DOCSLIB.ORG

Light Interception and Its Relation to Structural Differences in Three Australian Rainforest Canopies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Light Interception and Its Relation to Structural Differences in Three Australian Rainforest Canopies Light interception and its relation to structural differences in three Australian rainforest canopies M. D. LOWMAN continuous throughout the year. Within several Zoologj3 Departrnent, University of h'c~' Australian rainforests, there are distinct England, Arrnidale, NSW 2351, Australia seasonal peaks in leaf-fall (Webb et al. 1969), without concurrent replacement of canopy by Abstract leaf emergence (Brasell et al. 1980; Lowman 1982). In particular, the cool temperate rain- Relative diflerences in the seasonality of light forest sheds approximately half of its canopy penetrating the canopies of three Australian duringautumn, but this is not replaced until the i.ainforests were tt~easured directly n,ith a following spring. Both warm temperate and quanturn rneter and indirectbl ~rsing subtropical rainforests exhibit less significant hemispherical photographs. The tnossy (but nonetheless pronounced) leaf-falls in early rnicrophyll~fern.forest had higher incident light spring, with new leaf replacement occurring levels (100-200 pEinstcin r,12 per s) and tnore gradually throughout late spring and summer. sky visible (21.8%) at ground level than the Because these rainforests exhibit degrees of sitnple (5-20 pEinsteiti nli' per s with 11.2°0 seasonality in leaf-fall and leaf replacement, it slkylight) and cornpl~~~(5- 10 pEinstein m-2 per is postulated that the amount of sky visible s with 10.8% skylight) notophyll vine ,forests. from the forest floor up through the canopy will There brvre nosignificant changes in atnounts of exhibit temporal fluctuations relative to the shy visible through the canopy over tirne (10 proportion of leaf loss. In addition, the rnonths) .for anjl canopy, despite the ,fact that incidence of l~ght through the canopy is Icafl,fall ~vasa seasonal event. Profile diagratns predicted to vary according to canopy density ~vercconstructed at each site to illustrate the and structure. To examine these hypotheses, depth and stratification of the canopy, and the two types of light measurements were con- differences in these structural features were ducted in three rainforest formations. First, related to the variation in light attenuation. hemispherical photographs (Evans & Coombe Ecological aspects of'light interception through 1959; Anderson 1964; Horn 1971) were taken rainforest canopies are discussed, including tree monthly during 1 year to indicate the relative branch growth patterns and leafing phenologies, changes in the leafiness of the canopy by and seedling regeneration on the,forcst ,/loor. measuring the proportion of sky visible at ground level, and to indicate the canopy struc- Introduction ture by comparing the amounts of sun flecks with light gaps. Second, direct light readings Light penetration through a forest canopy were made at different levels within the three maintains understorey vegetation and deter- canopies to compare available light for leaves mines the degree of suppression or vigour of its under different canopy conditions. Profile growth. In deciduous forests, the annual loss of diagrams were constructed to illustrate the leaves from the canopy results in a large structural features of each canopy, and were ex- seasonal change in light influx to the forest floor amined in relation to light interception through (Horn 1971), and many herbaceous under- the canopies. Light was defined as any portion storey species leafout early in the spring, before of unobscured sky visible through the tree the new canopy in the overstorey flushes and canopy. This study utilized light to measure intercepts light (Jackson 1966). indirectly the density and deflective capacity of In evergreen rainforests, a complete seasonal three leafy canopies. The measurement of light loss of canopy foliage never occurs: leaf-fall is in its true physical sense was not attempted. Methods All woody plants greater than 1 m in height within a 70 X 8 m transect were included. Tree heights and canopy depth were calculated with Structural descriptions of the canopies the aid of a hypsometer, and drawn to scale. Profile diagrams of forest transects were Canopy depth was defined as the cumulative constructed according to standard methods vertical length intersecting elements of canopy described by Davis and Richards (1933) and taken from the top of the uppermost canopy Richards (1952). One site (containing at least down through the lowest-level foliage (Fig l), one of the photographic