CHARLES EFFERSON Department of Economics Phone

Home , Ernst Fehr, University of Lausanne

CHARLES EFFERSON

Department of Economics phone: +41 44 634 3665 Laboratory for the Study of Social and Neural Systems fax: +41 44 634 4907 University of Zurich Bl¨umlisalpstrasse10 8006 Zurich, Switzerland http://www.econ.uzh.ch/faculty/eﬀerson.html

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT

Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Zurich.

PAST EMPLOYMENT

Post-doctoral researcher, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, December, 2006 - August, 2008. Post-doctoral fellow, Santa Fe Institute, August, 2006 - August, 2008.

EDUCATION

Ph.D., Ecology, University of California, Davis, August, 2006. Dissertation: The Struc- ture of Social Learning: Integrating Theory and Empiricism. Primary Advisor: Dr. Peter J. Richerson. M.A., English, University of California, Davis, June, 1999. B.A., English, Loyola University, New Orleans, December, 1993.

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

Most of my research in the past few years has focused on the theoretical and experimental study of prosocial behavior, social learning, and cultural evolution. I have conducted a variety of behavioral experiments in rural Bolivia and among student populations at several universities in Switzerland, the United States, and Germany. In addition, a number of colleagues and I are currently implementing two large-scale ﬁeld experiments to study the cultural evolution of social norms. One of these ﬁeld experiments is in collaboration with the energy provider in Zurich, and the focus is on identifying social CHARLES EFFERSON Page 2

processes that reduce household energy consumption. The other field experiment is in collaboration with the UNICEF offices in Zurich and Khartoum, and the intention in this case is to identify programs that encourage the abandonment of female circumcision in Sudan. Finally, I am currently working on a number of projects related to human population dynamics and the evolution of prosocial behavior. From the moder- ately distant past I also have experience with ecological and evolutionary fieldwork of a traditional sort.

PUBLICATIONS Hruschka, D., Efferson, C., Jiang, T., Falletta-Cowden, A., Sigurdsson, S., McNamara, R., Sands, M., Munira, S., Slingerland, E., and Henrich, J. (In press). Impartial institutions, pathogen stress, and the expanding social network. Human Nature. Vogt, S., Efferson, C., and Fehr, E. (2013). Can we see inside? Predicting strategic behavior given limited information. Evolution and Human Behavior. 34: 258-264. Efferson, C. and Vogt, S. (2013). Viewing men’s faces does not lead to accurate predictions of trustworthiness. Scientific Reports. 3: 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/srep01047. Efferson, C. (2012). A review of A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. The Economic Journal. 122: F253-F269. Paciotti, B., Richerson, P. J., Lubell, M., Waring, T., McElreath, R., Efferson, C., and Edsten, E. (2011). Are religious individuals more generous, trusting, and cooperative? An experimental test of the effect of religion on prosociality. Research in Economic Anthropology. 31: 267-305. McKay, R., Efferson, C., Whitehouse, H., and Fehr, E. (2011). Wrath of God: religious primes and punishment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278: 1858-1863. McKay, R. and Efferson, C. (2010). The subtleties of error management. Evolution and Human Behavior. 31: 309-319. Efferson, C., Lalive, R., and Fehr, E. (2008). The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism. Science. 321: 1844-1849. McElreath, R., Bell, A. V., Efferson, C., Lubell, M., Richerson, P. J., and Waring, T. (2008). Beyond existence and aiming outside the laboratory: estimating frequency- dependent and payoff-biased-social learning strategies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363: 3515-3528. Efferson, C. (2008). Prey-producing predators: the ecology of human intensification. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences. 12: 55-74. Efferson, C., Lalive, R., Richerson, P. J., McElreath, R., and Lubell, M. (2008). Con- formists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior. 29: 56-64. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 3

