DOCSLIB.ORG

The China Puzzle: ''Touching Stones to Cross the River''

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The China Puzzle: ''Touching Stones to Cross the River'' PETER NOLAN The China Puzzle: ''Touching Stones to Cross the River'' Why did China perform so well in the first decade and a half of reform, despite the fact that its economic institutions and policies were gravely inadequate in relation to mainstream Western economic theory and policy? China's approach toward post-Stalinist reform con- growth, these arguments have worn thin. And now, trasts markedly with that of most other former cen- this growth presents a puzzle for mainstream eco- trally planned economies. Eastern Europe and Russia nomic theory and policy. have tried to move rapidly towards a market econ- omy ("one cut of the knife"), whereas, after Mao's The consensus view death in 1976, China adopted an incremental reform path ("touching stones to cross the river"). Many While there was a minority who dissented, rarely has observers considered China's program to be poorly there been such agreement about a fundamental issue designed. It seemed to have led to an unsatisfactory of economic policy. Several broad areas of agree- "halfway house" that was neither capitalism nor ment about basic propositions among economists socialism—an institutional framework which perpet- advising the former communist countries in the early uated bureaucratic interference in the economy and post-communist phase can be identified: was expected, therefore, to have produced poor • Market socialism cannot work. Janos Kornai results. Moreover, the Tiananmen massacre in 1989 wrote: "... the basic idea of market socialism simply was connected closely with the tensions of economic fizzled out. Yugoslavia, Hungary, China, the Soviet reform. It was widely felt that this signaled the end Union, and Poland bear witness to its fiasco. The of reform, and that China would lapse into low- time has come to look this fact in the face and aban- growth authoritarianism. don the principle of market socialism." (See The But China confounded the consensus of critical Road to a Free Economy in For Further Reading.) opinion. Even after the Tiananmen massacre, neither • Institutional reform cannot be sttccessful unless reform nor economic growth was halted. In most there is tnacroeconomic stability. important respects, the "halfway house" economy • Enterprises will not respond in desirable ways to has performed extremely well since the death of Mao market signals unless private property rights are Zedong in 1976. At each stage of the reform, critics established. argued that the reforms had run out of steam and that • Enterprises' attempts to make profits will not short-term gains had been won through "easy" insti- produce socially desirable outcomes unless prices tutional change which would damage long-term per- are determined by market forces. formance. After a decade and a half of sustained • Economic progress will be greatly inhibited PETER NOLAN is a Fellow. Director of Studies in Economics, Jesus College, Cambridge, England and Lecturer in Economics and Politics at Cambridge University. January-February 1994/Challenge 25 unless there is full integration into the world econ- Party remained in power made it impossible to imag- omy. In The Economy of the USSR: Summary and ine that the economy could perform well. China in Recommendations, the World Bank urged, "It the 1980s, like post-1968 Hungary, was regarded as a is. essential to move as rapidly as possible to a negative example for the reforming Eastern transparent and decentralized trade and exchange rate European countries and for the former USSR after system, in order to hasten the integration. into the their anti-communist revolutions. world economy." Jan S. Prybyla has written: "The sad chronicle of • The pace of the transition from central planning China's post-Mao attempt to introduce a modern eco- needs to be rapid. In the opinion of Anders Aslund, nomic system contains a useful lesson which others, "Common sense suggests that if you are sliding into notably the East Europeans, are taking to heart. The a chasm, you should jump quickly to the other lesson is that to address the economic problem in a side... and not tread cautiously. There is no theory modern way in the context of a low-calibre, ineffi- supporting a gradual switch of system." (See cient, slothful, wasteful, cronified socialist system, "Gorbachev, Perestroika, and Economic Crisis" in one must go all the way to the market system, do it For Further Reading.) quickly, and not stop anywhere on the way. To go • Democratic political instittitions are a necessary part of the way slowly, 'crossing the river while condition of success with economic reform. groping for the stones' as the Dengists put it. is to end up the creek to nowhere." The Chinese approach Property rights Market socialism was the overarching philosophy of the Chinese economic system in the 1980s, though Instead of moving rapidly toward a system in which the term "socialist market economy" was not enunci- private property is the dominant form of ownership, ated formally as the guiding principle of economic China was committed to experimentalism and gradu- organization until as recently as 1992. The