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Yen‹Ça⁄ Avrupa Tar‹H‹ T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YAYINI NO: 2727 AÇIKÖ⁄RET‹M FAKÜLTES‹ YAYINI NO: 1689 ORTAÇA⁄-YEN‹ÇA⁄ AVRUPA TAR‹H‹ Yazarlar Doç.Dr. Yusuf AYÖNÜ (Ünite 1) Prof.Dr. Mehmet ERSAN (Ünite 2) Prof.Dr. Levent KAYAPINAR (Ünite 3) Doç.Dr. Ayfle KAYAPINAR (Ünite 4) Doç.Dr. Erhan AFYONCU (Ünite 5, 6 ) Dr. U¤ur DEM‹R (Ünite 7, 8) Editörler Prof.Dr. Levent KAYAPINAR Doç.Dr. Erhan AFYONCU ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ ‹çindekiler iii ‹çindekiler Önsöz ............................................................................................................ viii Erken Dönem Ortaça¤ Avrupa Tarihi (395-1000)............... 2 1. ÜN‹TE ROMA ‹MPARATORLU⁄U VE CERMEN KAV‹MLER‹.................................. 3 Roma ‹mparatorlu¤u’nun Bölünmesi ve Bat› Roma ‹mparatorlu¤u’nun Y›k›l›fl› ............................................................................................................ 3 Vizigotlar (Bat› Gotlar›)........................................................................... 4 Ostrogotlar (Do¤u Gotlar›) ..................................................................... 6 Vandallar.................................................................................................. 7 Lombardlar ............................................................................................. 8 ERKEN ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPASI’NDA ORTA ASYALI KAV‹MLER................. 9 Avrupa Hunlar›.............................................................................................. 9 Avarlar............................................................................................................ 11 MERKEZ‹ AVRUPA........................................................................................ 12 Merovenjler.................................................................................................... 12 fiarlman (Charlemagne/Charles The Great) ve Ard›llar› ............................ 13 ‹spanya’da Müslüman Hâkimiyeti ................................................................ 15 KUZEY, BATI VE DO⁄U AVRUPA.............................................................. 16 Anglo-Sakson ‹ngiltere.................................................................................. 16 Vikingler......................................................................................................... 17 Slavlar ........................................................................................................... 17 Rusya ............................................................................................................ 18 Polonya ......................................................................................................... 19 Özet ............................................................................................................... 21 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 22 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 23 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 24 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 25 Orta Dönem Ortaça¤ Avrupa Tarihi (11-13. Yüzy›llar)...... 26 2. ÜN‹TE ORTA DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPASINDA FRANSA, ALMANYA VE ‹NG‹LTERE (11.-13. YÜZYIL) ....................................................................... 27 Fransa ve Capet Hanedan› ........................................................................... 27 Kutsal Roma ‹mparatorlu¤u ve Almanya..................................................... 28 Normanlar ve ‹ngiltere.................................................................................. 28 I. William’›n Ard›llar›............................................................................... 29 I. Richard (Aslan Yürekli) (1189-1199) .................................................. 30 John (Yurtsuz John) (1199-1216) ve Magna Carta (1215) .................... 30 III. Henry (1216-1272) ve I. Edward (1272-1307)................................. 32 ORTA DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPASINDA ‹TALYA VE ‹SPANYA (11.-13.YÜZYIL)............................................................................................. 33 ‹talya ve Cermen Nüfuzunun Bafllamas› (951-1026)................................... 33 Norman Hanedan› (1030-1194) .............................................................. 33 Hohenstaufen Hanedan›......................................................................... 34 ‹spanya..................................................................................................... 35 ORTA DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPASINDA ÜRET‹M, Z‹RAAT TEKN‹KLER‹NDEK‹ DE⁄‹fi‹M VE D‹N‹ HAREKETLER (11.-13.YÜZYIL)... 37 iv ‹çindekiler Üretim ve Ziraat Tekniklerindeki De¤iflimler.............................................. 37 Dini Hareketler.............................................................................................. 38 ORTA DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPASINDA FEODAL‹TE VE HAÇLI SEFERLER‹ (11.-13.YÜZYIL) ......................................................................... 40 Feodalite ........................................................................................................ 40 Haçl› Seferleri ................................................................................................ 42 Özet................................................................................................................ 46 Kendimizi S›nayal›m...................................................................................... 48 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 49 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 49 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 50 3. ÜN‹TE Geç Dönem Ortaça¤ Avrupa Tarihi (1300-1453) ................ 52 GEÇ DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄’DA (1300-1453) BATI AVRUPA ......................... 53 ‹ngiltere, Fransa ve Burgonya ..................................................................... 53 Almanya ......................................................................................................... 56 ‹talya............................................................................................................... 57 GEÇ DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄’DA (1300-1453) DO⁄U AVRUPA ...................... 58 Bizans ve Latin Devletleri............................................................................. 58 Osmanl› Devleti............................................................................................. 59 Bulgaristan ..................................................................................................... 60 S›rbistan.......................................................................................................... 61 Macaristan ...................................................................................................... 62 Polonya ve Litvanya...................................................................................... 64 Rusya.............................................................................................................. 65 GEÇ DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPA’SINDA YEN‹L‹KLER ............................ 66 Kentler, Ticaret ve Ekonomi......................................................................... 66 Demografik De¤ifliklikler.............................................................................. 68 Daimi Ordu.................................................................................................... 68 Devlet Örgütlenmesi ve Teknik Yenilikler.................................................. 68 Üniversiteler................................................................................................... 69 GEÇ DÖNEM ORTAÇA⁄ AVRUPA’SINDA PAPALIK VE HUKUK ............. 70 Babil Esareti................................................................................................... 71 Büyük Parçalanma ve Konsiller Dönemi..................................................... 71 Cermen ve Roma Hukuku............................................................................ 72 Özet................................................................................................................ 73 Kendimizi S›nayal›m...................................................................................... 74 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 75 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 75 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar.................................................................................. 76 4. ÜN‹TE ‹stanbul’un Fethinden Augsburg Antlaflmas›’na Kadar Avrupa Tarihi (1453-1555).................... ................................. 78 ‹STANBUL’UN FETH‹NDEN SONRA AVRUPA’NIN GENEL DURUMU ...... 79 Fransa............................................................................................................. 79 ‹ngiltere.......................................................................................................... 80 ‹spanya........................................................................................................... 80 Portekiz .......................................................................................................... 81 ‹talya............................................................................................................... 81 Almanya
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