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Modernization in the Conversion of Castle Sites to Parks As Seen in the Park Designs of Nagaoka Yasuhei and Honda Seiroku

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Modernization in the Conversion of Castle Sites to Parks As Seen in the Park Designs of Nagaoka Yasuhei and Honda Seiroku Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 4, 2017 | 211 Modernization in the Conversion of Castle Sites to Parks as Seen in the Park Designs of Nagaoka Yasuhei and Honda Seiroku Nonaka Katsutoshi * Abstract This study aims to elucidate the nature of the conversions of castle sites to public parks in modern times, based on specific park designs of two landscape gardeners, Nagaoka Yasuhei and Honda Seiroku. The study covers four parks created on castle sites: Senshu Park (designed in 1896, Kubota Castle site) and Iwate Park (designed in 1906, Morioka Castle site), both of which were designed by Nagaoka; and Tokushima Park (designed in 1905, Tokushima Castle site) and Wakayama Park (designed in 1915, Wakayama Castle site), which were designed by Honda. Considering the timing and circumstances of the conversions, it can be seen that castle site parks have aspects of commemoration as well as expressing the relationship with the state and historical regional characteristics. The more recent the park design, the more destruction of the remaining earthworks and fortifications it involves. Moreover, there is neither evidence that designers referred to archival records of space or uses of space in pre-modern times on the sites nor of any relationship between park design details and such records or uses. At Senshu Park and Iwate Park, both of which were designed comparatively early, destruction of earthworks and fortifications was limited. The fact that each project was implemented faithfully in accordance with its original design means that such designs were accepted by the bodies implementing the projects. At Tokushima Park the layout of the facilities was changed from the original design. The project to improve Wakayama Park brought controversy because it entailed some destruction of the historic scenic beauty at the site. The project proceeded with the objectionable portion of the original design omitted. In the 1910s, with social modernism on the rise, there was a tide of opinion in favor of the preservation of historic sites. In this context there was a debate over whether to accept or reject modernization involving the destruction of historic sites. Keywords: Park design, Ruins of castle, Historic scenic beauty, Nagaoka Yasuhei, Honda Seiroku, Modernization 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Purpose Public parks in Japan represent modern land use. An official of the Home Ministry wrote about the circumstances of public parks in Japan in the 1910s, noting that many of them were constructed to open to the public such locations as castle sites, grounds of temples or shrines, places of scenic beauty, or historic sites.1) According to a survey by the Home Ministry in 1919, there were 631 public parks in Japan. Conversions of castle sites numbered 88 (13.9%); conversions of temples or shrines 50 (7.9%); conversions of places of scenic beauty 74 (11.7%); and conversions of other historic sites 53 (8.4%).2) Thus, there was a process whereby historic places inherited from pre-modern times were converted into public parks, a modern use of land. Also, a study in 1932 identified parks as the most suitable land use for castle sites in particular.3) * Faculty of Art and Design, University of Tsukuba, [email protected] (C) 2017 City Planning Institute of Japan http://dx.doi.org/10.14398/urpr.4.211 Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 4, 2017 | 212 Looking at castle sites in modern times, many castle structures were destroyed at the time of the Meiji restoration. Each castle site was a vast open space in an urban area. Converting such a site into a park is an act of actively opening the closed space to the public. Not a small share of the historic scenic beauty inherited from the feudal period is located in castle sites. Therefore, conversion of such sites into parks clearly shows the transformation of land use from pre-modern to modern times. In other words, reviewing how the historic scenic beauty was handled in the course of conversion of castle sites to parks enables us to read one aspect of the modernity embodied in a park. Drawings and design concept documents of those days, in particular, enable us to analyze the intentions behind the building of such parks. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the nature of modernization embodied in castle site parks by analyzing specific designs for converting castle sites into parks in early modern times. 