overall alism in ownership reform in the 1980s. Transparent, framework strongly resembled that of the NEP (New legally protected, individual property rights were the Economic Policy) in the Soviet Union in the mid- exception, not the rule in all important areas of the 1920s and in China itself in the early 1950s. The old economy. Public ownership (with confused property Stalinist system of direct administrative planning was rights) was the norm. rejected decisively in favor of one in which markets In agriculture, the "decollectivization" of farmland and their related incentives were viewed as necessary was not followed by the establishment of private to effective functioning of the economy. In the property rights in land. The Chinese Communist 1980s, public enterprises were given greatly Pany (CCP) did not wish to allow the emergence of a increased independence in production, marketing, landlord class; therefore, land could not be bought and the disposal of their income. However, key and sold. Rather, the village community remained the Communist Party documents .spoke unremittingly of owner of its farmlands and controlled their opera- the economy as one in which public ownership, plan- tions. It endeavored to ensure that farm households ning, and "socialist" values were central to socio- had equal access to farmland, and obtained part of economic life. Throughout the reform period, there the Ricardian rents from the land to use for commu- has been a continual reference to the need to com- nity purposes. The relative equality in local access to bine the virtues of markets and planning—in striking farmland was a major reason for the fact that the Gini contrast to the economic ideology of post-communist coefficient of rural household income distribution countries in Eastern Europe and Russia. There, the remained so low. The rural reforms ofthe late 1970s economic functions of the state were looked upon and the early 1980s left property rights in land with hostility from the moment the Communist unclear. A commentator wrote in the Cambridge Parties were overthrown. Journal of Economics: "Every member of a village For a large number of observers of the Chinese community has a share in the property rights to the economy, this "market socialist" mixture of market land of his/her community but the share is not and plan under a system in which the Communist embodied in any tangible form, such as a title deed 26 Challenge/January-February 1994 Table 1 Share of Industrial Output ultimate management power and fmal claim on resid- (gross value) Produced in Enterprises ual income. Today, managerial authority and claims with Different Types of Ownership* on income are split between government and the enterprise itself, as well as, to a lesser extent, the 1981 1985 banking system. The uncertainty attending on the State 78.3 70.4 54.5 ownership system is putting serious obstacles in the Collective 21.0 27.7 35.7 Individual neg 0.4 5.4 way of improved performance." Bankruptcy in the Other 0.6 1.5 4.3 state sector was virtually unknown. The "soft budget • Data lor 1981 and 1985 are both at 1980 prices: data tor 1990 are at cur- constraint" was dominant, with a rapidly increasing rent prices. share of finance coming from a highly politicized Source: State Statistical Bureau, 1986 and 1991. banking system. or stock, so it seems that no one is a real owner of The rural collective sector was the fastest-growing land." Moreover, even the way land was operated part of the Chinese industrial economy in the 1980s. continued to be heavily influenced by stale instruc- The vast bulk of assets in this sector was owned by tions. The state's compulsory deliveries for some the local community, with the community's asset key products {notably grain) remained in force, so management board arranging, on the community's that providing grain for self consumption and com- behalf, the key aspects of the use of the property pulsory delivery preempted around 70 percent of under their control. The World Bank's study of this farmland. sector concluded: "[This is] an environment in which In industry, although the reforms allowed individ- ownership and property rights with respect to indus- uals to set up businesses, state policies strongly pre- trial assets are not clear and pure private ownership ferred the publicly owned sectors (for example, the is rare except in the smallest concerns... Thus, the allocation of credit, power supplies, public transport, most powerful reward for small-scale entrepreneurs and foreign exchange). Public ownership of indus- in other countries—the ability to reap large trial assets took both the "all people" (state) and the gains from the 'capitalization' of entrepreneurial "collective" (often the local community) form.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women's Employment and Safety Perceptions: Evidence From
