National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012)

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a).

1. Name of Property historic name Pennyworth Island Plantation other names/site number : Cruger's Island

2. Location Bound by the Savannah River and opposite former plantations in SC known as street & number “Clydesdale” and “Rice Hope”. Deed Book 357 Y 286, Parcel # 1-0486-01-001  Not for publication

city or town  Vicinity Savannah state Georgia code GA county Chatham code 051 zip code 31401

3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national statewide local

Signature of certifying official/Title Date

State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria.

Signature of commenting official Date

Title State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register

determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register

other (explain:) ______

Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012)

Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

5. Classification

Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) (Check only one box.) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.)

Contributing Noncontributing private building(s) buildings X public - Local district 1 sites public - State X site structures public - Federal structure objects object 1 Total

Name of related multiple property listing Number of contributing resources (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) previously listed in the National Register

N/A 0

6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) (Enter categories from instructions.) AGRICULTURE: Agricultural Field Landscape: Conservation Area: Vacant AGRICULTURE: Processing AGRICULTURE: Horticultural Facility AGRICULTURE: Irrigation Facility DOMESTIC: Single Dwelling

7. Description Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions.) (Enter categories from instructions.) n/a foundation: Brick pier walls: Outer stucco

roof: slate other

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

Narrative Description

Summary Paragraph The Pennyworth Island Plantation site is located on the Back River extension of the Savannah River, immediately behind Hutchinson Island. It is a total of 178.1 acres; 169.66 acres of fresh water marsh, and 4.83 acres of southern maritime forest. Currently, the Island is very overgrown, difficult to access and has significant archaeological sites.

______Narrative Description

Environmental Setting The Pennyworth Island Plantation site is located on the Back River extension of the Savannah River, immediately behind Hutchinson Island. It is approximately 528 yards from the shoreline of Pennyworth to adjacent Hutchinson Island. Pennyworth Island is approximately 1.72 miles due North of downtown Savannah. It is a total of 178.1 acres; 169.66 acres of fresh water marsh, and 4.83 acres of southern maritime forest. The island is only accessible by boat, although it is visible from The Talmadge Memorial Bridge. The majority of the island is a freshwater tidal marsh with frequent intermittent patches of maritime forest upland. The most striking feature of the island, the rice infrastructure, is best viewed via aerial or satellite photography. The rice field technology of canals and embankments, is the predominant feature of the island. This man-made rice plantation landscape is evident in Chatham County aerials dating from 1952. The McKinnon 1825 map shows evidence of a rice mill and single residence on Pennyworth Island, owned by N. Cruger1. A later 1888 Blandford map shows a duplicate of the mill structure and single residence. 2

Period of Occupation Pennyworth Island Plantation was in use as a rice plantation from 1815 to 1894 and remained partially functioning until 1911.

Identity of Ethnic Groups The vast majority of the plantation population was African American. The African American slave population was attributed to Upper Guinea, Senegambia, and the Windward Coast regions of Africa.3

Physical Characteristics Although an extensive investigation has not been completed, preliminary surveys, as well as an Army Corp of Engineers report from 1994, have determined that there are numerous archaeological sites on the Island. The features that have been found are all surface disturbances, as a subsurface excavation has not yet been done. Among the COE findings are a mill site and nautical vessels, as well as the evident rice field trunks and dikes. Due to the COE focus area limited to the coastline, further surveys were completed on July 16, 2010 and August 13, 2010 to survey the property. Along with the mill site, dock, wharf, and nautical vessels identified in the COE report, the inland features include a single residence and 2 unidentified structures. In the most recent survey, a dig with a working area of approximately two square feet, was located at -32.104751 -81.093202 adjacent to the original house location, according to Blandford’s 1888 map. The original house location was marked by a brick chimney remains and surrounding scatter. The 55 cm dig took place on the north side of the chimney. The dig location was chosen based on surface disturbances of fragmented ceramics.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

The estimated date range for the artifacts found date from the Civil War to 1915-20, at the latest. Several objects were sufficiently identified. All the artifacts were fragments and had been altered by a high temperature fire at some point. There were several pieces of melted glass that lead to the conclusion that the fire was most likely a structure fire. The only other, and less probable, possibility is that the occupants of the house had a trash pile that they burned. The proportion of types of artifacts found on site is very rare for this area and time period. There were a large percentage of porcelain dishware fragments. Also noted as atypical were many terracotta flower pot fragments. The more typical makeup of artifacts from this area and time period would include more utilitarian ceramics and not as much porcelain. Also noted were five ironstone pieces with unusual decoration. This art ware is a higher end item. The two oldest item types were a brown transfer print whiteware and a polychrome hand painted late variety whiteware. These items can be dated to 1840- 1870. 4 The evolution of Pennyworth Island Plantation, as a whole, has been dictated by the accretion and erosion patterns occurring from both human and natural impacts. The first noted map of Pennyworth by John McKinnon in 1815 shows a home of N. Cruger on the Eastern Back River side of the Island adjacent to Hutchinson Island. Cruger bought and developed the land by 1815 for rice production. The embankment, canals, rice trunks, and mill site were established at this time and remained through the entire period of rice production. Other human activities which affected the geography included the burgeoning of Savannah River as a trade port hub and deepening of the Savannah River channel; the industrialization and commercialization of Hutchinson Island including the Hutchinson Island Tidal Gate construction; the dike and jetty construction c. 1880, which changed the course and flow of the Savannah River, The shoreline has changed substantially, but even more so, the environment has been altered. The once fertile freshwater-fed land has become a brackish marsh used as a buffer for the adjacent Savannah National Wildlife Refuge.

