DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa This textbook – the first Open Access conservation biology textbook for Africa – is unique in its optimal use of examples of conservation efforts in the continent, and brilliant description of the interdisciplinary nature of conservation biology. Temitope Borokini, President, Africa sec�on of the Society for Conserva�on Biology (2019–2022) We finally have a textbook to teach our students conservation biology in an African context. Its comprehensive chapters are supplemented with real-world case-studies, written by researchers and practitioners across the region. Dr Bruktawit Abdu Mahamued, Biology Department, Kotebe Metropolitan University This book comprehensively explores the challenges and poten�al solu�ons to key conserva�on issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Easy to read, this lucid and accessible textbook includes fi�een chapters that cover a full range of conserva�on topics, including threats to biodiversity, environmental laws, and protected areas management, as well as related topics such as sustainability, poverty, and human-wildlife conflict. This rich resource also includes a background discussion of what conserva�on biology is, a wide range of theore�cal approaches to the subject, and concrete examples of conserva�on prac�ce in specific African contexts. Strategies are outlined to protect biodiversity whilst promo�ng economic development, and scien�sts who live and work throughout the region are featured in each chapter. Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa provides the most up-to-date study in the field. It is an essen�al resource for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a handy guide for professionals working to stop the rapid loss of biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. This book is available on-line without charge at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0177. This edi�on includes: Glossary Thema�c boxes Study ques�ons Suggested readings Online image por�olio Cover photo and design by Anna Gatti ebook and OA edi�ons also available www.openbookpublishers.com JOHN W. WILSON AND RICHARD B. PRIMACK To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1013 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa John W. Wilson and Richard B. Primack https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2019 John W. Wilson and Richard B. Primack This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: John W. Wilson and Richard B. Primack, Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0177 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https://doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0177#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0177#resources Licencing for images obtained online, many of which underwent minor stylistic adjustments, were correct at the time of publication. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. The Lounsbery Foundation has generously contributed to the publication of this volume. ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-750-4 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-751-1 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-752-8 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-753-5 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-754-2 ISBN XML: 978-1-78374-755-9 DOI: 10.11647/ OBP.0177 Cover photo and design by Anna Gatti. This book is dedicated to our spouses Lesley Starke and Margaret Primack, who supported our efforts to write this book and our decision to provide it for free to students and researchers across Africa Contents List of Boxes xix Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Scope xxvii Taxonomy and the IUCN Red List categories xxviii Organisation of the book xxix Bibliography xxx Acknowledgements xxxi List of Acronyms xxxiii 1. What is Conservation Biology? 1.1. Conservation Biology is Still Evolving 3 1.2 The Role of Conservation Biologists 7 1.3 The Value of Scientific Methods 9 1.4 Environmental Ethics 12 1.4.1 Conservation biology’s ethical principles 16 1.5 Summary 18 1.6 Topics for Discussion 19 1.7 Suggested Readings 19 Bibliography 20 2. Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Natural Environment 24 2.2 History of Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa 29 viii Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa 2.2.1 The 1800s and launching of formal conservation efforts 33 2.2.2 Conservation efforts after colonialism 36 2.3 Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa Today 37 2.4 Ongoing Conservation Challenges 44 2.4.1 Persistent poverty 44 2.4.2 Obstructive mindsets 46 2.4.3 Weak governance/institutional structures 47 2.4.4 Skills shortages 51 2.4.5 Competing interests 52 2.5 Conclusion 53 2.6 Summary 53 2.7 Topics for Discussion 54 2.8 Suggested Readings 54 Bibliography 55 3. What is Biodiversity? 