members are admitted the Bishop free, Verses. on of Is. general public payment God bends from out the deep and says : The Grafton Gallery (Loan collection of modern pictures "I gave thee the great gift of Life ; of the Dutch and Barbizon schools, February to March 31st, Was'tthou not called in many ways ? at 1896).?Though the painters whose works are represented Are not my earth and heaven strife ? I gave thee of my seed to sow? now at the Grafton Gallery are placed under the grouping of " " thou Me hundredfold ? a the men who it were of such Bringest My school," composed ignorant Can I look up with face aglow, " " classification. To speak more literally, the French and And answer, Father, here is gold ? Dutch romanticists of this century formed a school only in ?Lowell. the sense that they emancipated themselves from the tram- What is it then to me If others are to see? mels of conventionality and chose to think for them inquisitive should I my to go and ask selves, and to see for themselves. In of the works now Why quit place If other men are working at their task ? one cannot fail to notice this fact. gathered together, Leave my own buried roots, to go Millet thought for himself ; Corot thought for him- And see that brother plants shall grow ; self; and in the expression, too, of their art Israels, And turn away from Thee, 0 Thou most Holy Light, " " To look if other orbs their orbits Michel, and all the so-called Barbizon school were keep aright Around their proper sun, alike individual. In the work of these men you look Deserting Thee, and being undone ? ?Glough. in vain for trickery, for affectation, for pettiness, for Man who man would imitation; it was perhaps their intentions, their intel- be, Must rule the empire of himself; in it lectuality, more than their methods (unique in each case), Must be supreme, establishing his throae which bound these artists together in their bond of fellowship. On the " vanquished will, quelling anarchy This Barbizon School" was so named, as many of us are Of hopes and fears, being himself alone. ?Shelley, aware, after a little village in the Forest of Fontainebleau, Beading'. where, for the most part, the immortal works now collected 'Tis in the advance of individual minds that the slow together were produced. Whilst they lived and laboured, crowd should ground their expectation, eventually to follow. the of Millet and the master minds of the paintings Corot, ?Browning. group, sufficed only to support their designers, and to pro- duce the bare necessities of life. For instance, ?20 was the Nothing cm alter the Responsility which is laid upon each " " purchase-money of the Angelus at the time of its produc- soul.? Wescott. whilst its last realised And tion, sale-money ?25,000. Corot, Each of us brings with him an element, more or less im? too?his life waa little but a struggle against want; but by portant, of the life of to come.?Mazzani. his dying words, which have been handed down to us, Humanity we gather he had neither lost hope nor realised the Are not great men the models of nations ??Lytton. bitterness of a want of fuller contemporary apprecia- It is great folly not to part with your own fault3, which is tion. "When the spriDg comes," he said, "I will but to instead to from other paint a beautiful picture. I see a sky full of roses." possible, try escape people's From generalising on the men, we must glance at their work, faults, which is impossible.?Marcus Aurelius. without actually specifying it, for to specify one would be to For everyone of us may, if he will, do something, be it specify all, each work which is hung here requiring an indi- much or little, towards making that which will be the history vidual study, which space prevents. One picture can barely of our generation; and the abiding worth of whatever he each in the be picked out more than another, collection, can do will depend, perhaps, mainly on his just discernment a in perhaps without any exception, being masterpiece of the chief issues that are being either decided or kept open itself. The directors of the Galleries are to be much in his day; on his correcting in his own mind the misplaced congratulated on the excellent manner in which they emphasis of common talk and controversy; on his throwing have arranged the collection; nothing throughout could be whatever strength he has into the real, and# not the merely improved upon. The Octagon Room is hung with works of apparent crisis of the perpetual conflict between truth and Amster- Jozef Israels, the veteran Dutchman; he worked at error, between good and evil, or between the better and the dam and at Paris, but his true masters were to be found in less good. It is a safeguard against all misdirection of Rembrandt and in Millet. Israels has never been better vehemence and solicitude, it may help us to give to the real shown in this country, strange to say, than in the limited task of our day whatever energy or influence we have to of the space the First Room at the Grafton. A sketch of dedicate, if, from time to time, looking back to past ages of master, by his own pencil, epitomises to us the bio- especial trial and confusion, we single out in the mette of the graphy of the man. Calm, sympathetic, and direct, his fight those whom time, the great arbiter of all blunders, has face reveals his mind as his mind is revealed in his works. approved as the men who were not misled ; who saw for These paintings show a quick sympathy with humanity. what they must contend, and held to that; who were strong Israels was the great painter of Dutch national life, the enough to do without the encouragement of easy triumphs, pathos of which is powerfully expressed the medium neither with small nor but with the of his through fighting great, only brush. Passing into the adjoining room, we come first whose onset was making for the true centre of and antagonist "Pon.Corot then upon Millet. These their men who not meant but went i drawings, although position?the only well, erent, marvellously suggestive of light and space right.?Dean Francis Paget.