locations) was selected and mean canopy depth was calculated from 15 as representative of a mature, undisturbed replicate measurements taken at 5 m intervals canopy in each of the three rainforest along the profile diagrams. formations. The locations of the three rain- forests and their respective classifications according to Webb (1 959, 1968) are: Light measurements (1) Cool temperate or microphyll fern forest (MFF) at 1400 m elevation on a slight eastern Direct light readings Light readings were aspect in the New England National Park taken in different regions of the canopy using a (32" 30's); Lambda quantum meter. Access to the upper (2) Warm temperate or simple notophyll canopy was attained using ropes and technical vine forest (SNVF) at 60 m elevation on the climbing apparatus (Lowman 1982, 1984). In east-sloping bank of a tributary of the Hacking most cases, an emergent tree was climbed in River in the Royal National Park (34" 10's); order to reach across to the upper canopy of a and neighbouring tree. The same sites were (3) Subtropical or complex notophyll vine measured under clear, sunny conditions and forest (CNVF) at 800 m elevation in the repeated in cloudy conditions. At least five Dorrigo National Park (30" 20tS), on the measurements were taken in each region. eastern slopes of the New England plateau. Canopy regions were delineated as follows: FIG. 1. Profile diagram of a cool temperate rainforest, New England National Park, NSW. Speciesabbreviations: Am Acacra ~i~clatio~~lon;Ar ..llbx~a rusc!lolla; Co Cordj~lineslrlda; Cq C'oprosma quadrihda; Cs Cryplocarjri sp.; Da Drcksonra anlarclrca: Ds I1or~phor.a.sas.sufia.s; Eh Elacocarpus holopc~alus;Nm Nolhofagus moorcl; Oe Orilcs c,~cclsa;TI Trochocarpa laurina; Ts ksfnania slip~lala. (1) Upper canopy: measured, and instead sky visibility was used as Above - over the uppermost canopy leaves; an indicator of canopy leafiness, corrections for exposed to direct light. zenith and time of year were not necessary Within - approximately 10 cm below the (Horn 197 1). The spherical photographs were uppermost canopy leaves; light diffused with projected onto a horizontal screen to a standard only one leaf layer overhead. size, and areas of light marked with black ink on (2) Lower canopy: acetate sheets. The light was separated into 'sun Sun fleck - leaf surface within 2 m ofground flecks', defined as any small spherical image of level that received a transient beam of direct light; and 'gaps', any larger or less symmetrical light. area of light. An area meter (Lambda Shade - leaf surface within 2 m of ground Instruments, Model 300) was used to calculate level that received no direct light. areas of total light. gaps, and sun flecks; and the Gap - area wider than 5 m on the forest floor amounts were expressed as percentages of the with direct light. area of the circular image. This method does not quantify the physical amount of light Measurement of light through the canopies reaching the forest floor (since it varies with Hemispherical photography was used in an cloud cover. and position of sun on a daily and unorthodox manner to measure relative seasonal basis), rather, it provides a relative changes in rainforest canopy structure as index of canopy cover and density as indicated indicated by amounts of unobscured sky visible by light infiltration. at ground level (Horn 1971). Ten initial light readings were made at random within each forest to determine mean light penetration Results levels, and three permanent photographic sites were chosen in each forest that best represented Structural characteristics of the canopies mean light levels. Photographs were taken every month for I year, at appoximately Figures 1-3 illustrate the profile diagrams 1000 h. Because light quantity was not being constructed in representative sites of each rain- 10 20 3 0 L 0 50 60 70 Distance (m) FIG. 2. Profile diagram ofa warm lemperale rainforest. Royal National Park, NSW. Spec~esabbreviations: As 4cmcnu smilh~i; Ca C'rratopclal~imaprlalu~n; Da Diploglo~trsa~tslralrs; Ds Dorl~phorasassafras; Fc Ficus coronata; La Ln,istona auslralis; Lr L~lsrarr~icula~a; PC Polvosma cunningharnii; Pu Pi//osporu~nu~rd~tlatutn; Sa Sloanea australi,: Sc S,~n:gr~r~prc.oolmtnlanum: Sg Svncarpru ,~/o~nul~lcra:TI Trtslanra laurina: Wh I47lckru h~rc~gc~lrana.Vines: Piper novae-hollandiar; I'lss~tss/ercull<foolia. Distance (m) FIG. 3. Prolile d~agramof a subtropical rainforest, Dorrigo National Park, NSW. Species abbreviations: Aa Alec/r,~on s~rhcino.r~u~;An Asplrniu~~rnidus; Be Bo~isloaruodirfi)rrrrrs; Ba Brach.vchi/on act~rifoliuttr:Cm Cryptocary mt7issnmr; Da Diploglottrs austra1i.s; De Dendrocnidc3excclsa; Ds Doryphora su.vsafias: Em Endiandra inuellr~ri,Fw Frcus watkrn~iana;Gb (;ca~ccoishcnfha~~rii; Ha Ir'eritirra actinophi~ffa;Lm Lirtospadi.r ~nonosrachi~u;Nd Nc~uf~tst~udmlhutu; Oe Ori/t~sc..rcr,lsa: Sf Si<g:si~r~i~,jruntitii; So Sr,hr:ornrria ovatu; Sw Sloanra ~vooflsii.Vines: Cm Calamus mur~llcr~vine sp. forest formation. More detailed information on The CNVF is the most diverse rainforest the sites, including leaf biomass and leaf area canopy in New South Wales, composed of indices, is given elsewhere (Lowman 1982). species such as sassafras (D.sassafras), giant The canopy of the MFF is dominated by one stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), yellow species, antarctic beech (Nothofagus moorei) carabeen (Sloanea ~~oolsii), booyong with an understorey of 8-10 species including (Argyrodendron actinophyllurn), flame tree sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), possumwood (Brachychiton acertifolium) and many others.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Short History of Canopy Biology
    CHAPTER 23 Tarzan or Jane? A Short History of Canopy Biology Margaret D. Lowrnan Cirowing up in the midwestern United States I knew trees IPPII.I looped~firrzone bare branch to the next in the backyard red maple with, I believed, thp sp~6.d and graw (!fa monkey making its rounds. Like Kiling? Mowgli, I had the po~itio~zand strength tf tcach branch memorized. I learned how to rest my body comfortabb arrzong thp orduly boughs in order to have a clear view of my mother, small as an ant, tending I~Bgarden below. The branches I favored became burnishedjom rqeated scuings. In tim~I ident$ed with the monkey's world. I grew up to be a ~oologist. -Mark Mofett, Thc High Fronticr, 1993 Why Study the Treetops? E.O. Wilson called it "the last frontier" of biological rcscarch on thc planct (Wilson 1992). Andrrw Mitchell referred to its invisible inhabitants as "a ~vorldI could only dream of" (Mitchell 2001). Tom Lolrejoy confessed that "thc canopy rendered me the biologist's equivalent of Tantalus from the \.cry outsidc" (I,o\.r.joy 1995). And Stevc Sutton compared it to "Alice grows up" as canop); science n~o\.csfrom a scnsc of wonder to a reality of hypotheses (Sutton 2001). Nalini Nadklrni esclaimed about "trcc climbing for Lgrown-ups" (Nadkarni 2001) and I simply notcd, "hly career is not conventional. I climb trecs" (Lowman 1999). In 1985, thcsc six indi- viduals may ha1.e represented almost half of thc canopy scientists worldwidc. Today, only two decades later, thrrc arc scveral hundred explorers of Wilson's last frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Protection of Marojejy National Park
    SPECIAL POINTS DECEMBER 2016 OF INTEREST: Vol. 5, No. 2 ñ Workshop for Forest GuiDes ñ Brief but Meaningful Conservaton news from the Sambava-Andapa-Vohemar-Antalaha region of NE Madagascar ñ WorlD Lemur Festival Strengthening Protecton of Marojejy Natonal Park INSIDE THIS by Charlie Welch ISSUE: Earlier this year DLC- Strengthening Protec- 1 tion of Marojejy Na- SAVA was fortunate to tional Park receive a grant from Workshop for Forest 3 Save Our Species (SOS) Guides to increase the Brief but Meaningful 4 protecton of Marojejy Natonal Park, in World Lemur Festival 8 collaboraton with “Climate Change and 9 Madagascar Natonal Lemurs” Workshop Parks (MNP). The grant Environmental Educa- 12 supports clearly tion Teacher Training establishing and marking DLC-SAVA “Lamba” 13 the boundary with Now Available! metallic signs to prevent First CURSA Gradua- 14 both intentonal and unintentonal intrusion into the park. Although DLC-SAVA had already tion includes Sylvio sponsored delineaton of certain priority sectons of the park boundary, extensive areas in Exploring Human and 15 remote parts of Marojejy remained unmarked. There was no way for local people to know Environmental Health exactly where the boundary was supposed to be. Agricultural land ofen extends right up to in the SAVA Region the boundary around much of the park, and if Duke Engineers in 18 the limit is not clear, burning and cultvaton SAVA can actually extend into the park. A clear Closing Comments 20 boundary also discourages other illegal actvites in the park, such as wood collecton and huntng. Teams of local people, organized by MNP, installed the signs, which were made in Andapa.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing a Forest Definition for the Clean Development Mechanism )$26 FORESTS and CLIMATE CHANGE WORKING PAPER 4
    Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 4 Choosing a forest definition for the Clean Development Mechanism )$26 FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORKING PAPER 4 CHOOSING A FOREST DEFINITION FOR THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM Till Neeff Heiner von Luepke Dieter Schoene Table of Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 3 Forest, afforestation and reforestation as defined for the Clean Development Mechanism .......... 3 Remaining ambiguities of definitions .................................................................................... 4 Considering existing national definitions............................................................................... 5 Choosing parameter values .................................................................................................................. 6 Furthering national policy objectives with the CDM............................................................. 7 Accommodating prior site conditions .................................................................................... 7 Facilitating project types........................................................................................................ 9 Integrating prior site conditions and project types............................................................... 10 What parameter values have NAI countries selected up to the present? ............................. 12 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Old-Growth Forests
    Pacific Northwest Research Station NEW FINDINGS ABOUT OLD-GROWTH FORESTS I N S U M M A R Y ot all forests with old trees are scientifically defined for many centuries. Today’s old-growth forests developed as old growth. Among those that are, the variations along multiple pathways with many low-severity and some Nare so striking that multiple definitions of old-growth high-severity disturbances along the way. And, scientists forests are needed, even when the discussion is restricted to are learning, the journey matters—old-growth ecosystems Pacific coast old-growth forests from southwestern Oregon contribute to ecological diversity through every stage of to southwestern British Columbia. forest development. Heterogeneity in the pathways to old- growth forests accounts for many of the differences among Scientists understand the basic structural features of old- old-growth forests. growth forests and have learned much about habitat use of forests by spotted owls and other species. Less known, Complexity does not mean chaos or a lack of pattern. Sci- however, are the character and development of the live and entists from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, dead trees and other plants. We are learning much about along with scientists and students from universities, see the structural complexity of these forests and how it leads to some common elements and themes in the many pathways. ecological complexity—which makes possible their famous The new findings suggest we may need to change our strat- biodiversity. For example, we are gaining new insights into egies for conserving and restoring old-growth ecosystems. canopy complexity in old-growth forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Canopy Arthropod Community Structure and Herbivory in Old-Growth and Regenerating Forests in Western Oregon
    318 Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon T. D. SCHOWALTER Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2907, UtS.A. Received June 30, 1988 Accepted October 19, 1988 SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 318-322. This paper describes differences in canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory between old-growth and regenerating coniferous forests at the H. 3. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Species diversity and functional diversity were much higher in canopies of old-growth trees compared with those of young trees. Aphid bio- mass in young stands was elevated an order of magnitude over biomass in old-growth stands. This study indicated a shift in the defoliator/sap-sucker ratio resulting from forest conversion, as have earlier studies at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. These data indicated that the taxonomically distinct western coniferous and eastern deciduous forests show similar trends in functional organization of their canopy arthropod communities. SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19 : 318-322. Cet article expose les differences observees dans la structure communautaire des arthropodes du couvert foliace et des herbivores entre des forets de coniferes de premiere venue et en regeneration a la Foret experimentale H. J. Andrews dans louest de lOregon. La diversit y des especes ainsi que la diversit y fonctionnelle etaient beaucoup plus grandes dans les couverts foliaces des vieux arbres que dans ceux des jeunes arbres.