Likely Appearance During Occupation and Use5

From the time of Pennyworth Island Plantation’s initial development by James Hamilton Jr., the island maintained its residence, mill, and rice field patterns consistently, as shown on the 1825 McKinnon and 1888 Blandford maps. By 1825, the entire Savannah River region consisted primarily of plantations cultivating Sea Island cotton, indigo, and rice. The downtown urban area was located on the bluff of the Savannah River as was laid out by Oglethorpe in 1733. By 1888, many rice plantations had ceased production. However, Pennyworth produced under the management of Captain Joseph Manigault until at least 1894. 6 The shoreline of the island runs from north-west to south-east. The original house lies N-S at the edge of the navigable canal and rice field measuring approximately 40 feet, on the front W-E façade, and 80 feet, on the N-S elevation. This residence, only meant to be occupied by the plantation owner a few months a year in spring, was humble in comparison to some other rice plantation homes in the area. An excellent example of a neighboring rice plantation house of the period is found in Louis Manigault’s sketch of his Gowrie plantation house built by his father, Charles. 7 (Figure 10) The typical Savannah River rice plantation structure was a two-story framed structure with weatherboard. The front- gabled home had an extended front porch with a superficial shed/ side gabled appearance. There is one photo of the Pennyworth Plantation house extant. In the picture, there is an embankment leading up to the front porch steps (about 15 steps with scale unknown). The dual west-to- east chimneys are behind the porch overhang.8 The view from the front of the house displays Captain Joseph Manigault’s carefully honed rose garden. Also evident in the photo are the rows of roses running parallel on each side of the embankment. The roses were from Orleans, France from a particular proprietor named Pierre Guillot.9 In both field surveys, both live and dead rose bushes frequently occur 4

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

on the main upland and the intermittent high ground in the midst of the tidal marsh. The island, home, and rose garden are mentioned by Caroline Couper Lovell (1862-1947) in her post-bellum book on Low Country Plantation life. In the eighties, this old gentleman, who was a bachelor would invite his special friends to spend an afternoon at Pennyworth Island. We would row up the river, disembark on the island, and walk along the embankment10 to his little house, where cake and ice cream would be served. Then we were each given a basket and a pair of scissors and turned into the acre of roses, free to cut the most magnificent blooms on the longest possible stems. It was simply intoxicating, and by the time the afternoon was over, the boats would pile from stern to stern and tow back to the city, literally on a bed of roses.11

Previous Investigations

In 1994 the Army Corp of Engineers published their report Archival Research, Archaeological Survey, and Site Monitoring: Back River with a chapter on Pennyworth Island. (Map 4)

Pennyworth Plantation is one of the best represented Savannah River rice plantations in the historical record. It had a diverse history spanning the period from 1825 to the early 20th century and was one of the last active rice plantations on the river. Pennyworth Island Plantation is eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places at the local level of significance for its ability to provide information on 19th century rice culture along the Savannah River. While many shoreline features have been destroyed by years of tidal changes and river erosion (e.g., the mill, its foundation, and an associated wharf), the site has a rich archival history and the interior of the site still contains intact archaeological deposits.12

Resource US Army Corps of Engineers. Archival Research, Archaeological Survey, and Site Monitoring: Back River. Survey, Savannah: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1994.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria Areas of Significance (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property (Enter categories from instructions.) for National Register listing.) Agricultural A Property is associated with events that have made a X significant contribution to the broad patterns of our Archeology: Historic Non-Aboriginal history. Ethnic Heritage - Black X B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. Social History

C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high Period of Significance artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack 1815-1911 individual distinction.

X D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Significant Dates

1833: 1st steam powered rice thresher in the area on Pennyworth

December 29, 1864: Hardee evacuates Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Confederate Force via bridge over Pennyworth Property is: 1890-1892: Savannah River Channel A Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. Deepening Destroys Water Levels for Cultivation B removed from its original location. Significant Person(s) C a birthplace or grave. James Hamilton Jr.

D a cemetery. Cultural Affiliation

E a reconstructed building, object, or structure.

F a commemorative property. Architect/Builder

G less than 50 years old or achieving significance

within the past 50 years.

Period of Significance From 1815 to 1892, the Island was inhabited and used for the purpose of rice cultivation. The last remaining rice planter lived on the island until his death in 1911.

Criteria Considerations (explanation, if necessary) N/A

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph

Pennyworth Island Plantation, first recorded by deed in 1815, is an undisturbed prototype of 19th century rice culture, and the African American slave history that an ante-bellum rice plantation entails. It is eligible under criteria A, B, and D. With existing, though eroded, structural artifacts, the site’s potential archaeological data is significant. The archaeological data is noteworthy because of the site’s integrity due to isolation through geography and ownership. It has remained largely intact and undisturbed since 1911. It is also significant for its ownership by such notables in American history as James Hamilton Jr., Daniel Heyward, and Joseph Manigault. Lastly, it is significant in its role in the Civil War as an escape route for Confederate General Hardee (and company) in their famous run from Savannah, in which they were never caught by General T. Sherman. This small island is a storehouse, and participant, of local and state history.

______Narrative Statement of Significance

In order to fully grasp the significance of the entire cultural landscape of the Pennyworth Island Plantation site, a basic knowledge of 19th century rice production is necessary. Tidal rice production starts with a massive labor force to create a system of embankments, canals, and rice gates/trunks, to create rice fields and irrigation system. This tidal based technology was an innovation so prolific, it created an artificial ecosystem in addition to the economic juggernaut it produced in the Savannah River Valley area. The field was then plowed, planted, and, subsequently, harvested with sickles by the slaves. The rice was then threshed (separated from the straw), milled (removed from the husk), winnowed (separated from the bran), polished, cleaned, and lastly, packed and brought to market as a consumer product. The structural system of the fields and the mill complex remains intact on the island. Due to the historical complexity of Pennyworth Island Plantation, a chronological timeline of significant events, people, as well as an elaborated the historical context will help fully understand the history. This site specific history highlights why this site is significant on a local and state level.

