DOCSLIB.ORG

A Systemic Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Systemic Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios alenc uiv e & eq B io io B a Tariq et al., J Bioequiv Availab 2017, 9:1 f v o a i l l a a b DOI: 10.4172/jbb.1000321 n r i l i u t y o J Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability ISSN: 0975-0851 Review Article Open Access A Systemic Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios Tariq A1, Ali H2, Zafar F3, Sial AA1, Hameed K4, Naveed S5*, Shafiq Y1, Salim S4, Mallick N1 and Hasnain H1 1Department of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan 2Department of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 3Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan 4Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan 5Jinnah University for Woman Karachi, Karachi 74600, Pakistan Abstract Objective: To signify the risk factors, treatment complexities, economical and clinical scenarios related to Surgical Site infection (SSIs). The second most common health care associated infection is the Surgical Site infection, which may increase morbidity and mortality rate among surgical patient and produce a greater influence on length of stay during hospitalization, readmission and economic cost. Method: A methodical literature investigation was conducted to recognize the extent of studies in relation to SSI. Procedural details of SSI, quality attributes in term of various components of SSI were assessed. Results: The incident rate reported in different countries shows divergent variation because of the numerous systems integrated in the epidemiological control of Hospital acquired Infection. Staphylococcus aureus is most frequent pathogen associated with SSI. Increased treatment cost is mostly associated with additional length of hospitalization and supplementary diagnostic testing’s, extra medication/antibiotic utilization and maybe any other minor surgical procedure in certain conditions. Conclusion: This Literature review elaborates the risk factors, classification, economical and clinical scenario and also demonstrates the treatment challenges in various perspectives. Keywords: Surgical site infections; Economic cost; Prophylaxis Classification of SSIs antibiotic; Multi factorial risk; Epidemiological control Surgical Site infection is categorized into three different types Introduction according to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC's) and National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs) remain as an important characterized by Superficial incision which include only the skin public health concern. Amongst the prominent HAIs, Surgical Site and subcutaneous tissue, whereas Deep incision in which infection Infections (SSIs) contributing to substantial rate of mortality, significant penetrate in deep tissue, such as facial and layer of muscle; It also morbidity, considerable prolongation in length of hospitalization and includes infections which involve both superficial and deep incision added treatment expenses. Despite the technical advancements that sites, organ/space SSI drainage through incision. While organ/space have been practiced over the past few years in surgical and wound defined as an infection in any organ or space other than the incision site management system, wound infections are still viewed as the most [10]. Literature Survey conducted by Isik et al. reports the incident rate widely recognized nosocomial infections, particularly in patients in superficial incision is found to be 42.19%, which is more frequent, experiencing surgery. SSIs were estimated approx. 31% of all HAIs, followed next in frequency by deep incision having an SSI 40.1% while which contributed 20% postsurgical readmissions as well [1-2]. Over organ space shows 17.71% rate of infection [11]. the years, the amplified interest of various investigators for surgical In 1964 National Research Council group (United States) categorize infection has generated various guidelines for control of post-surgical post-surgical lesion (wound) in four major categories considering the infection. But still In the United States, 14-16% of estimated 2 million degree of microbiological contagion (Table 1) [12]. However, recently of Nosocomial infections, which affects hospitalized patients; develop the contaminated and dirty wound infections are conjointly classified SSI. The rate of SSIs is reported in numerous literatures in the range of 2.5-41.9% [3-6]. The patients of SSIs have 2-11 times greater risk of death as compared to the patients having no SSI [7]. The number of *Corresponding author: Safila Naveed, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph. D., R. Ph., incidences reported for SSI may be different across several countries Associate Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi 74600, Pakistan, Tel: 00923002621917; E-mail: [email protected] due to the various systems applied for the epidemiological control of Received August 27, 2016; Accepted December 29, 2016; Published January hospital related infection. Surgical Wound Infection Task Force USA 12, 2017 published a standardized application for the SSI in 1992 which includes Citation: Tariq A, Ali H, Zafar F, Sial AA, Hameed K, et al. (2017) A Systemic “the existence of purulent drainage; impulsive drainage of fluid, apart Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment from the culture sensitivity for specific bacterial specie; localized Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios. J Bioequiv Availab 9: 336-340. symbols of contagion for outward sites or radiological verification of doi: 10.4172/jbb.1000321 infections from deep sites; an eruption/abscess or additional infection Copyright: © 2017 Tariq A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under of direct surgical procedure; or an identification of an infection by a the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and surgeon [8-9]. source are credited. J Bioequiv Availab, an open access journal ISSN: 0975-0851 Volume 9(1): 336-340 (2017) - 336 Citation: Tariq A, Ali H, Zafar F, Sial AA, Hameed K, et al. (2017) A Systemic Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios. J Bioequiv Availab 9: 336-340. doi: 10.4172/jbb.1000321 Definition/Major Characteristics of Respective Literature reported in Pakistan illustrates the incidence rate of Wound Type Class Classes SSI may be outdated because various factors influences the infection No inflammation stumbles upon and the rate For instance, Ahmed et al. conducted a study in Surgical Unit, gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, genital & urinary showed that the incidence rate of SSI was 11% [16]. While Khan et al. Clean I tract is not involved. Discretionary (elective), not emergency, principally closed and without rupture/ reported in their study that the infection rate was found to be 9.294% break techniques involved. [9]. Globally, the incident rate of SSI is 2.6% documented in the USA, Operative method involved a colonized viscera or Tanzania reports 19.4% of cases, multi-center Italian study shows 2.7% cavity (opening) of the body, although with controlled Clean- SSI, while the Belgian study documented 1.47% cases of SSI [17]. II and elective situations with nominal spillage. contaminated Furthermore, emergency and urgent cases are clean Risk factors related to SSI otherwise, inconsequential break in technique. Operative procedures are carried out with major In various investigational studies, based on routine examination of interruption/breaks in desolate/aseptic/sterile method multiple clinical scenarios, a wider magnitude of risk factors and their (like open cardiac massage) or gross/foul spillage/ drain from the GI tract, access into genitourinary burden related to the occurrence of SSI can be evaluated. Such studies Contaminated III or biliary system in the existence of contaminated have focused multi variant patient groups, in relation to the particular bile/urine contents and incisions with non-purulent, type of risk factors within various clinical trials [18]. Two models sensitive and acute inflammation are integrated into this group. including Efficacy of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Dirty wounds are demonstrated with surgical (NNIS) index and the Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) index Dirty IV processes mainly involved active infections prior to were developed to control the strategies and reduce the morbidity and surgery. mortality rates in consequence of post-surgical infection. Table 1: Classification of wounds [14]. Multi factorial risk coupled with SSI in which Patient correlated as “dirty wounds” [9]. Furthermore, Class I is used as a useful indicator factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, anemia, immune-suppressant for the referral in case of hospital associated problems [13]. drugs, use of corticosteroids, malnutrition [19]. Similarly, other factors include the duration of surgery, poor postoperative glycemic control; Rationale of Clinical Implications and Complexities prolong post-operative stay, duration of surgery, different type of Associated with SSI surgery, preoperative stay and surgery techniques employed. Infection at remote sites, preoperative temperature and presence of drains also Surgical procedures create widespread challenges due to its key elements in the progress of SSI [20-21]. Literature survey shows that undesirable events related
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spontaneous Remission of Cancer and Wounds Healing
    Open Access Austin Journal of Surgery Special Article – Spontaneous Remission Spontaneous Remission of Cancer and Wounds Healing Shoutko AN1* and Maystrenko DN2 1Laboratory for the Cancer Treatment Methods, Saint Abstract Petersburg, Russia The associativity of the spontaneous cancer remission with surgical 2Department of Vascular Surgery, Saint Petersburg, trauma is considering in term of the competition of healing process outside the Russia tumor for circulating morphogenic cells, providing proliferation in any tissues *Corresponding author: Shoutko AN, Laboratory for with high cells renewing, malignant preferably. The proposed competitive the Cancer Treatment Methods, A.M. Granov Russian mechanism of Spontaneous cancer Remission phenomenon (SR) assumes Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, the partial distraction the trophic supply from tumor to offside tissues priorities, 70 Leningradskaya str., Pesochney, St. Petersburg, Russia