    [Show full text]
  • What's "Up"? a Critical Loolc at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology^
    BIOTROPICA 32(4a): 569-596 2000 REVIEW AND VIEWPOINT What's "Up"? A Critical Loolc at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology^ Mark W. Moffett Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The lack of recent critiques about terminology has led to the frequent misuse or confusingly varied use of the words that are more or less specific to the field of terrestrial canopy biology. I provide definitions for ca 170 terms and subterms, with translations into four languages. Rather than limit coverage to tree crowns, I define canopy biology as the study of life within any aboveground parts of all plant communities, temperate and tropical. This broadened perspective enables ecologists to consider the entire range of challenges faced by organisms living in aboveground plant life, from just above the rhizosphere to the outer limits of plant growth into the atmosphere. Further, this redefinition may reduce the potential for anthropocentric biases in interpreting life on trees or other plants; encourage the use of alternative ecosystems for hypotheses that may be difficult to address in treetops; and promote more general conceptual thinking about life on vegetation, most notably the importance of scaling in ecology. Among the salient points in terminology: the concept of "stratification" has been criticized in part because strata have been defined many ways, but a flexible application of the word is central to its utility; the source of nutrients is pivotal in distinguishing
    [Show full text]
  • Eggleston Park Food Forest Brochure (PDF)
    Welcome Eggleston Park Food Forest A program of An educational demonstration showing how to obtain a yield while caring for the earth and people. WHAT IS A FOOD FOREST? THEN AND NOW A food forest is a reduced-maintenance, Our food forest is a diverse, sustainable food-production system modeled on integrated planting of perennial trees, shrubs and herbaceous natural woodland ecosystems. The goal is a plants—including edible fruits, diverse, high-yield system that is good for vegetables, nuts and herbs— the earth and requires fewer resources and less using permaculture principles. human input than conventional monocultures. It began life as the Eggleston Forest gardening has been around as long as Anniversary Orchard in 2013, humans have farmed. However, recently food a Northwestern student class forest design has evolved to use a permaculture project concept. approach: a well-designed food forest strives to Edible Evanston facilitated its create synergies in which elements nourish, development and maintains it complement and protect each other. Each in cooperation with the City of Evanston. Initial funding element added should serve a minimum of two came from the Evanston useful purposes, and plants fill all layer niches. Community Foundation, which All ecosystems are in a state of constant change. also helped Edible Evanston A permaculture food forest attempts to mimic the transition from a conventional state of a forest when the plants, fungi, animals, orchard to a sustainable, insects have reached a point close to equilibrium ecological edible landscape. but the system still has growth potential to provide us with abundant, diverse yields with few Learn more at external inputs.