3.1 Species Diversity 62 3.1.1 What is a species? 64 3.2 Genetic Diversity 65 3.3 Ecosystem Diversity 69 3.4 Patterns of Biodiversity 71 3.4.1 Challenging species identifications 72 3.4.2 Implications of challenging species identifications 73 3.4.3 Measuring species diversity 79 3.4.4 How many species exist? 81 3.4.5 Where are most species found? 82 3.5 Summary 85 3.6 Topics for Discussion 86 3.7 Suggested Readings 86 Bibliography 87 Contents ix 4. Why Should We Protect Biodiversity? 4.1 Material Contributions 93 4.2 Regulating Services 96 4.2.1 Maintaining ecosystem stability 96 4.2.2 Maintaining ecosystem productivity 99 4.2.3 Climate regulation 99 4.2.4 Conserving soil and water quality 100 4.2.5 Pollination and seed dispersal 101 4.2.6 Hazard detection and mitigation 105 4.2.7 Pest and disease control 106 4.3 Nonmaterial Contributions 112 4.3.1 Inspiration and learning support 112 4.3.2 Supporting psychological and physical experiences 114 4.3.3 Supporting individual and group identities 116 4.4 The Long-Term View: Option Values 117 4.5 Environmental Economics 118 4.5.1 Placing a price on the natural world 119 4.5.2 Environmental economics’ biggest contributions 120 4.5.3 Environmental economics’ biggest challenges 121 Accounting for negative externalities 121 Determining ownership 122 A more inclusive approach 123 4.6 Summary 124 4.7 Topics for Discussion 124 4.8 Suggested Readings 125 Bibliography 126 5. The Scramble for Space 5.1 What is Habitat Loss? 134 5.1.1 What is habitat fragmentation? 138 5.1.2 What are edge effects? 140 5.2 Drivers of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation 142 x Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa 5.3 Habitat Loss’ Impact on Africa’s Ecosystems 145 5.3.1 Tropical forests 145 5.3.2 Rivers and deltas 148 5.3.3 Wetlands 149 5.3.4 Seasonal drylands 153 5.4 Population Growth and Consumption? 156 5.5 Concluding Remarks 159 5.6 Summary 160 5.7 Topics for Discussion 160 5.8 Suggested Readings 161 Bibliography 161 6. Our Warming World 6.1 Drivers of Climate Change 168 6.2 Predicting Earth’s Future Climate 173 6.3 The Impact of Climate Change 175 6.3.1 Climate change’s impact on people 176 6.3.2 Climate change’s impact on terrestrial ecosystems 178 Climate change on mountains 178 Climate change in the lowlands 178 Climate change and dispersal limitations 182 Climate change and biological interactions 182 Climate change and reptiles 184 6.3.3 Climate change’s impact on freshwater ecosystems 184 Warmer rivers and streams 184 Changing flow regimes 185 6.3.4 Climate change’s impact on marine ecosystems 185 Ocean acidification 186 Sea level rise 187 Coral bleaching 187 Ocean deoxygenation 188 6.3.5 Climate change interacts with habitat loss 188 6.4 Beneficiaries of Climate Change 189 Contents xi 6.5 The Overall Impact of Climate Change 192 6.6 Summary 193 6.7 Topics for Discussion 194 6.8 Suggested Readings 194 Bibliography 195 7. Pollution, Overharvesting, Invasive Species, and Disease 7.1 Pollution in Its Many Forms 204 7.1.1 Water pollution 207 7.1.2 Air pollution 212 7.1.3 Soil pollution 213 7.1.4 Light pollution 214 7.1.5 Noise pollution 216 7.1.6 Thermal pollution 216 7.2 Overharvesting 218 7.2.1 The Bushmeat Crisis 218 7.2.2 Overfishing 220 7.2.3 The impact of traditional medicine 223 7.2.4 The impact of live animal trade 224 7.2.5 Overharvesting of plant products 226 7.2.6 Challenges in managing overharvesting 226 7.3 Persecution 230 7.4 Invasive Species 231 7.4.1 Spread of invasive species 231 7.4.2 Impact of invasive species 235 7.4.3 Genetically modified organisms 237 7.6 Parasites and Diseases 238 7.7 Summary 242 7.8 Topics for Discussion 243 7.9 Suggested Readings 244 Bibliography 244 xii Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa 8.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Terrestrial Biodiversity Compliance Report for The
    TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY COMPLIANCE REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED DE AAR 2 SOUTH WEF ON-SITE SUBSTATION, BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS) AND ANCILLARY INFRASTRUCTURE, NEAR DE AAR IN THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE. For Mulilo De Aar 2 South (Pty) Ltd July 2020 Prepared By: Arcus Consultancy Services South Africa (Pty) Limited Office 607 Cube Workspace Icon Building Cnr Long Street and Hans Strijdom Avenue Cape Town 8001 T +27 (0) 21 412 1529 l E [email protected] W www.arcusconsulting.co.za Registered in South Africa No. 2015/416206/07 Terrestrial Biodiversity Compliance Report De Aar 2 South WEF Substation TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Scope of Study ................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations ......................................................................... 4 2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Desk-top Study ............................................................................................... 4 2.2 Site Visit ......................................................................................................... 5 3 RESULTS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................ 5 3.1 Vegetation