Burkart, J. M., Fehr, E., Efferson, C., and van Schaik, C. P. (2007). Other-regarding preferences in a nonhuman primate: common marmosets provision food altruisti- cally. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104: 19762-19766. Efferson, C., Takezawa, M., and McElreath, R. (2007). New methods in quantitative ethnography: economic experiments and variation in the price of equality. Current Anthropology. 48: 912-919. Efferson, C., Richerson, P. J. (2007). A prolegomenon to nonlinear empiricism in the human behavioral sciences. Biology and Philosophy. 22: 1-33. Efferson, C., Richerson, P. J., McElreath, R., Lubell, M., Edsten, E., Waring, T. M., Paciotti, B., and Baum, W. (2007). Learning, productivity, and noise: an experimental study of cultural transmission on the Bolivian Altiplano. Evolution and Human Behavior. 28: 11-17. Efferson, C., Lalive, R., Richerson, P. J., McElreath, R., and Lubell, M. (2006). Models and anti-models: the structure of payoff-dependent social learning. IEW Working Paper Nr. 290. McEachern, M. B., Eagle-Smith, C. A., Efferson, C. M., Van Vuren, D. H. (2006). Evidence for local specialization in a generalist mammalian herbivore, Neotoma fuscipes. Oikos. 113: 440-448. McElreath, R., Lubell, M., Richerson, P. J., Waring, T. M., Baum, W., Edsten, E., Ef- ferson, C., and Paciotti, B. (2005). Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning. Evolution and Human Behavior. 26: 483-508. Baum, W. M., Richerson, P. J., Efferson, C. M., Paciotti, B. M. (2004). Cultural evolution in laboratory microsocieties including traditions of rule giving and rule following. Evolution and Human Behavior. 25: 305-326.

INVITED TALKS

February, 2014. Super-additive altruism. Economics Department, University of Kon- stanz. January, 2014. Super-additive altruism. Workshop on the “Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Cooperation,” sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Tro- gen, Switzerland. October, 2013. Evaluating methods to encourage the abandonment of female circumcision in Sudan. UNICEF, Zurich, Switzerland. July, 2013. Do children respond to cues that they are being watched? International Conference on Social Dilemmas, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. June, 2013. Do children respond to cues that they are being watched? Annual meeting of the International Network of Analytical Sociologists, Stockholm. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 4

May, 2013. The Ultimate Origins of Human Altruism: Experimental Measures of Psy- chology from the Past. Keynote Lecture, Interdisciplinary Project on Interaction Modeling, University of Fribourg. March 2013. Intergroup conflict and reciprocity are mutually reinforcing: an empirical study of the ultimate origins of human altruism. Institute for Advanced Study, University of Toulouse. March 2013. Evaluating methods to encourage the abandonment of female circumcision in Sudan. International conference on Social Norms and Human Development, University of Zurich. November, 2012. Intergroup conflict and reciprocity are mutually reinforcing: an empirical study of the ultimate origins of human altruism. School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Oxford University. July, 2012. Intergroup conflict and reciprocity are mutually reinforcing: an empirical study of the ultimate origins of human altruism. Santa Fe Institute. June, 2012. Intergroup conflict and reciprocity are mutually reinforcing: an empirical study of the ultimate origins of human altruism. Annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, University of New Mexico. March, 2012. The evolution of shared delusions. The School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. February, 2012. The ultimate origins of human prosocial behavior: an empirical test of competing theories. Sociology Department, Utrecht University. November, 2011. The evolution of shared delusions. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London. November, 2011. Can we see inside? Predicting strategic behaviors given limited information. Economics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London. October, 2011. The evolution of shared delusions. Quantitative Sociology Colloquium, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. October, 2011. The evolution of shared delusions. Anthropology Department, Univer- sity College, London. June, 2011. An empirical analysis of FGM/C programs based on the theory of coordination games: the relative effects of targeting beliefs versus values. UNICEF, Khartoum, Sudan. March, 2011. The ultimate origins of human prosocial behavior: an empirical test of competing theories. Institute for Environmental Decisions, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. October, 2010. Testing evolutionary theories of human social behavior. University of Zurich Research Priority Program on the Foundations of Human Social Behavior. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 5