    [Show full text]
  • Light in the Rainforest the Solar Panel Canopy
    Light in the Rainforest September 2011 Notes from the Editor The solar panel canopy Sunlight is food. Without it no plant When we look down from an aeroplane on to the rainforest canopy we see a can live. The abundance of sunlight green roof – an almost solid mass of vegetation obscuring the ground below. in the tropics produces more living What we are seeing are billions of leaves feeding. They are guzzling sunlight. plant material per hectare than anywhere else on the planet. Animals eat other organisms, living or mass of vegetation obscuring the ground dead - a pre-prepared meal of nutrients. below. Ideal growing conditions have also Plants, on the other hand, make their produced one of the most diverse own food. They are the only living What we are seeing are billions of leaves ecosystems on Earth (it is possible things that can capture energy from the feeding. They are guzzling sunlight. to find 120 tree species per hectare sun and use it (through the process of not fully exposed to the sun. This in Queensland’s tropical forests photosynthesis) to produce sugars and probably prevents them from being compared with only 30 per hectare other materials from which they build damaged by the intensity of the in temperate forests). Much their own structures. Each leaf is a solar tropical sun. (Leaves held up to scientific research has been done in cell. The canopy is a vast solar panel. receive the full force of the sun were an attempt to understand what recorded to be 10oC hotter than those produces such diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Forest Garden Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops
    Creating a Forest Garden Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops Martin Crawford Contents Foreword by Rob Hopkins 15. Ground cover and herbaceous perennial species Introduction 16. Designing the ground cover / perennial layer 17. Annuals, biennials and climbers Part 1: How forest gardens work 18. Designing with annuals, biennials and climbers 1. Forest gardens Part 3: Extra design elements and maintenance 2. Forest garden features and products 3. The effects of climate change 19. Clearings 4. Natives and exotics 20. Paths 5. Emulating forest conditions 21. Fungi in forest gardens 6. Fertility in forest gardens 22. Harvesting and preserving 23. Maintenance Part 2: Designing your forest garden 24. Ongoing tasks 7. Ground preparation and planting Glossary 8. Growing your own plants 9. First design steps Appendix 1: Propagation tables 10. Designing wind protection Appendix 2: Species for windbreak hedges 11. Canopy species Appendix 3: Plants to attract beneficial insects and bees 12. Designing the canopy layer Appendix 4: Edible crops calendar 13. Shrub species 14. Designing the shrub layer Resources: Useful organisations, suppliers & publications Foreword In 1992, in the middle of my Permaculture Design Course, about 12 of us hopped on a bus for a day trip to Robert Hart’s forest garden, at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire. A forest garden tour with Robert Hart was like a tour of Willy Wonka’s chocolate factory with Mr Wonka himself. “Look at this!”, “Try one of these!”. There was something extraordinary about this garden. As you walked around it, an awareness dawned that what surrounded you was more than just a garden – it was like the garden that Alice in Alice in Wonderland can only see through the door she is too small to get through: a tangible taste of something altogether new and wonderful yet also instinctively familiar.
    [Show full text]
  • Three-Dimensional Canopy Structure of an Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest Bo Song, Jiquan Chen, and Janet Silbernagel
    Three-Dimensional Canopy Structure of an Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest Bo Song, Jiquan Chen, and Janet Silbernagel ABSTRACT. In this study, the structurally heterogeneous canopy of a 12-ha plot in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was analyzed using three-dimensional (3-D) canopy modeling, geographic information system (GIS), and spatial statistics. Using this approach, we were able to depict how species composition and spatial distribution affect the 3-D structure of canopies. We were also able to slice the canopy and calculate the canopy coverage at various heights, and therefore were able to calculate the cumulative canopy volume at individual crown bases. Information generated by GIS allowed us to calculate how much area canopies or canopy openings occupy. Total canopy volume (243,641 m3/ha) was dominated by western hemlocks (67.1%) and Douglas-firs (23.7%) in this plot. Western hemlocks and Douglas-firs also dominated the canopy coverage, with 65.7% and 25.5% average coverage, respectively. Average total canopy coverage was 84.3% with variations between 78.7% and 89.9% among the 12 1-ha subplots, implying that 15.7% of the stand consisted of canopy openings. Coverage of the canopy projection changed greatly from the lower to the upper canopy layers, with the maximum at about 20 m high. We also examined spatial relationships among groups of trees at different heights and at various scales using bivariate Ripley’s K analysis. We found that different species of the understory layer showed different spatial relationships relative to the overstory canopy layer. Likewise the same species in the understory layer showed different spatial relationships when the overstory species differed.