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded As Pdfs from Our Website
    METAMORPHOSIS LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA www.metamorphosis.org.za VOLUME 24 ● DECEMBER 2013 ISSN 1018-6490 (PRINT) 2307-5031 (ONLINE) LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA METAMORPHOSIS LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA www.metamorphosis.org.za VOLUME 24 ● DECEMBER 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages EDITORIAL Edge, David A. i PRESIDENT’S COMMENTS Woodhall, Steve E. ii OBITUARY Johan (Scottie) Buys Edge, David A. and Garvie, Owen G. v SPONSOR AND HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS vii ARTICLES Description of two new species of African Lycaenidae in the collection of the African Butterfly Research Institute Libert, Michel and Collins, Steve C. 3–6 Published online on 06.06.2013 A study of the genitalia of Precis actia (Distant), 1880 and Precis pelarga (Fabricius), 1775 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Richardson, Ian D. 7–11 Published online on 14.06.2013 A new species in the Afrotropical skipper genus Artitropa from São Tomé and Principe (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae (incertae sedis)) Collins, Steve C. and Larsen, Torben B. 20–24 A review of d’Abrera’s Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region – Part III (second edition), 2009 – Part 1 Collins, Steve C., Congdon, T. Colin E., Henning, Graham. A., Larsen, Torben B. and Williams, Mark. C. 25–34 Published online on 27.11.2013 A new species of Cassionympha Van Son (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the southern coast of the Western Cape, with a note on its possible evolutionary origins Pringle, Ernest L. 38–43 Published online on 16.12.2013 A review of d’Abrera’s Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region – Part III (second edition), 2009 – Part 2 Collins, Steve C., Congdon, T.
    [Show full text]
  • One-Note Samba: the Biogeographical History of the Relict Brazilian Butterfly
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2015) ORIGINAL One-note samba: the biogeographical ARTICLE history of the relict Brazilian butterfly Elkalyce cogina Gerard Talavera1,2,3*, Lucas A. Kaminski1,4, Andre V. L. Freitas4 and Roger Vila1 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- ABSTRACT Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Aim Biogeographically puzzling taxa represent an opportunity to understand Spain, 2Department of Organismic and the processes that have shaped current species distributions. The systematic Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, placement and biogeographical history of Elkalyce cogina, a small lycaenid but- Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 3Faculty of terfly endemic to Brazil and neighbouring Argentina, are long-standing puzzles. Biology and Soil Science, St Petersburg State We use molecular tools and novel biogeographical and life history data to clar- University, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia, ify the taxonomy and distribution of this butterfly. 4 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto Location South America, with emphasis on the Atlantic Rain Forest and Cer- de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de rado biomes (Brazil and Argentina). Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Methods We gathered a data set of 71 Polyommatini (Lycaenidae) samples, including representatives of all described subtribes and/or sections. Among these, we contributed new sequences for E. cogina and four additional relevant taxa in the target subtribes Everina, Lycaenopsina and Polyommatina. We inferred a molecular phylogeny based on three mitochondrial genes and four nuclear markers to assess the systematic position and time of divergence of E. cogina. Ancestral geographical ranges were estimated with the R package BioGeoBEARS. To investigate heterogeneity in clade diversification rates, we used Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures (bamm).