April, 2010. The biological evolution of prosocial behavior. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern. March, 2010. Shared delusions. Annual research forum held by the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva. January, 2010. Conformity and endogenous preferences. Annual retreat for the Uni- versity of Zurich Research Priority Program on the Foundations of Human Social Behavior, Küssnacht am Rigi, Switzerland. January, 2010. Manufacturing shared delusions. The Max Planck Institute for Eco- nomics. Jena, Germany. January, 2010. The ultimate origin of human prosocial behavior: an empirical test. Santa Fe Institute. December, 2009. The evolution of other-regarding preferences. Sociology Department, University of Bern. October, 2009. The evolution of other-regarding preferences. Economics Department, University of Fribourg. December, 2008. Manufacturing shared delusions. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. October, 2008. The social foundations of shared delusions. Economics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London. July, 2008. The social foundations of shared delusions. Santa Fe Institute. May, 2008. The evolution of ethnic marking. Economics Department, University of Innsbruck. May, 2008. Heaven and hell as a cognitive bias. Nuffield College, Oxford University. February, 2008. The evolution of ethnic marking. Economics Department, University of Lausanne. February, 2008. Herding llamas and cascading on God: experimental studies in human evolutionary ecology. Nuffield College, Oxford University. February, 2008. Herding llamas and cascading on God: the cognitive processing of culturally transmitted information. Anthropology Department, University of Cal- ifornia, Los Angeles. February, 2008. Information dynamics in dangerous worlds and risky societies. An- thropology Department, University of Utah. January, 2008. Information dynamics in dangerous worlds and risky societies. German Primate Center, University of Göttingen. August, 2007. The evolution of ethnic marking. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 6

May, 2007. Shared information in an uncertain world: experimental studies of cultural evolution. All Souls College, Oxford University. May, 2007. Shared information in an uncertain world: experimental studies of cultural evolution. National Center of Scientiﬁc Research, Lyon, France. March, 2007. Shared information in an uncertain world. Anthropology Department, University of California, Los Angeles. January, 2007. The evolution of ethnic markers. Santa Fe Institute. January, 2007. Systematic variation in social preferences among common marmosets. Santa Fe Institute. December, 2006. The evolution of ethnic markers in the lab. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. April, 2006. Quick and biased: the structure of social learning. Anthropology Institute and Museum, University of Zurich. March, 2006. Quick and biased: the structure of social learning. Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany. February, 2006. Quick and biased: the structure of social learning. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis. February, 2006. Socially minded ego and the benevolent philosopher. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis. February, 2006. Quick and biased: the structure of social learning. Santa Fe Institute. January, 2006. Socially minded ego and the benevolent philosopher. Santa Fe Institute. December, 2005. Fehr-Schmidt, Charness-Rabin: a friendly competition from four countries. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. October, 2005. The empirical structure of cultural transmission. Institute for Empiri- cal Research in Economics, University of Zurich. June, 2005. Learning, noise, productivity: an experimental study of cultural evolution on the Bolivian altiplano. Annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Austin, TX, United States. April, 2005. The structure of social preferences in the Sama Biological Reserve of Bolivia. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. October, 2004. Experimental microsocieties: social learning experiments in Bolivia and California. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. July, 2004. Dynamical coupling: population biology and economic growth. Annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Berlin, Germany. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 7

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Research seminar, University of Zurich, 2014 - present.

Every fall semester I organize, direct, and teach a Master’s level research seminar on behavioral experiments for addressing important questions in economics and human evolutionary ecology.

Supervision of Ph.D. students

I recently advised Moritz Hetzer, a graduate student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, as he completed his dissertation on the theoretical study of how prosocial preferences evolved. I also served as an examiner when Mr. Hetzer defended his Ph.D. research in September of 2011.

Behavioral economics, University of Zurich, 2009 - 2011.

For this period of time I taught a master’s level class each fall on the psychological and biological foundations of economic behavior. The lectures and problem sets covered risk, time, coordination, social preferences, evolutionary theories of human prosociality, social learning, and cultural transmission.

z-Tree mini-course, University of Zurich, 2010 - present.

Approximately once a year I teach a mini-course on how to develop and implement behavioral experiments in z-Tree.

