System Operability Framework 2015
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Chapter System Operability Framework November 2015 2 one System Operability Framework 2015 UK electricity transmission NOVEMBER 2015 Chapter System Operability Framework November 2015 01 one Welcome to the 2015 System Operability Framework This publication is part of the technology providers, academics, annual electricity transmission generator companies and service planning cycle which describes providers. This was to challenge the future needs of the and review our analysis and reflect transmission network. The your views on both the system SOF is the latest of our suite of needs and delivery roadmap. The ‘Future of Energy’ documents future operability strategy presented which also includes: the in SOF identifies activities such Future Energy Scenarios (FES), as development of new services, Electricity Ten Year Statement utilisation of existing and unused (ETYS), Gas Ten Year Statement capability on the network and future (GTYS), Winter Outlook Report research and development. Given the and Summer Outlook Report. wide industry engagement feeding into this strategy, we have confidence When we look to the future, we use that the right solutions and services our Future Energy Scenarios to will be developed which give the establish the network development additional capability our power needs. We developed the FES networks need to transition to a low based on our stakeholders’ views carbon economy. We hope that this is of the future energy landscape. a move that helps you, our customers The combination of FES and and stakeholders, to realise new network development policies opportunities and ways of delivering within each network company form them for the system. the starting point of transmission network planning and allow us to I hope you find this a useful and make strategic investments. SOF interesting document. If you have was developed in 2014 to identify supported our Future of Energy the challenges and opportunities processes by participating in that exist in future years and to stakeholder engagement activities, develop measures which ensure I thank you. If you haven’t, then I fully the operability of future networks. encourage you to get involved. We Last year we received very positive will continue to listen to your views feedback from our stakeholders as and use them to help well as suggestions for development shape SOF 2016. and in SOF 2015 we have made a number of changes. We have I also encourage you to provide provided more clarity on the relevance your views by contacting us at box. of the topics studied as part of this transmission.sof@nationalgrid. document, the whole-system impact com, completing the feedback of changes rather than focusing on form on our website, http://www. transmission networks only and nationalgrid.com/sof, engaging us we have been clearer on our future at future stakeholder events or coming operability strategy. As part of the SOF to meet us at our offices. development process we held a series of webinars with a wide range of stakeholders including onshore and Richard Smith, offshore transmission and distribution Head of Network Capability companies, manufacturers and (Electricity) one System Operability Framework November 2015 02 Chapter Contents Chapter one Chapter six Executive Summary ...................................03 Embedded Generation .............................121 6.1 Key Messages ............................................122 Chapter two 6.2 Regional System Stability ........................123 6.3 Low Frequency Demand Disconnection ............................................129 Introduction to SOF ...................................07 6.4 Active Network Management (ANM) .....135 2.1 System Operator Industry Interaction .....08 6.5 Demand Forecasting with High 2.2 SOF Development Process .......................10 Levels of Embedded Generation ............142 Chapter three Chapter seven Development of SOF 2015 ........................17 New Technologies .................................... 149 3.1 Stakeholder Engagement ..........................18 7.1 Key Messages ............................................150 3.2 Assessment Methodology .........................20 7.2 Sub-Synchronous Resonance 3.3 System Inertia ..............................................22 and Torsional Interaction .........................151 3.4 SOF 2015 Topic Map ...................................31 7.3 Control System Interaction and Coordination .......................................157 7.4 New Nuclear Capability ............................162 Chapter four 7.5 Demand Side Technologies ....................169 System Inertia ............................................. 33 Chapter eight 4.1 Key Messages ..............................................34 4.2 Whole System Minimum Inertia ................35 4.3 Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) ...40 Future Operability Strategy ....................175 4.4 Frequency Containment.............................44 8.1 Future Operability Strategy .....................176 8.2 Non-Service Based Actions ....................178 8.3 New Operability Services ........................180 Chapter five Chapter nine System Strength and Resilience ............ 53 5.1 Key Messages ..............................................54 5.2 Declining Short Circuit Levels Conclusions and the Way Forward ...... 193 and Protection .............................................55 Meet the SOF 2015 Team .........................195 5.3 Voltage Dips .................................................68 Glossary ......................................................196 5.4 Voltage Regulation and Containment ......84 5.5 Power Quality ...............................................96 5.6 LCC HVDC Commutation Failure ............103 5.7 Demand Control by Voltage Reduction ..108 5.8 System Emergency Restoration ............. 111 Chapter Chapter System Operability Framework November 2015 03 oneone Chapter 1 Executive Summary Executive Summary one System Operability Framework November 2015 04 Chapter Executive Summary Changes in the generation mix and demand side combined with new technologies coming to the system bring a number of challenges and opportunities for operability of power networks. National Grid developed the System Operability Framework (SOF) in 2014 as an annual process in which we can study the Future Energy Scenarios (FES) in detail to assess the impact of changes in the energy landscape on system operability. Following the first publication of SOF, we We sincerely thank you for your support received an overwhelming response from our and valuable views that have been stakeholders and they encouraged us to further reflected in this document. This will improve the SOF process and our capabilities continue in future engagements to ensure to enhance the framework. This year we have the tools and capabilities that our electricity made a number of improvements to SOF networks require can be developed. including a transparent and comprehensive stakeholder engagement programme from The SOF is based on in-depth technical the beginning to the end of the process. assessments of the dynamics of power networks. Given the change in background The selection of topics this year considered against which these assessments are many factors including the analysis carried out performed when FES is updated each year, last year, responses to the consultation in 2014, we have performed the technical assessments FES 2015 developments and stakeholder input using a combination of FES 2015 and our from our pre-assessment workshop. There most recent operational experience. The are number of new topics studied including an technical topics studied this year have been entirely new section on Embedded Generation grouped into a number of different categories which outlines opportunities to enhance resulting mainly from the change in generation the capability of the grid using embedded mix and demand, and the new technologies generation services either directly or under on the system. A summary of the findings from a Distribution System Operator (DSO) model. each of the four topics is presented below. To give greater clarity to our stakeholders on “what” needs to be done and “when” System Inertia we have also included a new section on Future System Inertia continues to decline under Operability Strategy which was developed all our scenarios because of the lack of through extensive stakeholder engagement synchronous thermal power stations and high with the industry. In developing the 2015 volume of converter connected generation SOF, over 200 national and international technologies such as solar PV, wind and import organisations ranging from manufacturers, across our High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) network companies, academia, generation interconnectors. This decline impacts RoCoF and service providers, and DECC and Ofgem relays and in 2015 we see a greater need to were approached, and consulted through a expedite the relay setting update programme series of workshops and webinars. to avoid increasing operational costs in coming years. Chapter System Operability Framework November 2015 05 one The analysis shows a need for new services opportunities that exist to enhance the grid’s to help with managing the system frequency, strength and resilience. This includes utilisation as the frequency response requirement of flexibility services from windfarms, will increase by 30-40% in the next thermal generators, and interconnectors. five years. Embedded Generation This trend continues and the response