 1733: James Oglethorpe establishes Savannah for the British. It is preceded by Charleston’s settlement in 1670.

 1751: The first Savannah River Rice Plantation is founded by Jonathan Bryant.13

 1775-1783: American Revolutionary War

 1800-1810: Daniel Heyward settles his rice plantation land. 14

 1815: Anne Trezevant (widow of Nathaniel Heyward) marries Nicholas Cruger and he subsequently acquires the first recorded deed to Pennyworth.

 1815: Elizabeth Heyward, the daughter of Anne Trezevant and Daniel Heyward, marries James Hamilton Jr.

 1820: Savannah’s first Yellow Fever outbreak kills 666.15

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

 1822-1829: James Hamilton Jr. represents South Carolina in Congress.

 1824: Nicholas Cruger has a forced sale due to creditor debt. Pennyworth, Rice Hope, and his slaves from those properties are bought by James Hamilton Jr. The property is kept in the family by way of Elizabeth Heyward Hamilton, James Hamilton Jr.’s wife, through the marriage settlement deed. The deed in 1819 requires her trustee consent on matters of her estate. James Hamilton Jr. takes out mortgages on Pennyworth without Elizabeth’s trustee consent.

 1830-1832: James Hamilton serves as the 53rd governor of South Carolina.

 1831: Mary Middleton Huger dies two years after her husband, Joseph M. Manigault, leaving five-year-old Joseph Manigault an orphan. He is adopted by his grandfather, Judge Huger.

 1833: Hamilton purchases a steam powered rice mill from West Point foundry in New York for $5,000.16 He is the first to do so of the Savannah River rice plantations.

The plantation owners were absent most of the time which allowed the slaves an autonomy and control over their environment that the inland slaves did not have. The rice culture of the Savannah River Islands created a unique culture of their own due to the isolation of the slave population from outside corruption.17 The rice plantation climate was unhealthy and unpleasant, even by 19th century standards. The tidal rice land was rampant with disease, such as cholera and malaria. The average age of death for a dry land slave was 36. The average age of a rice plantation slave was 19. The plantation owners would only stay at their rice plantations in spring. Overseers, drivers, and ultimately, the slaves themselves, were left in charge.

 1834: James Hamilton Jr. loses 50 slaves to an outbreak of whooping cough. 18

 1837: Nullification crisis occurs. Hamilton is a supporter although it a controversial and risky political move.

 1838: James Hamilton’s eldest son dies of fever at Pennyworth.19

 1843: Due to Hamilton’s insurmountable debt, there was a Sheriff’s sale of the land.

 May 29, 1848: A Dry Culture Ordinance is passed making rice culture within a mile of the city illegal due to sanitary reasons. This ordinance requires the Mayor and Dry Culture Inspector to strictly enforce the ordinance and destroy the crops of violators within ten days of discovery without consent or option to defense by the property owner.20 The public at the time saw rice fields as breeding grounds for disease.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

 1849: Pennyworth is acquired by James Potter. This recorded deed proves false Joseph Manigault’s claim that he bought the property from James Hamilton Jr.

 1854: Savannah’s second Yellow Fever Epidemic kills 1,066 people. 21

 1857: James Hamilton Jr. dies in a steamboat accident in the Gulf of Mexico while in Galveston, Texas. 22

 Civil War 1860-65

 November 11, 1861: General Robert E. Lee arrives in Savannah.23

 1856- 1862: Captain Joseph Manigault moves onto Pennyworth Island.

 January 25, 1862: James Potter dies in his Savannah home of “throat affection.”24 He wills Pennyworth to his eldest son, John H. Potter, who is a Confederate soldier at war.

 April 1862: Union troops seize Fort Pulaski. The Union was then able to cut off supplies going into Savannah.25 The rice field planters fear impending Union occupation and many arm their slaves, drastically changing the power scheme on plantations. Many planters flee the area.

 November 6, 1862: Captain Joseph Manigault, a Signal Officer, writes a letter from Charleston, where he is stationed, proving he is located in Charleston and is a documented resident. His deed claim later is proven false, as he was not residing at Pennyworth at this time. The letter precedes his move to Savannah duty a few days. He is summoned personally by Robert E. Lee.26

 1863: Some rice plantation farmers of the Savannah River return to their fields after leaving in fear of the Yankees.

 January 12, 1864: An officer discovers three companies are plotting to mutiny at Rose Dew Battery.27

 February 9, 1864: Captain Manigault is stationed at the Rose Dew Battery by account of a soldier referring to his “meanness”.28 He is replaced in Savannah by George E. Harrison of Virginia. 29

 July 26, 1864: James Potter’s only son, Confederate soldier John H. Potter, is killed in the Civil War.30 James Potter’s estate is left to his two daughters who had married Philip Poullain and Richard Cuyler. They manage rice production at Coleraine Rice Plantation.31

 December 14-21, 1864: General Sherman arrives in Savannah.32 9

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

 December 20, 1864: Confederate forces evacuate Savannah at night under the command of General Hardee. The well-documented escape route goes through Hutchinson Island and Pennyworth Island into the rice land through a pontoon bridge. They are never caught by the Union soldiers. 33

 June 18, 1865: Former slaves continue to sharecrop on their former land for a meager pay. Some land is confiscated and redistributed to the freed slaves, while others are auctioned if they can be considered ‘abandoned’. 34

 1865-1875: U.S. treasury contracts Henry Welles to clear Savannah River Channel of debris from the Civil War.