like extremely high fetus growth, wound healing after incomplete resection, fight with infections, reparation of a multitude of non-malignant cells injured Received: September 24, 2019; Accepted: October 25, sub lethally by cytotoxic agents, and other kinds of an extra-consumption 2019; Published: November 01, 2019 the host lymphopoietic resource mainly in the conditions of its current deficit. The definition of a reduction of tumor morphogenesis discusses as preferable instead of the activation of anticancer immunity. Pending further developments, it assumes that the nature of the SR phenomenon is similar to the rough exhaustion of lymphopoiesis at conventional cytotoxic therapy. The main task for future investigations for more reproducible SR is to elucidate of the phase of a cyclic lymphopoietic process that is optimal for surgery outside the tumor as well as for other activities, provoked morphogenesis in surrounding tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • High Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Postoperative Pleural Fluid and Stressed Mononuclear Cells
    Antimicrobial Defence in Human Body Fluids – High Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Postoperative Pleural Fluid and Stressed Mononuclear Cells Doctoral thesis at the Medical University of Vienna for obtaining the academic degree Doctor of Philosophy Submitted by Dr. med. univ. Mohammad Mahdi Kasiri Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Univ. Doz. Dr. med. univ. Hendrik Jan Ankersmit, MBA Department of Thoracic Surgery Medical University of Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna, Austria Vienna, 02/2020 i “There are no incurable diseases - only the lack of will. There are no worthless herbs - only the lack of knowledge.” Avicenna 980-1037 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Hendrik Jan Ankersmit for giving me the opportunity to carry out this thesis and for inspiring me scientifically and personally. I further wish to express my deep gratitude to my family, in particular my mother, my Father, my sisters, and especially to my beloved wife Zohre, for their unconditional love and support. Last but not the least, my sincere thanks also go to Shahrokh Taghavi who provided me the opportunity and gave access to the research facilities. His continues guidance helped me in all the time of research. The results of this thesis have been published in the “Annals of Thoracic Surgery” and the “European Journal of Clinical Investigation” journal and are given in the results section. For the published manuscripts as well as for all graphs, permission was obtained or graphs were taken from open source databases. iii Declaration This scientific work was carried
    [Show full text]
  • A Matched-Pair Comparison of Single Plus One Port Versus Standard Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy by a Single Urologist
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) 31, 344e350 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: http://www.kjms-online.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE A matched-pair comparison of single plus one port versus standard extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy by a single urologist Dong-Xu Zhang a, Jing-Fei Teng b, Xiu-Wu Pan c, Kai Wang d, Xin-Gang Cui c,*, Dan-Feng Xu c, Yao Li c, Yi Gao c, Lei Yin c, Jun-Kai Wang c, Lu Chen c a Department of Urologic Surgery, First Hospital of Ningbo City, Affiliated Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China b Department of Urologic Surgery, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China c Department of Urologic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital of the Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Shanghai, China d Department of Urologic Surgery, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China Received 21 November 2014; accepted 9 February 2015 Available online 13 May 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract We conducted this study to report on our initial experience and assess the safety, Laparoscopic radical feasibility, and efficacy of extraperitoneal single plus one port laparoscopic radical prostatec- prostatectomy; tomy (SPOPL-RP), and determine whether it shows any objective advantage over standard Prostate cancer; laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. From June 2009 to September 2011, 15 extraperitoneal Single plus one port SPOPL-RPs were performed through a 2e3-cm subumbilical longitudinal incision and another laparoscopic radical 5-mm trocar placed at the McBurney point. This cohort was compared with 37 contemporary prostatectomy patients who underwent standard extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy per- formed by the same urologist.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: an Initial Experience10.5005/Jp-Journals-10033-1227 of 25 Cases with a New Technique Original Article