    [Show full text]
  • 284 Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker
    AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 18 January 2019 Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker, 1914 Dwarf Blue Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914: 331 (314-337). Type-species: Lycaena barberae Trimen, by original designation. The genus Oraidium belongs to the Family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815; Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827; Tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827; Subtribe incertae sedis. The other genera in the Subtribe incertae sedis in the Afrotropical Region are Cupidopsis, Pseudonacaduba, Catochrysops, Lampides, Uranothauma, Cacyreus, Harpendyreus, Leptotes, Cyclyrius, Tuxentius, Tarucus, Zintha, Zizeeria, Actizera, Zizula, Zizula, Brephidium, Azanus, Eicochrysops, Euchrysops, Orachrysops, Lepidochrysops, Thermoniphas and Oboronia. Oraidium (Dwarf Blue) is a monobasic Afrotropical genus. *Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868)# Dwarf Blue Dwarf Blue (Oraidium barberae) male upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1868: 89 (69-96). Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Bethune-Baker, 1914: 331. Oraidium barberae Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 277. Oraidium barberae Trimen, 1868. d’Abrera, 2009: 816. Oraidium barberae. Male (Wingspan 13 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. 1 Lagerspoort, Gauteng Province. 27 January
    [Show full text]
  • Publications Files/2011 Vila Et Al Beringia.Pdf
    Downloaded from rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org on September 28, 2011 Phylogeny and palaeoecology of Polyommatus blue butterflies show Beringia was a climate-regulated gateway to the New World Roger Vila, Charles D. Bell, Richard Macniven, Benjamin Goldman-Huertas, Richard H. Ree, Charles R. Marshall, Zsolt Bálint, Kurt Johnson, Dubi Benyamini and Naomi E. Pierce Proc. R. Soc. B 2011 278, 2737-2744 first published online 26 January 2011 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2213 Supplementary data "Data Supplement" http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/suppl/2011/01/22/rspb.2010.2213.DC1.h tml References This article cites 46 articles, 10 of which can be accessed free http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/278/1719/2737.full.html#ref-list-1 This article is free to access Subject collections Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections ecology (941 articles) evolution (1040 articles) taxonomy and systematics (132 articles) Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at the top Email alerting service right-hand corner of the article or click here To subscribe to Proc. R. Soc. B go to: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/subscriptions This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society Downloaded from rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org on September 28, 2011 Proc. R. Soc. B (2011) 278, 2737–2744 doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2213 Published online 26 January 2011 Phylogeny and palaeoecology of Polyommatus blue butterflies show Beringia was a climate-regulated gateway to the New World Roger Vila1,2, Charles D. Bell3, Richard Macniven1,4, Benjamin Goldman-Huertas1,5, Richard H.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Kopij.Vp:Corelventura
    Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 49B(1-2): 137-180, Kraków, 30 June, 2005 Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho Grzegorz KOPIJ Received: 7 Dec. 2005 Accepted: 15 Apr. 2006 KOPIJ G. 2006. Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho. Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 49B(1-2): 137-180. Abstract. By the end of the year 2004, 393 species belonging to 225 genera and 24 familie of Lepidoptera have been recorded from Lesotho, amongst which 115 butterfly and 278 moth species, i.e. 13.03 % and 3.65 % of the southern African butterfly and moth fauna re- spectively. The most species rich families included Noctuidae, Lycaenidae and Geometri- dae. Many species are probably endemic or near-endemic to the Maloti/Drakensberg region. A total of 39 species (9.9 %) are known from the type locality alone. Five Lesotho species: Torynesis pringlei (vulnerable, endemic to Lesotho), Lepidochrysops loewen- steini (rare), L. oosthuizeni (rare), Metisella syrinx (rare, dependent on rare plant – Tham- nocalamnus tesselattus) and Aloeides dentatis maseruna (insufficiently known) are listed in the South African Red Data Book (HENNING &HENNING 1989). In the present paper, 66 species new for Lesotho are listed. For each listed species all records of occurrence in Lesotho are listed, with details on locality and source of information, as well as the global distribution of this species. Key words: Lepidoptera, checklist, South Africa, biodiversity, Lesotho. Grzegorz KOPIJ, Department of Zoology & Ecology, Agricultural University of Wroc³aw, ul. Ko¿uchowska 5b, 51-631 Wroc³aw, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION Lepidoptera are one of the most intensively studied insect orders in southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Document