 1876: Problems contributing to the downfall of rice culture continue to worsen. Louis Manigault notes in his journal that a June freshet had destroyed the crops and the rice market as a whole was low. 35

 1876: Savannah’s last Yellow Fever Epidemic occurs. 1,066 people died in a two week period. Consequently, 5,000 people fled Savannah. 36

 1878: Code reinforcement of dry culture requirements. The mayor is asked to enforce the original ordinance from the 1820’s that wet culture is prohibited within a mile of Savannah proper. Many rice fields were destroyed, most notably, those on Hutchinson Island. 37

 1880: Dam and jetty construction alter the flow and course of the Savannah River.

 August 1881: A major hurricane hits Savannah.38 This damages the tidal dams around Hutchinson Island and floods the rice fields, creating fear of disease spreading in the city.

 December 23, 1881: Capt. Joseph Manigault is put under temporary guardianship for lunacy. Joseph A. Huger, his cousin, instigates the collection of affidavits to prove his lunacy. The earliest notarized affidavit is July 1881. Huger is named his guardian and manages his estate while he is gone. Huger pays himself for guardianship a commission totalling $179,698. Capt. Manigault is first sent to Roper Hospital in Charleston and then to Motley Hill Sanitarium near Baltimore. 39

 December 1882: Capt. Manigault is restored to sanity and returns to Pennyworth.40

 August 1892: Another hurricane hits Savannah.41

 1894: Last year documented of Pennyworth rice production. 42

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

 1894-early 1900’s: Most of the former rice plantations are sold to lumber companies.

 May 12, 1901: Atlanta Constitution refers to Pennyworth in the Society Pages. Captain Manigault is entertaining daily parties at his famous gardens at Pennyworth Island. No more charming way of spending a spring afternoon can be imagined and the trip back and forth is by no means the least part of the pleasure, the guests going over in rowboats manned by plantation oarsmen. Particularly lovely is the water-way through the canal, where the blue iris and wampee blossoms rise between the green rushes and only the dip of the oars in the water and the songs of water birds disturb the absolute silence. On nearing the island the odor of flowers is wafted across the water, then Pennyworth comes into view with its acres of roses, and the picturesque house half hidden beneath clustering vines of Marechal Nell. Hundreds of varieties of blossom in the surrounding gardens and it are a veritable feast of roses that Captain Manigault gives his guests.43

 May 4, 1902: Again, Atlanta Constitution refers to Pennyworth in the Society Pages. Captain Manigault’s beautiful rose gardens at Pennyworth Island, the scene of so many delightful parties at this time of year, have been gay with visitors all week.44

 June 17, 1911: Joseph Manigault dies.

 December 20, 1911: The executor of his will, Thomas Pinckney Ravenel sells the property to Carey Haddon for $5,000. (Book 10 S Folio 156) Capt. Manigault states, in his hand-written will, that he bought the property from James Hamilton Jr. Ravenel is unable to produce a deed for Pennyworth. He produces “Exhibits” A, B, C, and D. These are affidavits from J.A. Huger, T.P. Huger, T.P. Ravenel, and William Gerrard stating the continued occupancy and productive use of Pennyworth since c1850-1860. Manigault wills his estate to Mrs. William Mason Smith. Manigault makes specific provisions in his will that the roses on the property be cared for and his loyal servant Richard Fields are allowed to live on the island.

 November 12, 1925: Mrs. Carey Haddon deeds receipt to L.H. Smith.45 Book 26E folio 327

 April 5, 1926: T.P. Ravenel distributes the will dividends of Joseph Manigault’s estate to his cousins.46 He willed his aunt Anne Mason his estate in 1908, but she died before him, therefore it is distributed to her will recipients.

 1927: The Savannah National Wildlife Refuge is founded as a bird refuge. The majority of the former rice lands are used as a nature conservatory. By 1978, they acquired most of their current property. A cultural resource survey was done in September 1979.

 January 6, 1930: L.H. Smith (borrower) conveys property and personal property on Pennyworth (including boats) to (lender) Best Lubricants Company of Chatham County, for $3,285, until 11

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money lent is paid. Best Lubricants Company is represented by S.L. Clay, the president and secretary. Deed Book 26E folio 359

 October 4, 1938: George H. Richter, the sole trustee or Best Lubricants Company, conveys property to L.H. Smith, the highest bidder in a Sheriff’s sale, for $500. Deed 33L folio 337

 October 12, 1938: L.H. Smith (attorneys L.H. Smith Jr. and R.H. Lange) deeds the island to Donald R. Livingston. Deed 33L folio 454

 December 1, 1944: Donald R. Livingston deeds property to Dale Critz, H. Remshart Roux, Julian D. Kelly, and Ralston E. Mingledorff. Book 40Q folio 222

 1994: The Army Corp. of Engineers publishes their archaeological survey of the property.