1.2 Literature Review At present the designers whose drawings for castle site parks we are able to verify are Nagaoka Yasuhei and Honda Seiroku, each of whom was a representative modern landscape gardener of Japan. They were involved in designing or planning improvements of parks in various places in Japan in early modern times, in the process of which park design specialists established themselves. Nagaoka Yasuhei (1842-1925) was engaged exclusively in designing or planning improvements of public parks as an employee of the Tokyo Prefectural Office (Tokyo fuchō).4) Outside Tokyo, his first design was a park for the site of Kubota Castle in 1896. After that, he received a number of requests to design parks in places such as Hiroshima. Especially after designing a park for the site of Morioka castle in 1906, more requests came to him from various places, leading him to play an active role across the country.5) Nagaoka’s designs basically adopted natural-style landscape gardening, and his approach to design is recognized as not firmly excluding Western or modern elements.6) In addition, his designs are valued as open and fair-minded, and attentive to park users. His designs also include detailed descriptions of plants in particular, which can be said to indicate the significance of the presence of plants in public parks.7) Although there is a study making clear the features of descriptions in Nagaoka's drawings,8) it doesn't analyze his design intentions or any relationship between his drawings and later improvements. There is also a study which reviews Nagaoka’s philosophy of park design based on his statements and the present state of the parks he designed,9)10) but it doesn’t analyze specific park designs. Honda Seiroku (1866-1952), while serving as a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, engaged in new construction and improvement of parks all over Japan, starting with Hibiya Park, the first instance of a Western-style park in Japan.11) Honda’s designs are valued as satisfying both the requests of policymakers to embody the concept of civilization and enlightenment and those of ordinary people to create a Japanese atmosphere, considering calls to construct Western-style parks combining Japanese spirit and Western learning.12) It is also noted that in creating designs he focuses on people’s experience of moving about and so begins with the design of roads or transportation.13) There are piles of studies which focus on Hibiya Park as designed by Honda.14)15)16) There are few studies, however, that proceed with systematic analysis based on the details of Honda’s designs or the improvements actually made.17) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 4, 2017 | 213 1.3 Framework and Method As it is important to compare multiple park designs, this study examines four castle site parks for which the existence of drawings is confirmed: Senshu Park (Kubota Castle site) and Iwate Park (Morioka Castle site), both of which were designed by Nagaoka Yasuhei; and Tokushima Park (Tokushima Castle site) and Wakayama Park (Wakayama Castle site), designed by Honda Seiroku. Among them, Senshu Park and Iwate Park are considered by some scholars to be prominent as two specific cases of parks intended to preserve and make use of castle sites as historic cultural resources.18) The existence of the original drawings has not been confirmed for the Tokushima Castle site, so schematic drawings that appeared in a local newspaper are used as materials for this study. The study of Nagaoka’s designs mainly focuses on what can be read from his drawings as there are no documents or materials to explain his design concepts or other details now extant other than his drawings. As for Honda, details of his designs appeared in local newspapers and, in the case of Wakayama, the city of Wakayama has compiled and published all the available materials as “Wakayama Park Design Proposal.” Therefore, these materials were also analyzed. Other materials from the same period, such as articles that appeared in newspapers or the minutes of proceedings of local assemblies in those days, were also used as basic data. Table-1 Subjects of Research Designer: Nagaoka Yasuhei Designer: Honda Seiroku Year of Design Castle Site Park Year of Design Castle Site Park 1896 Senshu Park (Kubota Castle site) 1905 Tokushima Park (Tokushima Castle site) 1906 Iwate Park (Morioka Castle site) 1915 Wakayama Park (Wakayama Castle site) For the above cases there are some preceding studies that make clear the process of conversion from castle site to park. These are the introduction of Nagaoka’s initial design and the later design for improvement of Senshu Park19); an analysis of the relationship between Nagaoka’s design of Iwate Park and its implementation by Iwate Prefecture20); and the process of conversion of the Tokushima Castle site to Tokushima Park and the relationship between Honda’s design and its implementation.21)22) Using these preceding studies as reference, we analyze four castle site parks, the subjects of this study, from three viewpoints, as follows: 1) Circumstances of conversion of castle site to park: To identify the motivation for converting the castle site to a park as a prior condition for the design. 2) Handling of historic scenic beauty in the park design: To clarify whether the park design is intended to preserve or destroy the castle site, which represents historic scenic beauty inherited from pre-modern times.
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