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Terminology and the Term As Its Basic Unit MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Mgr. et Mgr. Eva Dávidová Analysis of English Medical Terminology from the Field of Digestive System Bachelor thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Brno 2011 1 Declaration Hereby I declare that I worked on this bachelor thesis independently and used only the sources listed in the bibliography. 27 October 2011, Brno Eva Dávidová 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank to my supervisor Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D., for his guidance, valuable advice and encouragement that he provided me with during work on this bachelor thesis. 3 Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to consider the extent of Greek-Latin influence on English medical terminology. Firstly, I will give different definitions of terminology from the linguistic point of view, and typical features of the term as its basic unit. Secondly, a brief history of medical terminology from its beginning until these days will be presented. I will concentrate on the influence of Latin and Greek on medical terminology in connection with ancient times, Christianity and the period of Humanism and the Renaissance. The theoretical part will be followed by the analysis of one segment of English medical terminology. For this purpose, I have chosen English anatomical and clinical terms from the area of gastroenterology. These medical terms will be analysed on the basis of the formal, semantic and etymological criterion, and compared with Greek-Latin equivalents. The findings will be used for the description of the relationship between English and Greek-Latin medical terminology, and the evaluation of the importance of Latin and Greek for the English language and medicine. Key words English medical terminology, Greek-Latin medical terminology, anatomical terms, clinical terms, gastroenterology, synonyms, formal analysis, semantic analysis, etymological analysis, international students Anotace Cílem této bakalářské práce je zhodnotit rozsah vlivu řečtiny a latiny na anglickou lékařskou terminologii. Nejdříve předloţím různé definice terminologie z jazykového hlediska a typické znaky termínu jakoţto její základní jednotky. Dále bude stručně představena historie lékařské terminologie od jejího počátku aţ do současnosti. Zde se zaměřím především na vliv latiny a řečtiny na lékařskou terminologii v souvislosti s dobou antiky, křesťanstvím a obdobím humanismu a renesance. 4 Na teoretickou část bude navazovat analýza jednoho segmentu anglické lékařské terminologie. K tomuto účelu jsem si vybrala anglické anatomické a klinické termíny z oboru gastroenterologie. Tyto lékařské termíny budou analyzovány na základě formálního, sémantického a etymologického kritéria a budou srovnány s jejich řecko-latinskými ekvivalenty. Získané poznatky budou pouţity k popsání vztahu mezi anglickou a řecko-latinskou lékařskou terminologií a ke zhodnocení významu latiny a řečtiny pro anglický jazyk a rovněţ pro medicínu. Klíčová slova Anglická lékařská terminologie, řecko-latinská lékařská terminologie, anatomické termíny, klinické termíny, gastroenterologie, synonyma, formální analýza, sémantická analýza, etymologická analýza, mezinárodní studenti Dávidová, Eva. Analysis of English Medical Terminology from the Field of Gastroenterology. Brno: Masaryk University, 2011. 5 Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. Terminology and the term as its basic unit ...................................................................... 12 2.1 The definition of terminology ......................................................................................... 12 2.2 The term and its basic features ....................................................................................... 12 3. Sources of the English lexicon ........................................................................................... 15 4. The influence of Greek-Latin on the English language .................................................. 17 4.1 Greek-Latin borrowings in the Anglo-Saxon period ...................................................... 17 4.2 Greek-Latin borrowings in the Middle Ages .................................................................. 18 4.3 Greek-Latin borrowings in the period of Humanism and the Renaissance .................... 18 5. A brief history of medical terminology ............................................................................ 21 5.1 The influence of Greek and Latin on medical terminology ............................................ 21 5.2 Latin medical terminology in the modern period ........................................................... 24 6. Advantages of the use of Greek-Latin as the language of medicine .............................. 25 7. English medical terminology ............................................................................................. 27 7.1 Synonymous character of English medical terminology ................................................ 27 7.2 Eponyms in English medical terminology ...................................................................... 29 7.3 The structure of medical terms of Greek-Latin origin and their adaptation in English medical terminology ............................................................................................................. 30 7.3.1 Word-formation principles of English medical terms of Greek-Latin origin .......... 30 7.3.2 Adaptation of medical terms of Greek-Latin origin in English medical terminology ........................................................................................................................................... 31 8. The analysis of medical terms from the field of gastroenterology ................................. 32 8.1. Formal criterion ............................................................................................................. 32 8.1.1 Representation of word classes ................................................................................ 32 8.1.2 Representation of open and closed word classes ..................................................... 34 8.1.3 Representation of single-word and multi-word naming units .................................. 35 8.1.4 Representation of common and proper nouns ......................................................... 37 8.1.5 Representation of count and noncount nouns .......................................................... 38 8.1.6 Representation of concrete and abstract nouns ........................................................ 41 8.1.7 Representation of animate and inanimate nouns ..................................................... 44 8.2 Semantic criterion ........................................................................................................... 44 8.2.1 Metaphor .................................................................................................................. 45 8.2.2 Metonymy ................................................................................................................ 47 8.2.3 Synecdoche .............................................................................................................. 50 8.3 Etymological criterion .................................................................................................... 50 6 9. Tendencies in the development of Greek-Latin and English medical terminology ..... 56 10. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 58 References ............................................................................................................................... 60 Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 66 Latin-English glossary of anatomical terms from the field of gastroenterology .................. 66 Latin-English glossary of clinical terms from the field of gastroenterology ........................ 84 7 List of figures Fig. 1. A total number of lexemes representing different word classes .............................. 33 Fig. 2. A number of lexemes representing different word classes in anatomical terms ...... 34 Fig. 3. A number of lexemes representing different word classes in clinical terms ........... 34 Fig. 4. A total number of open and closed word classes ..................................................... 35 Fig. 5. A total number of single-word and multi-word naming units ................................. 36 Fig. 6. A number of single-word and multi-word naming units in anatomical terms ......... 37 Fig. 7. A number of single-word and multi-word naming units in clinical terms ............... 37 Fig. 8. A total number of common and proper nouns ......................................................... 38 Fig. 9. A total number of countable and uncountable nouns ............................................... 40 Fig. 10. A number of countable and uncountable nouns in anatomical terms .................... 40 Fig. 11. A number of countable and uncountable nouns in clinical terms .......................... 40 Fig. 12. A total number of concrete and abstract nouns ...................................................... 43 Fig. 13. A number of concrete and abstract nouns in anatomical terms ............................. 43 Fig. 14. A number of concrete and abstract nouns in clinical terms ..................................
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