 December 30, 2009: Dale C. Critz, H. Remshart Roux, and Julian D. Kelly Jr. deed property to Chatham County. Book 357Y p285

Comparable National Historic Register Resource Summaries

1. Old House Plantation (1700-1874) Ridgeland, SC

This archaeological site was the primary home of the Heyward family, including Thomas Heyward, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. There are no remaining structures due to a fire destroying the facilities c. 1865. No further reconstruction or occupation has occurred on this site. This site has only been minimally modified by its use as hunting grounds/plantation through the twentieth century. The historical marker denotes the site as a tidal mill, textile factory built by Daniel Heyward c. 1740. The cemetery and mill site is owned by the County, however there are multiple contemporary homes built in the immediate area; the closest being approximately one tenth of a mile from the site. This encroachment of current and occupied homes has affected the landscape significantly.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

2. Richmond Hill Plantation (c.1820-c.1874) Murrell’s Inlet, SC

This archaeological plantation site, listed in 1988 on the National Register Historic Places, has no standing structures intact. They were all burned by c. 1930 after it was sold by William Magill in 1874. Dr. John D. Magill acquired the land and developed the plantation in 1825. The artifacts that remain on the site are significant to the Waccamaw River rice culture history and the broader history of African American slavery.

3. Mansfield Plantation (1700-1899) Georgetown, SC

This rice plantation and accompanying house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is significant in the areas of agriculture, architecture, and politics/government. Although the period of significance ended in 1899 the site was productive, in use, and continued to be modified until as late as 1943. The site includes intact rice fields, a tree alley, and a plantation house. The house was altered last in the 1930’s with a small bedroom and bath addition.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

4. Laurel Bay Plantation (1772-1861) Beaufort, SC

Included in the National Register in 1997, this archaeological site was owned by the Barnwell family during its period of significance. The property remained in use as a crop plantation until the Civil War when it was confiscated by the Union. The remaining structures where destroyed at this time and never rebuilt. There are no remaining structures intact, but the remains include tabby wall and brick pier foundations. Due to the spatial arrangement of artifacts, this property has the potential to yield data relevant to its context.

Conclusion

The Pennyworth Island Plantation is a cultural heritage resource that is in a state of integrity unparalleled by other comparable properties. The lack of access, small usable land size, and history of private ownership has kept it safe from vandalism, looting, and new development. This isolated time capsule of culture that contributes to state and local history.

Developmental history/additional historic context information Significant People47 James Hamilton Jr. Hamilton was the first owner of Pennyworth to fully utilize the island for rice production. He acquired the property through his family connection to Nicholas Cruger via his wife, Elizabeth Heyward, who was Cruger’s stepdaughter. HAMILTON, James, Jr., a Representative from South Carolina; born in Charleston, S.C., May 8, 1786; completed academic studies; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Charleston; served in the War of 1812 as major; mayor of Charleston; member of the State house of representatives, 1819-1823; elected as a Republican to the Seventeenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Lowndes; elected as a Jackson Republican to the Eighteenth Congress, and reelected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth, and Twentieth Congresses, and served from December 13, 1822, to March 3, 1829; chairman, Committee on Military Affairs (Eighteenth through Twentieth Congresses); Governor of South Carolina 1830- 1832; moved to Texas; appointed diplomatic agent of the Republic of Texas to France, Great Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands in 1839; was drowned on November 15, 1857, while on his way from New Orleans to Galveston.48

Significant Events Civil War The city of Savannah was occupied by General T. Sherman and Union forces in December, 1864. Savannah was under the command of Confederate Lieutenant General William J. Hardee. Hardee 14

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did not want Savannah destroyed as Atlanta had been, so he decided to evacuate his troops. The challenge was finding a route unmonitored by the Union forces. Hardee evacuated his men in the middle of the night through the rice fields of Hutchinson Island, Pennyworth Island and into South Carolina. He built a pontoon bridge to Pennyworth to facilitate troop movement. The planks for the bridge were taken from wharves on the waterfront of Savannah. 49 Hardee and his men were never caught, much to the dismay of General T. Sherman. Sherman was later quoted, “I was disappointed that Hardee had escaped with his army, but on the whole we had reason to be content with the substantial fruits of victory”. 50 There is currently a historical marker commemorating the evacuation of Savannah erected in 1957 by the Georgia Historical Commission. (Figure 11)

9. Major Bibliographical References

Bibliography

Birge-Wilson, Adrienne. Savannah River Plantation Map.

Blandford, R.A. 1888 Savannah Map. Chatham County Engineering, Savannah.

Blanford. Savannah Engineering Maps. Chatham County Engineering, Savaannah.

Boynton, H.V. Sherman's historical raid. Baldwin & Co.: Cincinnati, 1875.

Constitution, The Atlanta. "Three Beautiful, Aristocratic Young Women of Savannah Among the Social Favorites in the Forest City." The Atlanta Constitution, May 12, 1901: 31.

Engineering, Chatham County. Aerial Photograph. Savannah.

Georgia Historical Society. " Thomas B. Smith Bill of Sale." Finding Aid. Savannah: Georgia Historical Society, 1872. MS 1025.

GIS, Beaufort County. "Beaufort County GIS." Beaufort County Real Property Lookup. 2010. http://www.co.beaufort.sc.us/realproperty/New_RealProp/DetailResults.php?KEYX=488430 (accessed April 22, 2010).

Hartridge, Hon. Walter C. "Address delievered before the Confederate Veteran's Association." Confederate Veteran's Association. New York: Columbia University, 1898. 20.

Jones, Jacqueline. Saving Savannah: The City and the Civil War. New York: Random House , 2008.

Jr., Albert V. House. "Deterioration of Georgia Rice Plantations During the Civil War." The Journal of Southern History, 1943: 93-113.

Jr., H. David Stone. Vital Rails. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 2008.

Ledbetter, Robert Gerald, and Roy R. Doyon. A Cultural Resource Survey of the Harbor Widening Project. Survey, Savannah: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984.

Lexis Nexus. "Georgia Code." Lexis Nexus Custom Solotion: Code Research Tool. 2010. http://www.lexis- nexis.com/hottopics/gacode/Default.asp (accessed August 20, 2010).

