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Geochemical and Geophysical Investigations in Exmoor and the Brendon Hills

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Geochemical and Geophysical Investigations in Exmoor and the Brendon Hills BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Natural Environment Research Council Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report No. 90 Geochemical and geophysical investigations in Exmoor and the Brendon Hills Geochemistry R. C. Jones BSc Geology K. E. Beer BSc, C.Eng, FIMM Geophysics J. M. C. Tombs BSc 0 Crown copyright 1987 A report prepared for the Department of Trade and Industry Keyworth, Nottinghamshire 1987 CONTENTS Summary 1 Introduction 1 Geology 1 ERRATUNSHEET Mineralisation and former mining 1 Please replace Previous geochemistry and geophysics 3 DATA PACKAGE: DETAILEDIWFOIWTIOW Aims and methods of the study 3 AVAILABLEFOR THE EXMNMAND THE Results 5 BREHDOMHILLS AREA References 5 The contents of an information package are itemised below, comprising geological, geochemical and geophysical maps, data listings FIGURES and written accounts. The geochemical 1 Exmoor and the Brendon Hills 2 data may be available in computer compatible 2 Generalised geology and aeromagnetic format as well as in the form of printouts. anomalies 4 A current, 1987, charge, of El000 will be made for a copy of this information, consultation with staff, examination of drillcores and for the time of staff required to make a short field visit to the area. 1. Locations and analyses of stream sediment samples. 2. Log probability plots for stream sediment analyses. 3. 'A geochemical reconnaissance of Exmoor and the Brendon Hills' by R C Jones. A full assessment of the stream sediment geochemistry. 4. 'Investigation of an aeromagnetic anomaly at Exmoor, North Devon’ by 3 M C Tombs, K E Beer and R C Jones (includes soil and analyses, borehole geological logs, geochemistry and geophysical interpretations). 5. 'Magnetic susceptibility determination on 56 samples from the Honeymead boreholes, Exmoor' by A Forster. 6. Listing of Kappameter readings on drill cores from Honeymead boreholes 1 and 2. 7. Location maps of geophysical observations at 6" scale. 8. Ground magnetic survey data. For further informatjon apply to Dr D J Fettes, British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA (Tel: 031-667-1000) or to Mr 3 H Bateson, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 566 (Tel: 06077-6111). Other relevant data sets, obtainable from the Chief Geophysicist, British geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 566. 1. Aeroaagnetlc raw data. 2. Aircraft flight lines. 3. Aircraft height data. SUMMARY Agriculture and tourism are the major industries of the region but a little forestry and quarrying is practised locally A programme of geochemical and geophysical study was in the south. About half the study area falls within the started in 1971 to assess the mineral potential of the Ex- Exmoor National Park. moor area. Drainage geochemistry over both Exmoor and the Brendon Hills indicated areas of anomalous metal concentrations in stream sediments which call for further GEOLOGY investigation. Some of these anomalies undoubtedly relate to vein style mineralisation, but others probably Almost all the study area is underlain by Devonian reflect a stratiform distribution of ore metals. Barium sediments which, for the most part, form the southward anomalies have also been recognised and these are dipping limb of a broad major anticline the axis of which presumed to indicate previously unrecorded veins of trends WNW - ESE and passes through Lynton (Fig. 2). barite. The A361 road approximates to the southern margin of the Pilton Beds, a transitional series containing the Investigation of an aeromagnetic anomaly which trends palaeontological boundary between the Devonian and WNW - ESE over the upland areas resolves it into shallow Carboniferous strata; to the south lies a thin succession of and deep components. The source of the more deep- shales, cherts and limestones of Visean age, in turn seated magnetic anomaly remains uncertain but two dia- overlain by Namurian shales and thin turbiditic sand- mond drill holes showed the shallow source to be pyrrho- stones of the Crackington Formation. All these Palaeozoic tite mineralisation in the form of disseminations and sediments have been regionally metamorphosed to veinlets. Detailed soil geochemistry was carried out over greenschist facies grade. some of the aeromagnetic anomalies. In the east both Devonian and Carboniferous strata are Raw geophysical and geochemical data, location plots, overstepped by varying Mesozoic sediments. borehole logs and all pertinent reports (see p.8 for details) can be purchased as a comprehensive package at a cost of Recent geological re-mapping of the Barnstaple (293), &lOOO. For further information apply to Dr D. J. Fettes, Bideford and Lundy Island (292), Ilfracombe (277) and British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Taunton (295) Sheets has improved our understanding of Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA (Tel. 031-667-1000) the stratigraphy and structure of the Palaeozoic rocks but or to Mr .J. H. Bateson, British Geological Survey, has affected only slightly the boundaries shown in Figure 2. Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG (Tel. 06077-6111). MINERALISATION AND FORMER MINING Significant expressions of mineralisation are recorded INTRODUCTION from about a hundred locations throughout Exmoor and of these some 52 have been explored by mining (Rotten- The somewhat scattered nature of the mineralisation in bury, 1974). Th e main productive mines (Dines, 1956) North Devon and West Somerset is not a hopeful augury can be readily grouped into four areas. These are: in the search for new metalliferous deposits. On the other hand it must be recognised that this part of the peninsula 1 In the Brendon Hills there are two parallel structures was sufficiently remote from the active mining areas of within which are sporadically developed lensoid bodies of Cornwall to have been largely overlooked by the success- hematite ore which, in depth, passes into siderite. The ful miners and entrepreneurs of years gone by. The main production period was from 1850 to about 1883 dur- localisation of base metal ore bodies around Combe Mar- ing which time some 750 000 tonnes were sold; a few tin (Pb) and Heasley Mill (Cu) offers some hope of fur- mines were tried again early this century (Groves, 1952). ther resources in these districts, with the presence of noble Some mines reported up to 0.5 % Cu in the form of finely metals adding to the interest. scattered chalco-pyrite or malachite. As a preliminary phase in the examination of that poten- 2 The iron mines of central Exmoor were sunk on struc- tial, geochemical and geophysical studies were initiated as tures similar to the hematite veins of the Brendon Hills part of the Mineral Reconnaissance Programme (MRP) but the workings were generally smaller and less produc- undertaken by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and tive. Some may be much older mines, perhaps even funded by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Roman in origin. The ore is again of hematite, some clearly secondary after siderite but some apparently The area covered by these surveys (Fig. 1) measures some primary in a mamillary form or as a fine-grained 65 km by 20 km and lies within North Devon and West assemblage with quartz. Copper may be present in these Somerset. To the north and west it is defined by the coast, ores; at Wheal Eliza it reputedly reached 1% and the to the south by the A361 Taunton to Barnstaple road, and mine sought that metal. to the east by the valley between Watchet and Taunton which separates Exmoor from the Quantock Hills. That 3 Around Combe Martin argentiferous galena has been portion lying to the east of the A396 Tiverton to reported commonly in veinlets exposed in the cliffs. It was Minehead road is known as the Brendon Hills. worked in several local mines, some of which date back to the 13th Century (Dines, 1956). In addition to galena the Most of the area is upland, much of it moor, with a deeply mines contained sphalerite, copper sulphides, copper incised drainage which flows mainly east and south form- carbonates and native silver together with traces of anti- ing the head waters of the rivers Exe and Taw. Shorter, mony. The veins here trended roughly NW-SE, occupy- steeper streams flow northwards into the Bristol Channel. ing transverse fault fractures. 4 In the North Molton area there are a group of veins AIMS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY parallel to the strike of the cleavage; these are concen- trated close to the axes of a large anticline and its com- There is some suggestion in the geological evidence that plimentary syncline. The productive veins carry copper Devonian stratigraphy and lithology exerts a strong con- ores, galena, sphalerite, siderite or hematite, sometimes trol on the Exmoor mineralisation, even that the metal with barite, and are usually contained within the Upcott content may have been syngenetic and is now Slates. Traces of gold are associated with the veins at redistributed (Scrivener and Bennett, 1980). If reflected Poltimore (Bampfylde) Mine and nearby Britannia Mine in the regional geochemistry this would provide a (Rottenbury, 1974). valuable guide to more detailed geochemical prospecting. By Cornish standards none of the mines is very large, nor The linear magnetic anomalies raised queries about their did any have a long, continuous production history. source which have significance in terms of metalliferous Many of the workings are believed to be very old but have prospects. If the explanation of these anomalies were to be had a chequered record of closure and reopening. Exmoor found in magnetic oxides there arises the possibility of produced only a small proportion of the total metal output hidden igneous associations, volcanic or magnatic, with of South-west England; figures are woefully incomplete which may be associated a variety of metals, particularly but it is estimated (Rottenbury, 1974) that over 1 million the ferrous ones. Should the anomalies be found to reflect tonnes of iron ores, 20 000 tonnes of copper ores, and a magnetic sulphides there arises the possible association of similar amount of lead ore were raised and more than bedded or disseminated base metal sulphides, especially 1500 kilogrammes of silver produced.
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