    WJOLS Two Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Initial Experience10.5005/jp-journals-10033-1227 of 25 Cases with a New Technique ORIGINAL ARTICLE Two Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Initial Experience of 25 Cases with a New Technique 1Aswini Kumar Misro, 2Prakash Sapkota ABSTRACT 11 mm epigastric wounds land up in a dimension of 13 Background: In Nepal, it is quite common to find patients with to 14 mm or more at times at the completion of the pro- large stone burden and thick gallbladder wall which often leads cedure. However, we have used this wound extension to incision extension. We have used this extended incision to to our advantage by introducing another 5 mm port our advantage. The present technique of two port laparoscopic cholecystectomy not only helps overcoming the specimen through the epigastric wound from the outset. This not extraction difficulties but also contributes to better cosmesis. only obviates the need for any additional port insertion Patients and methods: A total of 25 patients underwent the but also aids in specimen extraction. This forms the surgery in 2008 to 2010. rationale behind two port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: The mean operating time was 50 minutes. None With the technique described in this article, one will had significant procedural blood loss, iatrogenic injury, per- be able to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy with foration of gallbladder, bile spillage, significant gas leak or subcutaneous emphysema at either port site. All patients were only 2 incisions leading to a more cosmetic scar and less comfor table in the postoperative period and were routinely postoperative pain. Last decade has seen many innova- discharged on 2nd postoperative day except for two patients tions like SILS, NOTES from healthcare industries driven who has surgical site infection and fever respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Patient Comorbidities As Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection in Gynecologic and Obstetric Surgery
    International Journal of Family & Community Medicine Research Article Open Access Patient comorbidities as risk factors for surgical site infection in gynecologic and obstetric surgery Abstract Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2019 Surgical site infections (SSIs) are infections that develop from a wound created by an 1 invasive surgical procedure. Hospital-acquired infections are an indicator of hospital Mara Paulina Ibarra Mejía, Jesús María Félix 2 3 quality and also evaluate the efficiency of nosocomial infection committees. Numerous risk Verduzco, ME Leticia López López, María factors contribute to their development. So, in order to prevent SSIs, they must be identified Elena Haro Acosta,4 Joan Dautt Silva5 and controlled in a timely manner. 1Family Medicine, Family Medical Unit No.28 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico Objective: determine the frequency of comorbidities in hospitalized patients with surgical 2Obstetrician-gynecologist, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Family site infection diagnosis at the Gyneco-Pediatrics Hospital No. 31 of IMSS in Mexicali, Medicine Hospital No. 31 of IMSS, Mexico Baja California 3Gynecology-Pediatrics and Family Medicine Hospital No. 31 of Material and methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried IMSS, Mexico out in hospitalized patients diagnosed with infected gynecological or obstetric wounds 4DSc, Pediatrician and Teacher in Universidad Autónoma de Baja during a one year period. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS v21. California in Baja California, Mexico 5Medical intern, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Family Medicine Results: a total of 95 cases were recorded. The mean age was 36.12±13.29 years. We found Hospital No. 31 of IMSS, Mexico that 43.2%) were smokers before their surgery.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Infections
    SURGICAL INFECTIONS Cerard V. Yu, D.P.M. Patrick A. Landers, D.P.M. Definition and Classification Bacteria release proteinases which aid the process of tissue liquefaction. Collagenase is an example of such an enzyme and aids in the spread of the infection. Surgical infection is the product of entrance, growth, metabolic activities, and resultant physiologic effects of Bacteria and their metabolic products may be carried microorganisms in the tissues of a patient. There are four from the area of primary infection into the lymph fluid characteristics to all surgical infections. and distributed to large areas through the lymphatics and 1. They involve postoperative wounds. larger lymph nodes. ln doing so they may cause lym- 2. The infection is unlikely to resolve phangitis (red streaking) and lymphadenitis (palpable spontaneously or with simple antibiotic lymph nodes). treatmen! suppuration, necrosis, Sangrene/ osteomyelitis, prolonged morbidity and lnvolvement of local blood vessels may result in throm- mortality may occur if untreated. bophlebitis and further spread of the infection. Necrotiz- 3. Excision or incision and drainage are very ing fasciitis is usually of regional extent but can 80 on often necessary. to involve the foot and/or lower leg. 4. Surgical infections are usually monomicrobic but may be polymicrobic. They are often Systemic infections occur through the dissemination invasive with rapid growth and regional or of microorganisms from a distributing focus into the systemic spread. blood stream resulting in either bacteremia or sep- ticemia. Bacteremia is present when the primary focus Classification o{ surgical infections by location and distributes bacteria once or intermittently, resulting in pathophysiologic changes is as follows: their transient appearance in the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Wound Care Guideline