    POLICY BRIEF AUGUST 2021 WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT AND SAFETY PERCEPTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM LOW-INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS OF DHAKA, BANGLADESH Public Disclosure Authorized Tanima Ahmed1 and Aphichoke Kotikula1 SUMMARY This brief uses the 2018 Dhaka Low-Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty (DIGNITY) survey to assess the gender gap in safety perceptions and analyze the correlation between women’s safety perception and their labor market outcomes. The analysis shows that women are significantly less likely than men to feel safe in the low-income neighborhoods of Dhaka. While the percentage of women who reported feeling safe increased with age, living standard, and the availability of streetlights, the percentage of women who reported feeling safe decreased with education Public Disclosure Authorized and concern of eviction. The analysis further shows that this gender gap in safety perception disproportionately hurt women’s labor market outcomes. Women who feel safe are much more likely to be economically active, work outside their neighborhoods, and explore economic opportunities. INTRODUCTION Globally, women regularly encounter violence and harassment rights. The harassment of women in public spaces includes in public spaces, compelling many of them to adapt to such a wide range of actions, from unwanted insults and sexual behavior as an unpleasant fact of life. An estimated 84 comments to capturing and sharing inappropriate images, to percent of women routinely experience insults or sexual touching and groping, to rape. Violence and harassment in Public Disclosure Authorized comments while in public spaces in Bangladesh (ActionAid public spaces threaten women’s lives, restrict their mobility, 2016). The 2015 National Survey on Violence against and deter them from working, socializing, and equally Women by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics reports that participating in urban activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from Mexico City's Subway System± Arturo Aguilar
    Benefits and Unintended Consequences of Gender Segregation in Public Transportation: Evidence from Mexico City’s Subway System± Arturo Aguilar† ITAM, CIE. Emilio Gutiérrez ITAM, CIE. Paula Soto Villagrán UAM, Department of Sociology ± This project was funded by the Inter-American Development Bank. We are grateful to Carlos Castro for his participation and insights for the study’s design. Francisco del Villar and Zeky Murra provided excellent research assistance. Aguilar and Gutiérrez acknowledge support from the Asociación Mexicana de Cultura. All errors are our own. † Corresponding author: Arturo Aguilar, email: [email protected] ; ITAM, Camino a Santa Teresa 930, Col. Heroes de Padierna, 10700 Mexico City, Mexico; Ph. +52-55-56284000 -1- Benefits and Unintended Consequences of Gender Segregation in Public Transportation: Evidence from Mexico City’s Subway System Abstract For most people, transportation is a basic everyday activity. Costs imposed by violence in the public transportation context might have far reaching economic and social consequences. We conduct a survey and exploit the discontinuity in the hours of operation of a program that reserves subway cars exclusively for women in Mexico City to estimate its impact on self-reported sexual harassment. We find that the program seems to achieve its purpose: it reduces the incidence of sexual harassment towards women by 2.9 percentage points. However, it also produces unintended consequences by increasing the incidence of non-sexual aggression (e.g. insults, shoving) experienced by men in 15.3 percentage points. A willingness-to-pay exercise suggests that from a welfare perspective, it is unclear if the program conveys positive results.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Sexual Victimization to Risk Perception of Japanese Female College Students
    The Relationship of Sexual Victimization to Risk Perception of Japanese Female College Students Kenji Omata American investigations of sexual victimization have tended to focus on rape or sexual assault, which have a relatively high incidence in the U.S. (e.g., Koss et al., 1987; Mills and Granoff, 1992; Scarpa, 2001; Scarpa et al., 2002). The Japanese incidence of rape has been at low level for a long time, 2.4 per 100,000 population (Research and Training Institute of Ministry of Justice, 2009), with an estimated lifetime prevalence for young Japanese females of less than 2% (Konishi, 1996). Instead, other types of sexual victimization are prevalent among young Japanese females, namely being groped, flashed (exposed to), chased or persistently solicited. For example, 54 - 64% of female students reported that they were groped, 20.8% forcibly embraced, and 46.8% flashed in their life time (Konishi, 1996; Omata, 2002). These sexually molesting acts are called “chikan”1 in Japan and are illegal. Suzuki reported that 49.3% of 18 - 21 year-old females and 32.1% of 22 - 25 year-olds were victims of these offences in the previous three years (Suzuki, 2000). In addition, other types of sexual harassment are also reported to be prevalent among Japanese young females, although it is unclear whether they are criminal in many cases. Omata (1997; 2002) reported that about 17% of female students have been stalked, and that 34 - 38% of female students have been sexually harassed. Although these sexual offenses are legally considered “minor”2, their psychological influences should not be underestimated because these victimizations could heighten female’s criminal risk perception as much as sexual assaults and rape.