    SANBI Biodiversity Series 16 Butterflies of South Africa’s National Botanical Gardens An illustrated checklist compiled by Christopher K. Willis & Steve E. Woodhall Pretoria 2010 SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 Sep- tember 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Manage- ment: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include responsibili- ties relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI: Biodiversity richness for all South Africans. SANBI’s mission is to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appre- ciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, work- shops, symposia and other activities initiated by or executed in partnership with SANBI. Photographs: Steve Woodhall, unless otherwise noted Technical editing: Emsie du Plessis Design & layout: Sandra Turck Cover design: Sandra Turck Cover photographs: Front: Pirate (Christopher Willis) Back, top: African Leaf Commodore (Christopher Willis) Back, centre: Dotted Blue (Steve Woodhall) Back, bottom: Green-veined Charaxes (Christopher Willis) Citing this publication WILLIS, C.K. & WOODHALL, S.E. (Compilers) 2010. Butterflies of South Africa’s National Botanical Gardens. SANBI Biodiversity Series 16. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN 978-1-919976-57-0 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • 325 Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker
    14th edition (2015). Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker, 1914 Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914: 331 (314-337). Type-species: Lycaena barberae Trimen, by original designation. A monobasic Afrotropical genus. *Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868)# Dwarf Blue Dwarf Blue (Oraidium barberae) male upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1868: 89 (69-96). Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Bethune-Baker, 1914: 331. Oraidium barberae Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 277. Oraidium barberae Trimen, 1868. d’Abrera, 2009: 816. Oraidium barberae. Male (Wingspan 13 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lagerspoort, Gauteng Province. 27 January 2008. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection. 1 Oraidium barberae. Female (Wingspan 15 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 17 October 2010. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Highlands, near Grahamstown; Tsomo River; Burghersdorp; Murraysburg”. Diagnosis: Similar to Brephidium metophis, from which it differs in the following features: darker on the upperside; on the hindwing underside it lacks the scattered irregular white markings that are present in metophis (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999), Lesotho. In South Africa its distribution covers 176 quarter degree squares (528 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biogeographical History of the Relict Brazilian Butterfly Elkalyce
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) 43, 727–737 ORIGINAL One-note samba: the biogeographical ARTICLE history of the relict Brazilian butterfly Elkalyce cogina Gerard Talavera1,2,3*, Lucas A. Kaminski1,4, Andre V. L. Freitas4 and Roger Vila1 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- ABSTRACT Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Aim Biogeographically puzzling taxa represent an opportunity to understand Spain, 2Department of Organismic and the processes that have shaped current species distributions. The systematic Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, placement and biogeographical history of Elkalyce cogina, a small lycaenid but- Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 3Faculty of terfly endemic to Brazil and neighbouring Argentina, are long-standing puzzles. Biology and Soil Science, St Petersburg State We use molecular tools and novel biogeographical and life history data to clar- University, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia, ify the taxonomy and distribution of this butterfly. 4 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto Location South America, with emphasis on the Atlantic Rain Forest and Cer- de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de rado biomes (Brazil and Argentina). Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Methods We gathered a data set of 71 Polyommatini (Lycaenidae) samples, including representatives of all described subtribes and/or sections. Among these, we contributed new sequences for E. cogina and four additional relevant taxa in the target subtribes Everina, Lycaenopsina and Polyommatina. We inferred a molecular phylogeny based on three mitochondrial genes and four nuclear markers to assess the systematic position and time of divergence of E. cogina. Ancestral geographical ranges were estimated with the R package BioGeoBEARS. To investigate heterogeneity in clade diversification rates, we used Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures (bamm).