Library of Congress. Library of Congress myLoc exhibitions. 2010. http://www.myloc.gov/Exhibitions/lincoln/presidency/CommanderInChief/EndInSight/ExhibitObjects/ShermanReviewin gHisArmy.aspx (accessed August 27, 2010). 15

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012)

Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

Lovell, Caroline Couper. The Light of Other Days. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1995.

MacDonnell, A.H. Codes of the City of Savannah. Code Book, Savannah: Savannah Times Publishing Company, 1888.

Manigault, Edward Lining. "THE MANIGAULT FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Its Ancestors And Descendants." THE MANIGAULT FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Its Ancestors And Descendants. http://www.lulu.com/items/volume_40/554000/554776/2/print/554776.pdf (accessed August 3, 2010).

Manigault, Joseph. "Ravenal Papers Collection." Compiled by Georgia Historical Society. Savannah, GA, 1880-1898. 649 Box 25 Folder 28.

Manigault, Louis. "Manigault Plantation Journal." University of North Carolina. 1856-1879. http://www.unc.edu/dc/manigualt (accessed July 20, 2010).

McKinnon, John R. 19th and Early 20th Century Savannah Map. Stanford Geographic.

Minchinton, Walter E. "Richard Champion, Nicholas Pocock, and the Carolina Trade." The South Carolina Historical Magazine (South Carolina Historical Society) 65, no. 2: 87-97.

Photographer, Unknown. "Manigault Hoiuse." Georgia Historical Society. Ravenel Files. Savannah.

Roland, Lawrence S., Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers. A History of Beaufort County: 1514-1861. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.

Roots Web. James Potter. 2010. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=adgedge&id=I901 (accessed August 12, 2010).

Rowland, LS. "Alone on the River." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, July 1987: 121-150.

Smith, Alice R. Huger. "Daniel Elliott Huger Smith." The South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine (South Carolina Historical Society) 33, no. 4 (1932): 318-320.

Snowden, Yates, and Harry Gardner Cutler. The History of South Carolina. Vol. 2. New York and Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1920.

Syrett, John. The Civil War Confiscation Act: failing to reconstruct the South. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005.

The Atlanta Constitution. "LAST OF ANCIENT HOUSE OF MANIGAULT PASSES." The Atlanta Constitution, June 18, 1911: 3.

—. "Savannah Society News." The Atlanta Constitution, May 4, 1902: 28.

—. "Shows His Gratitude For An Old Servant." The Atlanta Constitution, June 20, 1911: 8.

Skinner, Arthur N., and James L. Skinner, . "The Death of a Confederate." Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1996. 8.

Tinkler, Robert. James Hamilton of South Carolina. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004.

Trinkley Ph.D., Michael, and Sarah Fick. "Rice Cultivation, Processing, and Marketing in the Eighteeenth Century." Chicora Research Series. 2000. www.chicora.org/pdfs/Rice%20Context.pdf (accessed August 11, 2010).

U.S. Government: Legislative Branch . Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress: 1774- present. 2010. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000110 (accessed August 20, 2010).

US Army Corps of Engineers. Archival Research, Archaeological Survey, and Site Monitoring: Back River. Survey, Savannah: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1994. 16

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012)

Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

Waller, Lance A., Carlin P. Bradley, Hong Xia, and Alan E. Gelfand. "Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Mapping of Disease Rates." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1997: 607-617.

Young, Jeffrey R. "Ideology and Death on a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867." The Journal of Southern History, 1993: 673-706.

. Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67 has been State Historic Preservation Office requested) Other State agency previously listed in the National Register Federal agency previously determined eligible by the National Register Local government designated a National Historic Landmark University recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #______Other Army Corp. of Engineers Archaeological recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # ______Name of repository: Survey, 1994. Site 9CH801 recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ______

Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned):

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of Property 174.49 Acres 169.66 acres of marsh 4.83 acres of southern maritime forest

UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.)

1 17 91351 52717 3 17 90191 52698 Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing

2 17 91703 51862 4 17 91325 52729 Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing

Verbal Boundary Description Pennyworth Island is a self contained entity and comprises one parcel that directly abides by the natural shoreline of the island.

Boundary Justification This boundary is the same one used since the land has been in the historical record. There has never been a division or alteration in the parcel boundary and the island has always been used in its entirety. Pennyworth has historically been a contested boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia. Since the nineteenth century it has been officially accepted as property of Georgia. The following is an excerpt of the official Code that both Georgia and South Carolina accept as the boundary line, further justifying Pennyworth Island boundary and placement in Georgia.

Georgia Unannotated Codes: Chapter 50-1; Section 50-2-1 BEGINNING at a point 32 degrees 07 minutes 00 seconds North Latitude and 81 degrees 07 minutes 00

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seconds West Longitude, located in the Savannah River, and proceeding in a southeasterly direction down the thread of the Savannah River equidistant between the banks of the River on Hutchinson Island and on the mainland of South Carolina, including the small downstream island southeast of the aforesaid point, at ordinary stage, until reaching the vicinity of Pennyworth Island; Proceeding thence easterly down the thread of the northernmost channel of the Savannah River as it flows north of Pennyworth Island, making the transition to the said northernmost channel using the triequidistant method between Pennyworth Island, the Georgia bank on Hutchinson Island, and the South Carolina mainland bank, thence to the thread of the said northernmost channel equidistant from the South Carolina mainland bank and Pennyworth Island at ordinary stage, around Pennyworth Island;

11. Form Prepared By name/title Adrienne Birge-Wilson / MPC Preservation Intern organization Chatham County- Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission date January 28, 2011 street & number 912.651.1440 110 E. State St. P.O. Box 8246 telephone city or town 31401 Savannah state GA zip code e-mail [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]

Please contact Ellen Harris at [email protected] or (912) 651-1482 with questions regarding the nomination. Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form:

 Maps: A USGS 7.5 minute map of Savannah

 Sketch map

 Continuation Sheets

Property Owner: (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) Pete Liakakis, Chairman Chatham County Commission name 124 Bull Street, Suite 200 street & number telephone (912) 652-7878 Savannah city or town state GA, 31401

Photographs Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

Name of Property: Pennyworth Island Plantation City or Vicinity: Savannah County: Chatham State: GA Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson Date Photographed: 8/14/10 Description of Photograph(s) and number: 1 of 2.

