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Registered and Estimated Maori Mortality, by Region

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Registered and Estimated Maori Mortality, by Region OFFICIAL Wai 903, A82 ‘Māori population trends in the Whanganui inquiry district 1880-1945, A scoping exercise’ Craig Innes Report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Whanganui (Wai 903) district inquiry, October 2006 RECEIVED Waitangi Tribunal 27 OCT 2006 Ministry of Jusitce WELLINGTON Table of contents i. List of tables, figures and maps _____________________________ 3 ii. The author _____________________________________________ 4 iii. Introduction ___________________________________________ 5 1. The Whanganui Māori population prior to 1901 _____________________10 2. Where Whanganui Māori were located 1881-1945 ___________________11 3. Whanganui Māori population trends ______________________________16 4. Particular impacts – influenza pandemic, Ratana, urbanisation ________23 4.1. The 1918 influenza pandemic and Whanganui Māori ________________23 4.2. Influence of the Ratana settlement and urbanisation _________________24 5. Conclusion ____________________________________________ 28 6. Select bibliography______________________________________ 29 2 i. List of tables, figures and maps Tables Table 1: Iwi 1874-1901: Child-Woman Ratios (Children/100 Women 15 yrs +)a___10 Table 2: Location of Māori in the Whanganui district & other selected locales ____12 Table 3: Location of Māori within the Whanganui district: grouped totals. _______16 Table 4: Population increase over 1886 level 1891-1951______________________18 Table 5: Regional Distribution, 1901 and 1945 (per cent of total population ______19 Table 6: Principal Tribes by Region, 1901 _________________________________20 Table 7: Whanganui trends: Lowe’s region against district inquiry estimate ______21 Table 8: Registered and estimated Māori mortality, by region _________________23 Table 9: Estimated Gross Reproductive Rates (GRR) and Total Fertility Rates (TFR) (per woman), Regions, 1926 and 1945 ____________________________________25 Table 10: Urban and Rural Child-Women Ratios (per 100), Estimated Gross Reproduction Rates (GRR) and Total Fertility Rates (TFR) (per Woman), 1926 and 1945_______________________________________________________________25 Table 11: Selected Age Indices (per cent), Regions, 1926 and 1945 _____________26 Table 12: Māori living in major urban areas _______________________________27 Table 13: Māori living in minor urban areas within the Whanganui district _______27 Figures Figure 1: Whanganui and NZ Māori population increase 1891-1951 ____________19 Figure 2: Māori Influenza Death Rates 1918 _______________________________24 Maps Map 1: Whanganui Māori Census and Localities 1881, 1936, 1945 ______________7 Map 2: Whanganui River Māori Population trends 1881, 1936, 1945_____________8 Map 3: Census boundaries, Whanganui inquiry district and Lowe’s Whanganui Region______________________________________________________________9 3 ii. The author Craig Innes has a Master of Arts Degree from Massey University (2005). He has completed, or has assisted in the completion of four research reports for the Waitangi Tribunal: Report on Tenure Changes Affecting “Purchase Reserves” within the Waikaremoana Area for the Urewera (Wai 894) district inquiry; Te Karaitiana Te Korou for the Wairarapa ki Tararua (Wai 863) district inquiry; the Whanganui Gap Filling Narratives, and the Whanganui and National Park Alienation Study for the Whanganui (Wai 903) and Tongariro National Park (Wai 1130) district inquiries. 4 iii. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to supplement the existing casebook reports on socio- economic themes providing an analysis of the population trends among Whanganui Māori communities between 1880 and 1940. This report specifically focuses on the question whether the Whanganui Māori population numbers failed to recover at the same rate as Māori did nationally from 1896. The hypothesis that there was a marked difference to national trends is referred to in the direction of the Presiding Officer Judge Wainwright of 28 March 2006, which outlines the purpose of the commission: We seek a relatively brief report in which we hope that an explanation will be offered for the apparent failure of populations of Whanganui Māori to regenerate at the same rate and in the same period as Māori populations elsewhere. The report will focus on the effects on Population of the Parihaka and Rātana movements, and events in the first two decades of the twentieth century such as the 1918 influenza epidemic…1 To provide the context for the population study of Whanganui Māori population trends in the first two decades of the twentieth century, this report examines selected data for the period 1880 to 1945. Nature of report This report is essentially a detailed