    [Show full text]
  • BANGLADESH: from AUTOCRACY to DEMOCRACY (A Study of the Transition of Political Norms and Values)
    BANGLADESH: FROM AUTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY (A Study of the Transition of Political Norms and Values) By Golam Shafiuddin THESIS Submitted to School of Public Policy and Global Management, KDI in partial fulfillment of the requirements the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2002 BANGLADESH: FROM AUTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY (A Study of the Transition of Political Norms and Values) By Golam Shafiuddin THESIS Submitted to School of Public Policy and Global Management, KDI in partial fulfillment of the requirements the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2002 Professor PARK, Hun-Joo (David) ABSTRACT BANGLADESH: FROM AUTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY By Golam Shafiuddin The political history of independent Bangladesh is the history of authoritarianism, argument of force, seizure of power, rigged elections, and legitimacy crisis. It is also a history of sustained campaigns for democracy that claimed hundreds of lives. Extremely repressive measures taken by the authoritarian rulers could seldom suppress, or even weaken, the movement for the restoration of constitutionalism. At times the means adopted by the rulers to split the opposition, create a democratic facade, and confuse the people seemingly served the rulers’ purpose. But these definitely caused disenchantment among the politically conscious people and strengthened their commitment to resistance. The main problems of Bangladesh are now the lack of national consensus, violence in the politics, hartal (strike) culture, crimes sponsored with political ends etc. which contribute to the negation of democracy. Besides, abject poverty and illiteracy also does not make it easy for the democracy to flourish. After the creation of non-partisan caretaker government, the chief responsibility of the said government was only to run the routine administration and take all necessary measures to hold free and fair parliamentary elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary: Sex Education Terms
    National Sex Education Standards: Core Content and Skills, K–12 (Second Edition) Appendix: Glossary: Sex Education Terms This Glossary is intended to assist those teaching sex education or those involved in designing sex education curricula and lesson plans, not necessarily young people or students of sex education in a K–12 classroom setting. All language is constantly evolving; new terms are introduced, while others fade from use or change their meaning over time. This remains true for the terms and definitions included in this Glossary. Ableism The intentional or unintentional individual, cultural, and/or institutional beliefs or practices that systematically devalue, discriminate against, and/or exclude people with physical, intellectual, emotional, and/or psychiatric disabilities. Abstinence Choosing to refrain from a behavior. Sexual abstinence refers to refraining from certain sexual behaviors for a period of time. Some people define sexual abstinence as not having penile-vaginal intercourse, while others define it as not engaging in any sexual behaviors. Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs Programs that present abstinence from all sexual behaviors outside of marriage as the only acceptable and morally correct standard for human behavior. They present abstinence as the only completely safe option outside the context of heterosexual marriage and, if contraception or disease-prevention methods are discussed, these programs typically emphasize the methods’ failure rates. Adolescence A transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as any person ages 10 and 19. This age range falls within WHO’s definition of young people, which refers to individuals ages 10 and 24.
    [Show full text]
  • Accountability for Sexual Assault Aboard Airplanes: an Analysis of the Need for Reporting Requirements at 35,000 Feet
    Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 85 Issue 4 Article 4 2020 Accountability For Sexual Assault Aboard Airplanes: An Analysis of the Need For Reporting Requirements at 35,000 Feet Madison L. George Southern Methodist University, Dedman School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Madison L. George, Accountability For Sexual Assault Aboard Airplanes: An Analysis of the Need For Reporting Requirements at 35,000 Feet, 85 J. AIR L. & COM. 669 (2020) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol85/iss4/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SEXUAL ASSAULT ABOARD AIRPLANES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AT 35,000 FEET MADISON L. GEORGE* ABSTRACT Currently, airlines have no legal duty to report an in-flight sexual assault to law enforcement. This lack of a duty to report hinders investigations, prevents victims from receiving closure, and imposes additional liability on air carriers. This Comment suggests imposing a mandatory and uniform reporting require- ment on commercial airlines. This requirement would better as- sist travelers and help limit airlines’ liability for in-flight sexual assault. By examining the purposes and policies of other mandated reporting laws, it is apparent that the airline industry is an apt place to instill a duty to report. Requiring airlines to report in- flight sexual assault would follow the current trend of making reporting requirements commonplace in the professional and corporate spheres.
