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Three Kinds of Populations in Scientific Practice UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title The mind, the lab, and the field: Three kinds of populations in scientific practice. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/043364s0 Authors Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt Giordano, Ryan Edge, Michael D et al. Publication Date 2015-08-01 DOI 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.009 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences xxx (2015) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc The mind, the lab, and the field: Three kinds of populations in scientific practice Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther a,*, Ryan Giordano b, Michael D. Edge d, Rasmus Nielsen b,c a Philosophy Department, UC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA b Department of Statistics, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA c Integrative Biology, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA d Department of Biology, Stanford University, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Scientists use models to understand the natural world, and it is important not to conflate model and Available online xxx nature. As an illustration, we distinguish three different kinds of populations in studies of ecology and evolution: theoretical, laboratory, and natural populations, exemplified by the work of R. A. Fisher, Keywords: Thomas Park, and David Lack, respectively. Biologists are rightly concerned with all three types of Ecology populations. We examine the interplay between these different kinds of populations, and their pertinent Models models, in three examples: the notion of “effective” population size, the work of Thomas Park on Tri- Ontology bolium populations, and model-based clustering algorithms such as Structure. Finally, we discuss ways to Population Genetics Reification move safely between three distinct population types while avoiding confusing models and reality. Ó Statistics 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences What are the relationships among the populations that bi- trichotomy can assist analyses of the implications of genomic ologists postulate in idealized theoretical models, the populations studies for claims about the existence (or the non-existence) of they set up in experimental laboratories, and the populations they human races. In the conclusion, we suggest ways to avoid survey and sample in the wild? We describe three qualitatively conflating the three kinds of populations. Researchers can cycle different kinds of populations at the heart of distinct styles of sci- through natural, laboratory, and theoretical populations, express- entific practice in ecology and evolution, viz., theoretical, labora- ing genuine interest in each population type. Theoretical, labora- tory, and field investigations. Distinguishing three types of tory, and natural populations also pertain to fields beyond ecology populationsdtheoretical, laboratory, and naturaldprovides a useful and evolution, including statistics. lens for viewing both past and contemporary work in ecology and We analyze scientific practice. Although questions regarding evolutionary biology. realism and anti-realism, the concepteworld relation, and the Three examples illustrate the value of distinguishing theoretical, general ontology of science lurk, our trichotomy is not intended as a laboratory, and natural populations: the concept of “effective” rubric for determining how much a model does or does not corre- population size, the work of Thomas Park on flour beetle pop- spond to reality. Admittedly, an overarching aim of population ulations, and the use of model-based genetic clustering algorithms biology is to understand the complex structure and dynamics of such as Structure. In keeping with the “Genomics and Philosophy of populations “in the wild.” Even so, the multiple ontologies of sci- Race” theme of the special issue in which this article appears, our entific practice are complexdarguably there is a world in a theo- retical model (e.g., Morgan, 2012) or in an experimental system (e.g., Leonelli, 2007). Second, this article does not provide a singular, * Corresponding author. Philosophy Department, 1156 High St., UCSC, Santa Cruz, complete, and strict delimitation of the “population” concept. Other CA 95064, USA. classifications and analyses of the concept are compatible with our E-mail address: [email protected] (R.G. Winther). view. We are pluralists about population concepts, about the kinds URL: http://www.rgwinther.com http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.009 1369-8486/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Winther, R. G., et al., The mind, the lab, and the field: Three kinds of populations in scientific practice, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.009 2 R.G. Winther et al. / Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences xxx (2015) 1e10 of complex objects and processes one could delimit as populations, (2009, 2010) to be about natural populations.1 Each type of popu- and even about distinct classifications of populations (e.g., lation has a rich history of use in biology and originated in its own Earnshaw-Whyte, 2012; Matthen & Ariew, 2002; Stegenga, 2010). way (e.g., Kingsland, 1995; Kohler, 2002; Mitman, 1992). We side- Our analysis side-steps explorations of the metaphysics of sci- step these histories and focus on one exemplary student of each ence and alternative classifications. We advocate “taking a look” kind of population: R. A. Fisher (theoretical), Thomas Park (labo- (Hacking, 2007,36e38) at styles of practice of working biologists. ratory), and David Lack (natural). Which kinds of populations do biologists believe they are studying? fi Which gures in the history of biology might shine through as 1.1. Fisher on theoretical populations exemplars (Kuhn, 1970) of distinct styles of practice regarding fl populations? Which tools allow biologists to avoid con ating In the preface to the first edition of The Genetical Theory of different kinds of populations and to perform important work Natural Selection, Fisher reflected on a remark by Arthur Eddington: internally, within each style of practice? “We need scarcely add that the contemplation in natural science of a wider domain than the actual leads to a far better understanding 1. Three kinds of populations of the actual” (Eddington, 1929, 266e267; Fisher, 1930 (1958), viii). Fisher wholeheartedly agreed with Eddington. Fisher observed that Three kinds of populations used in the history and philosophy of practical biologists may deem it ludicrous to “work out the detailed population genetics, population biology, and evolutionary ecology consequences experienced by organisms having three or more can be distinguished: theoretical, laboratory, and natural. sexes,” but this is precisely what they should do if they “wish to understand why the sexes are, in fact, always two” (Fisher, 1930 1. Theoretical populations are groups of abstracted individuals (or (1958), ix). Fisher recognized that: genes) whose properties and behaviors are studied in formal ordinary mathematical procedure in dealing with any actual models constructed with idealized assumptions. problem is, after abstracting what are believed to be the 2. Laboratory populations are collections of actual organismsdor essential elements of the problem, to consider it as one of a parts of organisms, such as cell linesdassembled in an experi- system of possibilities infinitely wider than the actual, the mental setting. essential relations of which may be apprehended by generalized 3. Natural populations are collections of actual organisms living in reasoning, and subsumed in general formulae, which may be the wilddsettings that are not constructed expressly for applied at will to any particular case considered. (Fisher, 1930 studying the organisms. (But researchers might modify the (1958), ix) habitat.) As Fisher understood, the creative power of mathematics lies Each of these kinds of populations is associated with its own kind of partially in its capacity for generality, abstraction, and idealization. models, methods, and ontologies. Each can also be enriched by Very roughly, generality concerns the breadth of situations to including stipulations about shared ancestry, proximity, or in- which a mathematical structure applies; abstraction relates to the teractions between population members, such as competition, paucity of assumptions and axioms of the structure. The sparser the cooperation, or interbreeding. In practice, researchers may modify set of assumptions and axioms under which a theorem is derived, their use of the term “population” to suit the questions they pursue, the more abstract it is (Cartwright, 1983). Idealization is reasoning which has two implications. First, elaborated definitions may not about representations that may not be physically realized, such as capture all appropriate uses of the three “population” concepts. For infinitely long lines in geometry (e.g., Cartwright, 1989; Jones, our purposes, only the minimal definitions in 1e3 above are 2005; Ohlsson & Lehtinen, 1997; Winther, 2014a). Mathematical needed. Second, populations are not exactly identical with the set activity involves proofs and applications of general, abstract, and of individual organisms composing them,
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