scoping exercise undertaken to address the question of whether Whanganui Māori population numbers failed to recover at the same rate as Māori did nationally from 1896. After an initial scoping of the available secondary and primary population data sources, it was quickly concluded that the hypothesis that the apparent failure of populations of Whanganui Māori to regenerate at the same rate and in the same period as Māori populations elsewhere was not necessarily supported in a significant way. Therefore, this report documents that scoping exercise and the sources used leading to this conclusion. Sources and methodology Primary sources The main primary source used in this report is the official censuses of New Zealand population and dwellings for the period 1881 to 1945. The author acknowledges the 1 Memorandum and directions of Judge C.M. Wainwright. 28 March 2006. Wai 903 #2.3.33, Paragraph 14.3. 5 general caveats attached to Māori census data including differing definitions of ‘Māori’, inclusion or exclusions of ‘half-castes’, local resistance to censuses for instance by Kingitanga affiliated communities, varying coverage of census districts by enumerators at different times, and differing census county boundaries overtime. The author notes in particular that it was not until 1926 that the Māori census was taken in one night (though not on the same night at the general census) and that Māori completed their own census form for the first time. Bearing these constrictions in mind, it is still considered possible to use census data to usefully indicate broad trends among populations over selected periods. While acknowledging that census ‘counties’ have changed overtime an attempt has been made to match as far as is reasonably possible some of these early census figures to the contemporary Whanganui inquiry district. Secondary sources The main secondary source material used is by demographic experts, in particular Ian Pool’s Te Iwi Māori2 and R.J. Lowe; Te Puāwaitanga o Ngā Iwi 1874-1951. Readers are advised that Anthony Walton’s Settlement Patterns in the Whanganui River Valley, 1839-1864 (Wai 167#A47), provides a useful overview of the Māori settlements within the Whanganui River catchment from 1840 to 1881.3 The maps and figures in Walton’s report can be usefully compared to the maps and figures in this report. 2 Ian Pool Te Iwi Maori: A New Zealand Population Past, Present & Projected. Auckland University Press, Auckland 1991 3 Anthony Walton Settlement Patterns in the Whanganui River Valley, 1839-1864, Department of Conservation. Wai 167#A47. 6 Map 1: Whanganui Māori Census and Localities 1881, 1936, 1945 7 Waitangi Tribunal, Oct 2006 0 10 20 30km Matiere Tuhua . R N Nihiniho 0 10 20miles e u r Papawaka R. a tu g Taringamo W E n Pungapunga O Te Rerenga S Taringamotu Whanganui OHURA TAUMARUNUI Matahanea inquiry district Taumarunui Rurumaiakatea Manunui Te Rakura Piriaka Wanganui Teoteo Kakahi Ohura R. Opatu R i Koiro v Poukaria e Opatu Kirikau r Owhango Rauponga Kaiataua Pounamu Maraekowhai Patupatu Tawhata Ret aru ke W h R Owairua Whakahoro . a n Kaitieke g Tangarakau R. Kirikiriroa a Otaahua m Te Mai Tongariro o m Tahereaka i o Retaruke Upper n Whangamomona a u R . n Ngauruhoe National Park a Pahitaua/Puketapu g Mataiwhetu n Erua a h Pitaua R. Ruapehu W o tea Mangatiti uia Parinui Mangan Pokaka Tukipo Te Rarapa Murumuru Tututawa Utapu Te Ririatepo Okirihau/Tieke Tata Horopito Matemateaon ga Papatupu Kawakawa Ra Tarere nge Tuwhare Otaki Whakaamoe Te Arero Waikurekure Makaranui Rangitauoro/Puraroto Rangataua Nga Mahanga RAETIHI OHAKUNE Karioi Rangitauhau Papaoka Ohinemutu/Autemutu Pipiriki Tangiwai MURIMOTU Parapara WAIOURU W a Hiruharama i Makakaho to t Patiarero a Pukehika r a Kauaeroa Ranana Te Hoko R i Tawhitinui Kawana v e Matahiwi r Hikurangi Ruanui Operiki Kawana Kakatahi Orangimea Koriniti Mataroa . WAITOTARA R r MANGAWHERO e Atene & Pekepake a v i p Kakata R a Kahikatoa Otoko p a Uritini a g n WAVERLEY i n Ikunikau Te Rimu k a a r M Kapukapu u r T Kauarapaua Parikino e Maxwell v Kaipo Nukumaru Mairekahoro i Pakaraka Raorikia Matatera R Rakato Pungarehu Mangamahu Kai iwi Tunuhaere Kanihinihi Brunswick Kaiwhaiki Punakiwhitu Tauraroa Upokongaro u Kaiaraara h e a Kukata g Tutaehika n Aramoho Waipakura/Kutuka a Mataongaonga h HUNTERVILLE Mosston W Kaiata Okoia Kuangaroa WANGANUI Fordell Putikiwaranui No.2 Ngongohau No.1 Map 1: Whanganui Maori Census and Localities 1881, 1936, 1945 Map 2: Whanganui River Māori Population trends 1881, 1936, 1945 8 Waitangi Tribunal, Oct 2006 0 10 20 30km 0 10 20miles Papawaka N Te Rerenga Taringamotu W E 1881 1936 1945 Matahanea TAUMARUNUI S Taumarunui Rurumaiakatea Te Rakura Piriaka Teoteo Opatu Koiro Poukaria 1881 1936 1945 Opatu UPPER RIVER Rauponga Kaiataua Pounamu Maraekowhai Patupatu Tawhata Owairua Whakahoro Kirikiriroa Otaahua Te Mai Tahereaka
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