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FROZEN CONFLICTS' the Challenges of Reconciliation Table of Contents Features per ConcordiamJournal of European Security and Defense Issues EMERGENCY RESPONSE POST-SOVIET SPACE Civil-military links a must Old approach won’t help define borders BALANCING THE BALKANS PLUS Pillars of progress eroding New Afghan momentum Croatia hosts special forces UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS Further from resolution than ever? Olympic security effort RESOLVING 'FROZEN CONFLICTS' The Challenges of Reconciliation Table of Contents features ON THE COVER Protracted, or “frozen,” conflicts present a challenge to stability and security. Moving Answering away from the status quo while protecting 18 against the potential of renewed violence the distress call is not a simple endeavor. Finding common Civil-military cooperation is a ground upon which all parties can agree has must in emergency response to proven a nearly impossible task. man-made and natural disasters. 26 A balanced view of the Balkans Some believe the Balkan conflict p. is over, but others warn it is on 10 the brink of erupting again. The myth of 'frozen conflicts' 32 Resolving post-Soviet Regional and international support for stabilization could lead to lasting solutions 'frozen conflicts' Cover illustration: per Concordiam staff in places such as the South Caucasus. A strong foundation must be in place for effective regional integration. 38 Russia and the post-Soviet space Taking other interests into account will help Moscow regain a leadership role. 2 perConcordiam p.52 departments 4 Director's Letter 5 Contributors 6 In This Issue 7 Letters to the Editor 8 Viewpoint 64 Book Review 66 Calendar COOPERATION SECURITY POLICY 44 On Corruption's 52 Olympic effort 60 Kazakhstan faces Front Lines Nations collaborate to secure OSCE hurdles Reforms help Tajikistan international sporting events. Its new role raises eyebrows, look to the future. but the nation promises results. 56 Transnistria: 47 Friends Mark A black hole? 62 EU with one voice Mutual Victory The EU must develop a solid The new president aims to boost policy to resolve the dispute. the union’s world affairs role. NATO troops march in Red Square during V-E Day parade 48 NATO’s new momentum Renewed EU support is vital to success in Afghanistan. 50 Jackal Stone ’09 Croatia shines as the host of its first NATO exercise. p.62 p.50 perConcordiam 3 DIRECTOR'S LETTER Welcome to per Concordiam On behalf of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Stud- ies, I am pleased to present the second issue of our quarterly journal, per Concordiam. We at the Marshall Center take great pride in presenting our readers with a quality journal that addresses defense, policy and security issues confronting Europe and Eurasia. Marshall Center alumni are critical in contributing unique regional perspective to the ongoing dialogue of relevant security and defense themes. In the first issue of per Concordiam, we asked you to consider pro- viding your thoughts and opinions to our editors. Your input has been incredible, and the response to the first issue has been overwhelmingly positive. We are confident that future issues will be no different. The theme of this issue focuses on domestic security concerns and frozen conflicts that have regional and international implications. When examining the European and Eurasian security landscape, one need not Dr. John P. Rose look far to find an example of a domestic security issue that is of concern Director, George C. Marshall Center at a regional level. This issue of per Concordiam is devoted to such topics, and it is my hope that the ideas captured in these pages will generate John P. Rose is the director of constructive dialogue among those in a position to effect change. The the George C. Marshall European Marshall Center has the privilege to bring this important issue to the Center for Security Studies forefront of discussion for security practitioners in Europe and Eurasia. in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, We have every confidence that those able and willing to resolve these Germany. A retired U.S. Army security issues will strive to do so. brigadier general, he has 34 Those of you who have participated in Marshall Center resident pro- years of international, operational, grams and outreach events have a unique perspective of the dilemma academic, business and strategic that frozen conflicts and domestic security problems create at the re- planning expertise. He holds gional level, and you may be able to provide insight not previously con- master’s and doctorate degrees sidered. With this in mind, we encourage each of you to reach out to one from the University of Southern another, and to our editorial board, to ensure your voice is heard so that decision-makers are presented with your novel ideas. California, Los Angeles, and It is our hope that you find the ideas in these pages thought-pro- attended the Harvard University voking, interesting and relevant to your work. Now, more than ever, it is John F. Kennedy School of vital that we work together to promote democratic institutions, build en- Government in Cambridge, Mass. during partnerships and promote an environment of peaceful security His published works include The cooperation to resolve the significant security issues that face Europe Evolution of U.S. Army Nuclear and Eurasia. Please enjoy this issue of per Concordiam and continue your Doctrine, 1945-1980 and contributions to this important discussion. 