    [Show full text]
  • 395 Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker
    AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Oraidium Bethune-Baker, 1914 Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914: 331 (314-337). Type-species: Lycaena barberae Trimen, by original designation. The genus Oraidium belongs to the Family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815; Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827; Tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827; Subtribe incertae sedis. The other genera in the Subtribe incertae sedis in the Afrotropical Region are Cupidopsis, Pseudonacaduba, Catochrysops, Lampides, Uranothauma, Cacyreus, Harpendyreus, Leptotes, Cyclyrius, Tuxentius, Tarucus, Zintha, Zizeeria, Actizera, Zizula, Zizula, Brephidium, Azanus, Eicochrysops, Euchrysops, Orachrysops, Lepidochrysops, Thermoniphas and Oboronia. Oraidium (Dwarf Blue) is a monobasic Afrotropical genus. *Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868)# Dwarf Blue Dwarf Blue (Oraidium barberae) male upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1868: 89 (69-96). Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868. Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Bethune-Baker, 1914: 331. Oraidium barberae Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Oraidium barberae (Trimen, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 277. Oraidium barberae Trimen, 1868. d’Abrera, 2009: 816. Oraidium barberae. Male (Wingspan 13 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lagerspoort, Gauteng Province. 27 January 2008. M. Williams.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa
    W Conservation Biology in ILSON Conservation Biology Sub-Saharan Africa JOHN W. WILSON AND RICHARD B. PRIMACK in Sub-Saharan Africa AND This textbook – the fi rst Open Access conservati on biology textbook for Africa – is unique in its opti mal use of examples of conservati on eff orts in the conti nent, and brilliant descripti on of the interdisciplinary nature of conservati on biology. P Temitope Borokini, President, Africa sec� on of the Society for Conserva� on Biology (2019–2022) RIMACK We fi nally have a textbook to teach our students conservati on biology in an African context. Its comprehensive chapters are supplemented with real-world case-studies, writt en by researchers and practi ti oners across the region. Dr Bruktawit Abdu Mahamued, Biology Department, Kotebe Metropolitan University This book comprehensively explores the challenges and poten� al solu� ons to key conserva� on issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Easy to read, this lucid and accessible textbook includes fi � een chapters that cover a full range of conserva� on topics, including threats to biodiversity, environmental laws, and protected areas management, as well as related topics such as sustainability, poverty, and human-wildlife confl ict. This rich resource also includes a C background discussion of what conserva� on biology is, a wide range of theore� cal approaches to the subject, ONSERVATION and concrete examples of conserva� on prac� ce in specifi c African contexts. Strategies are outlined to protect S biodiversity whilst promo� ng economic development, and scien� sts who live and work throughout the region are featured in each chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies of the "Four Corners Area"
    AWF FOUR CORNERS TBNRM PROJECT : REVIEWS OF EXISTING BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION i Published for The African Wildlife Foundation's FOUR CORNERS TBNRM PROJECT by THE ZAMBEZI SOCIETY and THE BIODIVERSITY FOUNDATION FOR AFRICA 2004 PARTNERS IN BIODIVERSITY The Zambezi Society The Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P O Box HG774 P O Box FM730 Highlands Famona Harare Bulawayo Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Tel: +263 4 747002-5 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.biodiversityfoundation.org Website : www.zamsoc.org The Zambezi Society and The Biodiversity Foundation for Africa are working as partners within the African Wildlife Foundation's Four Corners TBNRM project. The Biodiversity Foundation for Africa is responsible for acquiring technical information on the biodiversity of the project area. The Zambezi Society will be interpreting this information into user-friendly formats for stakeholders in the Four Corners area, and then disseminating it to these stakeholders. THE BIODIVERSITY FOUNDATION FOR AFRICA (BFA is a non-profit making Trust, formed in Bulawayo in 1992 by a group of concerned scientists and environmentalists. Individual BFA members have expertise in biological groups including plants, vegetation, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, aquatic invertebrates and ecosystems. The major objective of the BFA is to undertake biological research into the biodiversity of sub-Saharan Africa, and to make the resulting information more accessible. Towards this end it provides technical, ecological and biosystematic expertise. THE ZAMBEZI SOCIETY was established in 1982. Its goals include the conservation of biological diversity and wilderness in the Zambezi Basin through the application of sustainable, scientifically sound natural resource management strategies.
    [Show full text]