    Surgical Wound Care Guideline A Clinical Practice Guideline developed by the University of Toronto’s Best Practice in Surgery in Collaboration with the LHIN Home and Community Care Toronto Central D Johnston, M McKenzie, J Mahoney, J Barbita, M Brar, L Heath, J Hoeflok, N McGrath, E Mercurio, F Mostofian, C Nicholas, G Papia, E Pearsall, R McLeod November 2018 Contents Section 1: General information Section 2: Guideline recommendations Section 3: Guideline recommendations and supporting evidence Section 4: External review process Acknowledgment This Guideline is copyrighted by the Best Practice in Surgery. The Best Practice in Surgery welcomes the use of the content of the guidelines as long as you and/or your institution acknowledge the University of Toronto Best Practice in Surgery Program. Disclaimer This guideline has been prepared using best available evidence and expert opinion. However, this guideline only provides recommendations for care and is not to be used to replace independent clinical judgment. Best Practice in Surgery takes no responsibility for the use or application of this guideline and its recommendations for the care of patients. Contact us For information about the Best Practice in Surgery, access to all of our clinical practice guideline and implementation tools, please visit the Best Practice in Surgery website: www.bestpracticeinsurgery.com or contact the Best Practice in Surgery at [email protected] Expert Panel Members Josie Barbita RN BScN MS Regional Director, Clinical Programs Toronto Central LHIN Dr. Mantaj Brar MD MSH University of Toronto Leslie Heath RN, Clinical Nurse Specialist – Nurse Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Jo Hoeflok RN(EC), BSN, MA, CGN(C), CETN(C) Consultant in Enterostomal Therapy Nursing Debra Johnston MN, RN, WOCC(C) Clinical Nurse Specialist, Nurse Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Wound Infection with an Unusual Pathogen After Liver Transplantation
    Hindawi Case Reports in Transplantation Volume 2020, Article ID 8396507, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8396507 Case Report Wound Infection with an Unusual Pathogen after Liver Transplantation Sara Ghaderkhani ,1 Zahra Ahmadinejad ,2 Habibollah Dashti ,3 Masoomeh Safaei,4 and Fereshteh Ghiasvand 2 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Fereshteh Ghiasvand; [email protected] Received 30 November 2019; Revised 15 February 2020; Accepted 21 March 2020; Published 2 April 2020 Academic Editor: Piero Boraschi Copyright © 2020 Sara Ghaderkhani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mucormycosis is a rare and highly invasive fungal infection caused by Mucorales fungi of the class Zygomycetes. Cutaneous mucormycosis typically has a good survival rate when diagnosed early. In this report, we presented a patient with surgical site mucormycosis after liver transplant surgery. Our patient was a 50-year-old man with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis who received liver transplant from a deceased donor. On the 8th day of transplant, the patient had fever and purulent discharge from the surgical site. The wound became black and necrotic in the next day.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in the Surgical Outcomes of 300 Cases of Pure Laparoscopic Living Donor Right Hemihepatectomy Divided Into Three Period
    553 Original Article Page 1 of 10 Advances in the surgical outcomes of 300 cases of pure laparoscopic living donor right hemihepatectomy divided into three periods of 100 cases: a single-centre case series Eui Soo Han, Kyung-Suk Suh, Kwang-Woong Lee, Nam-Joon Yi, Suk Kyun Hong, Jeong-Moo Lee, Kwang Pyo Hong, Ming Yuan Tan Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Contributions: (I) Conception and design: KS Suh, ES Han; (II) Administrative support: NJ Yi, KW Lee; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: SK Hong, JM Lee; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: KP Hong, MY Tan; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: KS Suh, ES Han; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Kyung-Suk Suh, MD, PhD. Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea. Email: [email protected]. Background: Minimally invasive surgery has been widely used for hepatobiliary operations. This study aimed to determine the safety and feasibility of pure laparoscopic living donor right hepatectomy. Methods: From November 2015 to April 2019, 300 cases of adult pure laparoscopic living donor right hepatectomy performed at Seoul National University Hospital were divided into three subgroups of periods 1–3 of 100 cases each: 1–100, 101–200, and 201–300, respectively. We retrospectively reviewed and analysed the safety and feasibility outcomes. Results: The operative time (period 1: 318.9±62.2 min, period 2: 256.7±71.4 min, period 3: 227.7±57.4 min) and blood loss (period 1: 419.7±196.5 mL, period 2: 198.9±197.2 mL, period 3: 166.0±130.0 mL) gradually decreased (P<0.01).