10 journal articles on nuclear strategy, military doctrine and Sincerely, long-range planning. John P. Rose, PhD Director 4 perConcordiam CONTRIBUTORS Suren Grigoryan Col. Viktor V. Sapon is a senior specialist on is head of the Journal of European Security international military Sevastopol City and Defense Issues cooperation at the Public Assistance and Armenian Ministry of Information Service Defense. He also does vio- in Ukraine. He has Domestic Security lence risk assessments on served in a variety of Volume 1, Number 2 countries in the Common- military and civilian June 2010 wealth of Independent positions in an emer- States for the London- gency management George C. Marshall European based company Exclusive capacity, including the Ministry of Emergency Center for Security Studies Analysis. He was a troop Situations as an expert on the consequences LEADERSHIP commander in the Armenian military and an ad- of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. visor on the legal aspects of international military He has commanded at the battalion and cooperation. Since 2001, he has held several se- company levels, and served as the chief of Dr. John P. Rose curity positions at the Defense Ministry. He earned service for chemical, biological and radiologi- Director a master’s degree in comparative politics in 2009 cal protection in the Ukrainian armed forces. at the London School of Economics and Political He is a graduate of the Military Academy of Hermann Wachter Science and a bachelor’s degree in law and mili- Chemical Defense of the Soviet Armed Forces German Deputy Director tary command. He is a graduate of the Marshall and a 2000 graduate of the Marshall Center's Center's 2010 Security, Stability, Transition and Senior Executive Seminar. Reconstruction course, and the 2004 Program on Dr. James C. MacDougall Advanced Security Studies. U.S. Deputy Director Dr. Matthew Rhodes is a professor of Dr. Vardan national security MARSHALL CENTER Grigoryan studies at the Marshall The George C. Marshall European is deputy director Center. He has written Center for Security Studies is a German- of the Institute numerous articles and American partnership founded in 1993. of Armenian book chapters on U.S. The staff of this security studies institute Studies, a research foreign policy and center at Yerevan security dynamics in furthers the vision of the post-World War State University, Central and Southeast II Marshall Plan into the 21st century. Armenia. He served Europe. He earned a The center promotes dialogue and under- as Armenia’s doctorate in political standing between European, Eurasian, deputy minister science from the Uni- North American and other nations. The of education and versity of Wisconsin. theme of its resident courses and out- science from 2000 to 2002, as a diplomat reach events: Most 21st century security at the Armenian Embassy in Moscow challenges require international, intera- from 1997 to 1998 and as chief editor of the Dr. Filon Morar is a gency and interdisciplinary response diplomatic counselor weekly magazine Epoch from 1989 to1997. and cooperation. He earned a doctorate in philological at the Romanian sciences from the V. Brusov Linguistic Ministry of Foreign University at Yerevan, where he taught Affairs now serving CONTACT US from 1980 to 1983. on an EU electoral assessment mission Per Concordiam editors in Iraq. He specializes George C. Marshall Center Dr. Dragan Lozancic in transition to Gernackerstrasse 2 democracy studies is a Marshall Center 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen professor of secu- and worked on rity studies. He is electoral technical Germany on leave from the assistance and post-conflict stabilization Croatian Ministry missions in Iraq, Algeria and Georgia with the Per Concordiam is a professional journal of Defense, where United Nations and EU. He was a deputy chief published quarterly by the George C. he has held several of Field Office Tbilisi with the EU Monitoring Marshall European Center for Security senior civil service Mission in Georgia. He was an assistant Studies that addresses defense and posts in international professor at the University of Bucharest political security issues in Europe and Eurasia cooperation and science department and has published four for military and security practitioners defense policy and books and several articles on political science and experts. Opinions expressed planning. He has extensive interagency ex- and international relations. He has a doctorate in this journal do not necessarily perience in Croatia’s EU accession process, in political philosophy and a master’s degree represent the policies or points of view of this institution or of any other relations with NATO and development of key in political science.
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