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Chantal Mouffe: Hegemony, Radical Democracy and the Political, Routlege, Londres Y Nueva York, 2013

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Chantal Mouffe: Hegemony, Radical Democracy and the Political, Routlege, Londres Y Nueva York, 2013 Relaciones Internacionales Número 31 • Febrero 2016 - Mayo 2016 R Grupo de Estudios de Relaciones Internacionales (GERI) – UAM MARTIN, James (Ed.), Chantal Mouffe: Hegemony, radical democracy and the political, Routlege, Londres y Nueva York, 2013 MARIANA GONZÁLEZ TREJO* * Mariana egemony, radical democracy respuesta a este planteamiento, Mouffe GONZÁLEZ and the political nos conecta desarrolla una serie de cuestiones a TREJO, becaria FPU y con gran parte de las través de una óptica posmarxista, cuyo H doctoranda en el preocupaciones teóricas que han punto de encuentro es el énfasis en la departamento de ocupado a lo largo del tiempo a Chantal dimensión conflictiva de la política. ciencias políticas Mouffe. Estas giran en torno a la teoría y Relaciones Internacionales de la democracia, el feminismo y el Esta dimensión conflictiva se de la UAM marxismo. Chantal Mouffe, filósofa apoya en el concepto de hegemonía política de origen belga, ofrece una desarrollado por Antonio Gramsci. visión interdisciplinar enriquecida por A partir de la interpretación de sus estudios desarrollados en Europa, este concepto, Mouffe entiende las Estados Unidos y América Latina. En relaciones de poder como formaciones sus diferentes textos, Mouffe piensa contingentes, las cuales son capaces de a la izquierda desde un concepción generar nuevas identidades subjetivas y gramsciana; donde el concepto de que contribuyen a modelar el concepto “hegemonía” funge como elemento de antagonismo. Hegemonía implica articulador de diversas temáticas. Este la creación de un discurso ideológico enfoque será un importante punto unificado, producto de un proceso de encuentro entre la autora y su de articulación y re-articulación -war compañero intelectual, Ernesto Laclau, of positions- de valores ideológicos, junto al cual, ofrecerá una visión que no necesariamente pertenecen a alternativa de lo político. un antagonismo de clase sino a una En el 2013, James Martin edita voluntad colectiva. en orden cronológico una serie de artículos escritos por Mouffe. El libro se Bajo este enfoque, Mouffe se estructura a través de tres divisiones, adentra en una serie de temas como: la las cuales se convierten en microsíntesis subjetividad, la democracia radical, la de los contenidos abordados por Mouffe política y la ciudadanía. En todos ellos desde finales de 1970. El eje común de existe una crítica al enfoque liberal esta recopilación es la problematización y una alternativa a dicho modelo, la del consenso liberal. Para la autora, el cual intenta hacer frente o al menos desafío se centra en “cómo construir reconocer, los distintos desafíos que formas de poder más compatibles encierra la democracia moderna. con los valores democráticos”1. Como 1 MARTIN, James (Ed.), Chantal Mouffe: political, Routlege, Londres y Nueva York, p. Hegemony, radical democracy and the 202 219 Licencia CC-NC-ND 215-218 Relaciones Internacionales R Número 31 • Febrero 2016 - Mayo 2016 En este sentido, Mouffe rechaza que dimensión universal y racional, amenaza la subjetividad sea dada por un agente con caer en el mismo error del totalitarismo. social. Por el contrario, cada individuo Dicho error radica en soñar una sociedad es sujeto de múltiples posiciones. Estas como proyecto reconciliado. se conforman tanto por las diferentes relaciones sociales como por una serie de Para Mouffe, el liberalismo parte de discursos que las constituyen2. Dicha visión una posición neutral que se apoya en una parte de la concepción marxista del mundo pluralidad que equipara a tolerancia. Sin como construcción social. Esto le permite embargo, para la autora no existe consenso a la autora concebir los discursos como un sin exclusión, la pluralidad de valores y conjunto de relaciones sistematizadas. De sujetos generan conflicto. En consecuencia, esta forma, los sujetos se construyen en la evasión de esta dimensión del poder, subordinación con distintos discursos, lo por parte del liberalismo, comporta una cual implica que esa subjetividad se halla serie de riesgos para la democracia. En –también- negada por otros discursos. ese sentido, el liberalismo encierran una gran paradoja: “¿cómo puede eliminar a Este acto de exclusión, producto de sus adversarios mientras continúa siendo un antagonismo, da lugar a la identidad neutral?”5. Lo característico de esta vida como una construcción del sujeto por moderna es la tensión entre los valores medio de la diferencia. Como consecuencia de libertad e igualdad, una tensión que no de las distintas posiciones del sujeto nace debe ser resuelta. Lo fundamental es no el concepto de democracia radical, la cual negar el rol del conflicto y del antagonismo “requiere de la existencia de multiplicidad, en lo político. pluralidad y conflicto”3. Esta concepción implica abandonar el universalismo Mouffe diferencia la política – abstracto de la Ilustración y el mito del political- de lo político –politics-, para ello cuerpo social unitario. La democracia se apoya en la distinción entre lo ontológico radical entiende la indeterminación como y lo óntico. Conforme a este enfoque, condición de existencia de lo político en la política se refiere al antagonismo la democracia, reconoce la exclusión y la inherente a todas las relaciones humanas, violencia presentes en estas, sin intentar mientras que lo político se refiere a cómo conciliarlas bajo la fórmula del consenso se articulan los discursos, instituciones y racional. prácticas, con el objetivo de dar orden y organizar la coexistencia humana. Para Respecto al consenso racional que la democracia funcione requiere de liberal, Mouffe se apoya en Wittgenstein confrontación entre distintas posiciones para señalar que, antes que un acuerdo hegemónicas. El antagonismo que anima de opiniones, lo primero es generar un el conflicto se entabla entre “nosotros” acuerdo en el lenguaje usado. Sin esto no -we- a través de la determinación del hay posibilidades de entendimiento4. En “otro” –them-. Para que este antagonismo este sentido, postular un consenso moral en se inserte dentro del enfoque agonístico, lo político cuya configuración alcance una requiere del reconocimiento del “otro” como adversario y no como enemigo. Cuando 2 Ibídem, p. 46. desaparece esta dimensión conflictiva, el 3 Ibíd., p. 99. 4 Ibíd., p.123. 5 Ibíd., p. 121. 220 Licencia CC-NC-ND Relaciones Internacionales Número 31 • Febrero 2016 - Mayo 2016 R déficit democrático se agudiza sin ofrecer otras formas de identificación democrática, Asimismo, reestructurar la noción lo cual favorece el crecimiento y surgimiento de ciudadanía implica abandonar la división de fundamentalismo religiosos, así como entre el reino de lo público y lo privado. también el triunfo de fórmulas demagógicas Esta división ha permitido que la ciudadanía ante la frustración popular. se identifique con lo público, centrado en el hombre, y que se confine a la mujer al Este déficit democrático conecta reino de lo privado7. Mouffe no pretende con un desplazamiento de las pasiones por hacer relevantes las diferencias sexuales fórmulas procedimentales, característico al estructurar el concepto de ciudadanía, de sistema liberal. No obstante, Mouffe sino convertirlas en algo efectivamente también advierte que una moralización de no pertinente8. De esta manera, Mouffe lo político amenaza con su extinción6. En enfoca la lucha del feminismo desde otra este sentido, aunque la autora no comparte perspectiva, una que desafía las distintas por completo la concepción schmittiana de maneras en que la categoría “mujer” es lo político, destaca de este enfoque una construida en subordinación. importante crítica al liberalismo, relativa a su concepción de democracia y estructuración En conclusión, en estos distintos del demos. Aunque Schmitt no es demócrata artículos, Mouffe nos invita a considerar en un sentido liberal, Mouffe considera sus una serie de conceptos a través de su desarrollos importantes para la discusión reformulación. También, la autora realiza teórica. Así, transforma el concepto de un análisis de los distintos desafíos de homogeneidad en commonality y lo hace la democracia moderna y construye compatible con el pluralismo. una alternativa dentro de un enfoque posmarxista, pero no rechaza otros No obstante, un proyecto de desarrollos en la medida que puede democracia donde la dimensión conflictiva transformarlos. El énfasis que realiza Mouffe no desaparezca y sea compatible con la en la dimensión conflictiva del antagonismo diversidad, requiere de la restructuración ayuda a rescatar la importancia de uno de de otros conceptos. Esto conduce a Mouffe los componentes de lo político. Aunque a repensar y reformular la noción de señala la necesidad del consenso como algo ciudadanía. Mouffe no la asume ni como temporal, no se detiene a examinar su valor estatus legal -postura liberal- ni como para lo político. Sin embargo, al final de su noción del bien común incompatible con libro, en una entrevista con el editor, Mouffe el pluralismo -postura republicana-. A logra capturar la esencia de lo político en dos diferencia de estos enfoques, su definición palabras que otorga reconocimiento a sus de ciudadanía –al igual que la democracia dos contenidos no suprimibles: “consenso- política- implica una forma de identidad conflictual”9. Por último, otro aspecto a política que afirma a través de los valores destacar es la preocupación de Mouffe de libertad e igualdad. Estos están sujetos por atender y reconducir la frustración a distintas interpretaciones que dan lugar a popular de nuestras democracias actuales. diversas formas de ciudadanía.
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