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Risk Factors Related to Operating Rooms
    From the Third International Conference on the Prevention of Infection Infectious Risk Factors Related to Operating Rooms Didier Pittet, MD, MS; Georges Ducel, MD ABSTRACT Risk factors related to operating rooms include patient- reduce surgical infection rates, and we strongly recommend associated risks, the operating room environment, ventila- its use. We also recommend the further study of other tion systems, cleansing and sterilization, and operating potential components of effective infection control programs room personnel. Although constantly debated, surgical for surgical patients (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol wound infection surveillance with appropriate feedback to 1994;15:456462). surgeons is one of the few effective measures that helps INTRODUCTION surgery.2 This represented nearly 16 million patients. It is Wound infections accounted for approximately 24% of estimated that 325,000 postoperative wound infections occur the total number of nosocomial infections identified in the each year in the United States3 The risk of acquiring a Study of the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control nosocomial infection varies according to type of procedure.“7 (SENIC) project.1 Despite the high standards set for surgi- Data were reported recently from a total of 106 U.S. hospitals cal performance and equipment, the controlled environment that followed standard National Nosocomial Infections Surveil- of the operating room remains potentially dangerous for the lance protocols (NNIS System).7 Surveillance of surgical patient. Many physical and biological hazards are present in patients from January 1986 through June 1992 reported 59,351 the modern operating room. nosocomial infections among 48,168 patients, an average of Most surgical infections originate from bacteria that 1.23 infections per patient.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL RESEARCH Risk Factors in the Development of Acute
    V. Moraru et al. Moldovan Medical Journal. December 2018;61(4):3-9 ORIGINAL RESEARCH DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1456892 UDC: 616.346.2-002.1 Risk factors in the development of acute appendicitis complications *1Viorel Moraru, MD, PhD, Associate Professor; 1Petru Bujor, MD, PhD, Professor; 1Galina Pavliuc, MD, PhD, Associate Professor; 2Sergiu Bujor, MD, PhD, Researcher Fellow 1Department of Surgery No 2, 2Laboratory of Liver Surgery Nicolae Testemitsanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, the Republic of Moldova *Corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received September 02, 2018; revised manuscript December 03, 2018 Abstract Background: To study the risk factors of the development of acute appendicitis (AA) complications in adults in order to improve the results of surgical treatment. Material and methods: The research included 449 patients with AA treated surgically during the years 2015-2017 divided into 2 groups: 117 patients who were admitted with complicated appendicitis (intra- and extraabdominal complications) and 332 patients with non-complicated AA were randomly selected from the same period. The rate and characteristic of the complications evolved during the pre- and postoperative period in these two groups were specified and analyzed. Results: In the acute complicated appendicitis group (CAA), there was a predominance of women with a ratio of 1.60 versus 1.26 in the uncomplicated acute appendicitis group (NAA). The proportion of people aged> 60 years was significantly higher in the case of CAA-23.1% (n=27), while in uncomplicated AA it was only 3.9% (n=13). In the case of AA complications, there was an emphasis on late addressing, the debut-addressing term being higher compared to uncomplicated AA.
    [Show full text]
  • Results of Surgical Treatment of Cholelithiasis by Laparotomic and Minimally Invasive Accesses
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH Results of surgical treatment of cholelithiasis by laparotomic and minimally invasive accesses Laparotomik ve minimal invaziv yaklaşımla cerrahi kolelitiazis tedavisinin sonuçları F.S. KURBANOV1, Y.G. ALIYEV2, M.A. CHINIKOV1, I.S. PANTELEEVA1, S.R. DOBROVOLSKY1, L.R. ALVENDOVA1 1Department of Hospital Surgery with the Course of Paediatric Surgery of the State Higher Education Institution of the People’s Friendship University of Russia, City of Moscow, Russian Federation 2E. Efendiyev City Clinical Hospital No. 2, Medical Centre “International Medical Centre-2”, City of Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan This article presents the results of surgical treatment of 1038 patients Bu çalışmada kolelitiazis, akut ve kronik taşlı kolesistit ve safra yolları with cholelithiasis, acute and chronic calculous cholecystitis and other hastalıklaının diğer karmaşık formlarını içeren 1038 hastanın cerrahi complicated forms of the disease. Traditional laparotomic, laparoscop- tedavi sonuçları tartışılmaktadır. Tedavide geleneksel laparotomik, la- ic and minimally invasive approaches were performed. Indications for paroskopik ve minimal invaziv yaklaşım sergilenmiştir. Yazıda seçim için choosing access, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of vari- endikasyonların yanı sıra safra taşı hastalarında çeşitli cerrahi seçenekle- ous surgical options in cholelithiasis patients are discussed. rin avantajları ve dezavantajları tartışılmıştır. Key words: Chronic cholecystitis, acute cholecystitis, laparoscopic cho- Anahtar kelime: Kronik kolesistit, akut kolesistit, laparoskopik kolesis- lecystectomy, cholecystectomy by mini-laparotomy access tektomi, mini-laparotomi ile kolesistektomi INTRODUCTION Cholelithiasis is an extremely common disease and con- by laparoscopy (standard 4 port) and 452 by mini-lapa- crements in the gallbladder are detected in approximately rotomic (4-5 cm) access. 245 patients had traditional op- 10% of the adult population.
    [Show full text]