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Pennyworth Island Plantation Chatham County, GA Name of Property County and State

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United States Department of the Interior Pennyworth Island PlantationPut Here National Park Service Name of Property Chatham County, GA County and State National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Name of multiple listing (if applicable)

Section number Maps/Figures Page 1

Map 1 of 5: Sketch Map

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Map 2 of 5: Adrienne Birge-Wilson. Savannah River Plantation Map.

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Map 3 of 5: USGS 7.5 Minute Map

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Map 4 of 5: US Army Corps of Engineers Resource Map. Archival Research, Archaeological Survey, and Site Monitoring: Back River. Survey, Savannah: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1994.

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Map 5 of 5: 1952 Aerial Photograph. Savannah Engineering Maps. Chatham County Engineering, Savannah.

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Figure 1: Pennyworth Island Plantation, Manigault House in approximately 1900. (Photographer n.d.) Sketch Map Area 2

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Figure 2: Pennyworth Island Plantation, Northeast View of Sketch Map Area 5 Sketch Map Area 3 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 3: Pennyworth Plantation Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 4 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 4: Figure 4: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 5 Photographer: Joanna Bounds 2010

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Figure 5: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 6 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, July 16, 2010

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Figure 6: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 1 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 7: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 2 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 8: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 3 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 9: Pennyworth Island Plantation Sketch Map Area 1 Photographer: Adrienne Birge-Wilson, August 18, 2010

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Figure 10: 1834 Gowrie Plantation house drawn by Louis Manigault. This house was built in 1834 by his father, Charles Manigault and destroyed by the Union Army on December 24, 1864. This structure is reminiscent of the prototypical Savannah River rice plantation house of the time and is similar to what the Pennyworth Island Plantation house would have looked like. The similarities can also be noted in the existing picture of the c. 1900 Pennyworth house.

Louis Manigault. 1855 Gowrie House Sketch. Manigault Family Papers #484, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

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Figure 11: Marker 025-52 Photo taken by Mike Stroud, 2008. Historical Markers Database. Evacuation of Savannah. 2010. http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5574 (accessed August 4, 2010).

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Endnotes 1 (McKinnon 1825) 2 (Blandford 1888) 3 (Trinkley Ph.D. and Fick 2000, 28) The original report on slave origins in the area was done by Daniel C. Littlefield in his 1981 publication, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina, Louisiana State University Press in Baton Rouge. 4 The conclusive survey was conducted on August 13, 2010 by Adrienne Birge-Wilson, Daniel Elliott, Esq. M.A., R.P.A., Joanna Bounds, Dawn Chapman, and Terry Robert Lee. Daniel Elliott gave the archaeological assessment. 5 See Figure 2: Map by R.A. Blandford ,1888 Savannah Map. Chatham County Engineering, Savannah. This shows the specific plantation structures and layout in detail. 6 (Manigault 1880-1898) 7 (L. Manigault 1856-1879) 8 (Georgia Historical Society; Ravenel Papers) 9 (The Atlanta Constitution 1911) 10 Take note of Lovell mentioning an embankment. This correlates with the existing photo. 11 (Lovell 1995, 20) 12 (US Army Corps of Engineers 1994, 215-216) Conclusions Pennyworth Plantation is one of the best represented Savannah River rice plantations in the historical record. It had a diverse history spanning the period from1825 to the early 20th century and was one of the last active rice plantations on the river. Archaeological survey identified the rice mill complex, along with its wharf, canal, and protective bulkheading. Also identified were another wharf area, a dock, a multicomponent wharf (a dock, two small barges, and a rice trunk), a vessel cluster (an auxiliary sail vessel, a small flat, and a rice trunk), and a wooden sailing vessel. A brief inspection of the interior of the island identified the site of the last owner's house, possible slave/tenant cabins, and other domestic features. The site features one of the largest wharf and dock complexes on Back River. Only Poplar Grove Plantation's wharf complex approached it in size and mass. This may be related to the fact that both of these wharves featured deep water, a rarity in much of Back River. The mill adjoining the wharf was huge, was built on massive brick piers, and was capable of processing 1 ton of rice per hour. Unfortunately, much of the mill foundation has collapsed and eroded away, and the mill itself was apparently salvaged. The three flats- associated with the Pennyworth Island Site illustrate the wide diversity within this type of craft. The cypress flat is the only vessel of this material located during the Back River survey and features unusually large side planks and bolted knees. The chine logs that serve as the lowest plank on each side are reinforced by a small chine stringer. The small pine flat features what may be standardized construction practices (e.g. all stringers are identical in size) and round, possibly galvanized, nails indicating a post-bellum construction date. The Brick "Barge" flat is unusual because it appears to have been completely decked over. It is not known if this was a permanent or temporary feature. The Sailing "Barge" may be a coasting schooner. If this were the case, its projected 70-foot overall length would indicate that it is a 19th century vessel. No 19th century coasting vessels have been investigated in Georgia or South Carolina. The Auxiliary Sail Vessel is also an archaeologically undocumented type in Georgia and South Carolina. Newspaper articles and advertisements indicate that these vessels were common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, serving as pilot boats, private yachts, and merchant vessels. The fragmentary remains of the river punt are also interesting. These vessels were once extremely common in the rivers and creeks of Georgia and South Carolina; however, they have not been studied archaeologically. The four trunks were all constructed of pine using a combination of tree nails and iron nails. One still retained part of its door. Another had an unusual trapezoidally shaped tenon. Pennyworth Island Plantation is eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places at the local level of significance for its ability to provide information on 19th century rice culture along the Savannah River. While many shoreline features have been destroyed by years of tidal changes and river erosion (e.g., the mill, its foundation, and an associated wharf), the site has a rich archival history and the interior of the site still contains intact archaeological deposits.