Research seminar in behavioral economics, University of Zurich, 2008 - 2011.

Every fall semester several colleagues and I teach a research seminar in which master’s level students develop an experiment designed to answer an important question in contemporary behavioral research.

Thesis supervisor, University of Zurich, March, 2008 - present.

In the Swiss system, students completing either a bachelor’s or master’s degree have to complete an independent research project under the supervision of an experienced researcher. I supervise one to two students a year as they complete this ﬁnal step of their studies.

Guest Lecturer, Graduate Workshop in Computation, Social Science Mod- eling, and Complexity, Santa Fe Institute, July, 2007.

Lectured on social learning and cultural transmission as part of this annual workshop organized by John H. Miller and Scott Page. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 8

Teaching Assistant, Introductory Biology 1B, UC Davis, 2001-2003.

Led weekly labs introducing biology majors to the basics of evolutionary biology and most of the zoological phyla. A teaching assistant in this class four times.

Teaching Assistant, various literature classes, UC Davis, 1998-2001.

Graded student papers and led weekly discussions involving instruction in com- position and literary analysis. A teaching assistant one or more times in each of the following classes: 1) Comparative Literature, Fairy Tales, Fables, and Para- bles; 2) Comparative Literature, Myths and Legends; 3) Comparative Literature, Literature of Fantasy and the Supernatural; 4) English, Masterpieces of English Literature, 1832 - present.

REFEREE SERVICE

Biology Letters, Current Anthropology, Ecological Economics, The Economic Journal, Evolution and Human Behavior, Experimental Economics, Human Nature, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Journal of Bioeconomics, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Journal of Economic Psychology, Journal of Evolutionary Psychol- ogy, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Management Science, Nature Communications, The Open Biology Journal, Organization Studies, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, PLoS ONE, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Psychological Science, Theoretical Population Biology, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, the Leakey Foundation, and the Templeton Foundation.

FELLOWSHIPS/GRANTS

As Principal Investigator:

Proposal funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation for the experimental study of population fragmentation and the cultural evolution of social norms, 2010-2013, c. 370,000 CHF. Proposal funded by EWZ, the energy provider in Zurich, for a field experiment on how social comparisons affect energy consumption, co-PI with Lorenz Götte and Rafael Lalive of the University of Lausanne, 2010-2012, c. 270,00 CHF. Proposal funded by the University of Chicago for the cross-cultural study of decision making when people must try to adhere to conflicting social norms, co-PI with Daniel Hruschka of Arizona State University, 2010-2012, c. 215,000 USD. Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Fellow in Economics, National Center for Environmental Research, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003-2006, c. 100,000 USD. CHARLES EFFERSON Page 9

Block Grants, Graduate Group in Ecology, UC Davis, 2001 and 2002, c. 20,000 USD. Jastro Shields Grants, UC Davis, 2001, 2002, and 2003, 5000 USD. Humanities Grants, UC Davis, 2001 and 2002, 3000 USD.

Other:

Coauthored a proposal funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation for the experimental study of social behavior in primates (Principal Investigators: Ernst Fehr and Carel van Schaik), 2006-2011, c. 650,000 CHF. Coauthored a proposal funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation for the experimental study of cultural evolution (Principal Investigators: Peter J. Rich- erson, Richard McElreath, and Mark Lubell), 2004-2005, c. 140,000 USD.

REFERENCES

Sam Bowles, Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, U.S.A., [email protected], +1 505 982 0565 (F). Ernst Fehr, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Bl¨umlisalpstrasse10, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected], +41 (0)44 634 4907 (F). Urs Fischbacher, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Kon- stanz, Germany, urs.ﬁ[email protected], +41 (0)71 677 0511 (F). Rafael Lalive, Economics Department, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzer- land, [email protected], +41 (0)21 692 3305 (F). Ryan McKay, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K., [email protected], +44 (0) 1784 437520 (F). Peter J. Richerson, Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A., [email protected], +1 530 752 3350 (F). Carel van Schaik, Anthropology Institute and Museum, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected], +41 (0)44 635 6804 (F).