    [Show full text]
  • Food and Food Forests for Southwest Gardens a Residential and Small Farm Approach the Problem: Food Insecurity
    Food and Food Forests for Southwest Gardens A Residential and Small Farm Approach The Problem: Food Insecurity Modern and even organic farming practices destroy the soil 18 to 80 times faster than natural soil formation rate (Jeavons 2005). In fact, leading scientists suggest that only 40 to 80 years of top soil remain world wide (UN Report 2000). History told, the fall of every great civilization was often marked by their failure to take care of their soils (Berry 2002) Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions The Problem: Food Insecurity Much of the problem is scale. • Groundwater withdrawal exceeds recharge in most cases. • 1.75 billion tons of soil are lost annually to erosion. Much of the problem is cultural-based • Farmers account for less than 1% of our population. • Factory farming and factory food (fast food) has created an obesogenic nation, 75 billion in medical expenditures to taxpayers. • 26% of the edible food wasted at consumer level 7.3 units of (primarily) fossil energy are consumed for every unit of food energy produced. Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions Promise of Alternatives Small scale farming and sustainable farming can have the following benefits: • May use 10% of the water consumed in conventional agriculture. • Produce 4 to 8 times more food per area. • Improve soil formation rates 10 times more than in nature. • Mitigates or reverses soil erosion • Focuses on local and diverse economies and food distribution systems. • Reduces energy consumption and fossil fuel use. Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions Promise of Alternatives • In 2006, 53% (by value) of Russia’s total agricultural output came from household plots accounting for 2.9% of agricultural land.
    [Show full text]
  • Maximizing the Benefits of Increased Urban Canopy on the Eastside of Los Angeles
    April 20, 2021 Maximizing the benefits of increased urban canopy on the eastside of Los Angeles Authors Rachel Ablondi David Galaviz Melinda Ramos-Alatorre Dulce Acosta Erik Huisman Seher Randhawa Marianna Babboni Yuliang Jiang Coleman Reardon Will Berelson Beau MacDonald Kate Weber Jackson FitzGerald Esther Margulies John Wilson CARBON CENSUS at USC I Acknowledgements Authors This report was prepared in coordination with the Los Angeles Rachel Ablondi, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Spatial Department of Public Works as part of a strategic partner- Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sci- ship on urban trees between the City of Los Angeles and the ences, University of Southern California University of Southern California. We are grateful for the Dulce Acosta, Senior Principle Director, Community & Local expert advice and collaboration from our City of Los Angeles Government Partnerships, University Relations, University of partners. Thanks to Rachel Malarich, Melinda Gejer, Irene Southern California Burga, Amy Schulenberg and Rachel O’Leary for working hand-in-hand with us since the beginning of the project. Marianna Babboni, Project Administrator, Dornsife Public Exchange, University of Southern California We would also like to acknowledge the many community Will Berelson, Professor, Department of Earth Sciences and members and organizations that took the time to meet with Environmental Studies Program, Dornsife College of Letters, our project team and voice their opinions. A special thanks Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California to Joe Laskin and Aaron Thomas from North East Trees for sharing their deep expertise with us. Jackson FitzGerald, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Spatial Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts This project was made possible with the generous facilita- and Sciences, University of Southern California tion of funding support from USC President Dr.
    [Show full text]