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13 (Rowland 1987, 123) 14 (Rowland 1987, 130) 15 (Georgia Historic Society 2010) 16 (Roland, Moore and Rogers 1996, 322) 17 (Young 1993, 64) 18 (Rowland 1987, 144) 19 This is mentioned in James Hamilton’s letter to L. Cheves in November 1838. (Rowland 1987, 144) 20 (MacDonnell 1888, 44-45) 21 (Georgia Historic Society 2010) 22 (Heyward 1958, 143) 23 (Georgia Historical Society 1953) 24 (Jones 2008, 315) 25 (New Georgia Encyclopedia 2010) 26 (Hartridge 1898, 20) 27 (Walker 2005, 105) 28 (1996,8) 29 (Snowden and Cutler 1920, 24) 30 (Jones 2008, 315) 31 (Savannah Writer's Project 1974, 249) 32 (Library of Congress 2010) 33 (Boynton 1875, 170) 34 (Syrett 2005) 35 (L. Manigault 1856-1879) 36 (Georgia Historic Society 2010) 37 (Ledbetter and Doyon 1984, 25) 38 (Clayton 1991) 39 (Temporary Guardians Bond and Affadavit File 1881) 40 (Temporary Guardians Bond and Affadavit File 1881) 41 (Clayton 1991) 42 (Manigault 1880-1898) 43 (Constitution 1901) 44 (The Atlanta Constitution 1902) 45 Located in Chatham County Deed Book 26E folio 327 46 (Temporary Guardians Bond and Affadavit File 1881) 47 The first and last owners of Pennyworth (James Hamilton Jr. and Capt. Joseph Manigault) are tied together by a family tree. Many of the prominent families of the Savannah area time are also connected through this tree. These family connections are significant due to the nepotism that existed and the decisions made by that rationale alone.

Peter Manigault47 (1731-1773) m. Elizabeth Wragg Children: Joseph Manigault (1763-1843) Gabriel Manigault Henrietta Manigault

Joseph Manigault m.1800 Charlotte Drayton ( 1781-1855) Children: Joseph M. Manigault (1801-1829)

Joseph M. Manigault (1801-1829) m. Mary Middleton Huger d. 1831 (Judge Huger’s daughter) Children: Captain Joseph Manigault (1825-1911) (raised by Judge Huger) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END

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Gabriel Manigault the architect (1758-1809) m. Margaret Izard Children: Gabriel Henry Manigault Charles Izard Manigault (1795-1874)

Gabriel Henry Manigault m. Anne Heyward Charles Izard Manigault (1795-1874) m.1825 2nd cousin Elizabeth Heyward Children: Gabriel Manigault 1833-1899 Louis Manigault 1828-1899

Louis Manigault m. Josephine Children: Louis Manigault (1858-1900) Gabriel Manigault >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END Henrietta Manigault (1769-1827) m.1768 Capt. Nathaniel Heyward of Bluff Plantation (1766-1851) Children: Joseph Manigault Heyward (1795 Elizabeth Heyward (1808-1877) Nathaniel Heyward (1790-1819

Elizabeth Heyward (1808-1877) m. 1825 Charles Izard Manigault (1795-1874)

Heyward Family:

Daniel Heyward of Old House (1720- ) 1st m. 1722 Maria Miles Children: Thomas Heyward (Declaration of Independence Signer 1746-1809) Daniel Heyward Jr. (1750-1778) Nathaniel Heyward

Daniel Heyward of Old House (1720- ) 2nd m. 1740 Anne Gignilliat Children: Nathaniel Heyward of Bluff Plantation

Capt. Henrietta Manigault (1769-1827) m.1768 Capt. Nathaniel Heyward of Bluff Plantation (1766-1851) Henrietta Manigault (1769-1827) m.1768 Capt. Nathaniel Heyward of Bluff Plantation (1766-1851) Thomas Heyward (Declaration of Independence Signer 1746-1809) Children: John Heyward Daniel Heyward (1774-1896) Daniel Heyward (1774-1896) m. Anne Trezevant Anne Trezevant m. Nicholas Cruger Children: Elizabeth Matthews Heyward (1790-)

Elizabeth Matthews Heyward (1790-) m. 1813 James Hamilton Jr. (May 8, 1786 – November 15, 1857) Children: Elizabeth Heyward Hamilton

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Based on: Ancestry.com and Edward Lining Manigault. "THE MANIGAULT FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Its Ancestors And Descendants. http://www.lulu.com/items/volume_40/554000/554776/2/print/554776.pdf (accessed August 3, 2010).

48 (U.S. Government: Legislative Branch 2010) 49 (H. D. Jr. 2008, 249-51) 50 (Boynton 1875, 170)