    [Show full text]
  • Construing Street Harassment As Gender-Based Sexual Violence and Providing Remedies Therefor Angelli Camille P
    No Place for Harassment: Construing Street Harassment as Gender-Based Sexual Violence and Providing Remedies Therefor Angelli Camille P. Ancheta* I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 540 A. Background of the Study B. Statement of the Problem C. Definition of Terms D. Objectives of the Study E. Significance of the Study F. Organization of the Study II. SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND CATCALLING: AN INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION ......................................................................... 554 A. Sexual Harassment in the Philippines and in the International Context B. Types of Sexual Harassment C. Defining Street Harassment III. CONSTRUING EXISTING LAWS AS ANTI-STREET HARASSMENT LEGISLATION ............................................................................... 568 A. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 B. Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004 C. Anti-Child Abuse Law D. Crimes Under the Revised Penal Code E. Redress Through Civil Actions IV. ANALYSIS: THE NEED FOR A LAW AGAINST STREET HARASSMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN ..................... 579 A. The Harms of Street Harassment Against Women * ’18 J.D., with honors, Ateneo de Manila University School of Law. The Author was a member of the Board of Editors of the Ateneo Law Journal. She was the Associate Lead Editor of fourth Issue of the 61st Volume. She previously co-wrote Minding the Gaps: Philippine-Style Federalism, in ATENEO LAW JOURNAL, APRIL 2018 with Dean Sedfrey M. Candelaria. This Note is an abridged version of the Author’s Juris Doctor thesis (on file with the Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de Manila University). Cite as 63 ATENEO L.J. 539 (2018). 540 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL [vol. 63:539 B. Preponderance of Gender-Based Violence in the Philippines C.
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to Sexual Violence
    adness loss anger guilt scared terror humiliated disgust confused mad blame terrified upset nightmares flashback aralyzed helpless isolated distrust rejected reprehensible horrid unimaginable crazy flashbacks detached alone distraugh fe-changing embarrassed lonely out-of-control fear shame healing sadness loss anger guilt scared terror humiliated disgu onfused mad blame terrified upset nightmares flashbacks paralyzed helpless isolated distrust rejected reprehensible horr nimaginable crazy flashbacks detached alone distraught life-changing embarrassed lonely out-of-control fear sham ealing sadness loss anger guilt scared terror humiliated disgust confused mad blame terrified upset nightmare ashbacks paralyzed helpless isolated distrust rejected reprehensible horrid unimaginable crazy flashbacks detached alon straught life-changing embarrassed lonely out-of-control fear shame healing sadness loss anger guilt scared terro umiliated disgust confused mad blame terrified upset nightmares flashbacks paralyzed helpless isolated distrust rejecte eprehensible horrid unimaginable crazy flashbacks detached alone distraught life-changing embarrassed lonely out-o ontrol fear shame healing sadness loss anger guilt scared terror humiliated disgust confused mad blame terrified upse ghtmares flashbacks paralyzed helpless isolated distrust rejected reprehensible horrid unimaginable crazy flashback etached alone distraught life-changing embarrassed lonely out-of-control fear shame healing sadness loss anger gu cared terror humiliated disgust confused mad
    [Show full text]
  • Decent Work for Domestic Workers
    DECENT WORK FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS: THE CASE FOR GLOBAL LABOR STANDARDS HUMan RIghts ABUSES, BEST PractICES, and RecoMMendatIons for an ILO ConVentIon page 2 page 3 DECENT WORK FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS DECENT WORK FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS contentS INTRODUCTION 03 IntrodUctIon Millions of women and girls around the world enter domestic work in order to provide for 04 EXclUSIon froM labor laws themselves and their families. Domestic work accounts for up to 10 percent of employment 08 CRIMInal ABUSES in some countries, and is the single largest sector of employment for girls. Domestic workers 13 BY the NUMbers: AN OVerVIew perform essential tasks for their employers’ households, such as cleaning, cooking and 14 CHIld DOMESTIC Workers serving meals, washing and ironing clothes, shopping, and caring for children and elderly 16 MIgrant DOMESTIC Workers members of the family. 18 Good PractICES 20 RecoMMendatIons Despite their importance to their employers’ households, domestic workers are among the most exploited and abused workers in the world. They are often overworked, underpaid, and unprotected. Working in private homes and hidden from the public eye, domestic workers are at risk of a shocking array of abuses, including physical, psychological and sexual abuse; non-payment of wages; excessively long working hours with no rest; food deprivation; and forced confinement. Most girl domestic workers are denied education. In the worst situations, women and girls are trapped in situations of forced labor or trafficked into conditions akin to slavery. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has found in its global review of laws and practices on domestic work that the conditions of domestic workers do not improve unless there is concerted action to improve the legislative framework.1 National laws often exclude domestic workers from key labor protections and international standards have not yet addressed the specific circumstances of this sector comprehensively.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Safety and Security: a Public Transport Priority
    CPB Corporate Partnership Board Women’s Safety and Security A Public Transport Priority Women’s Safety and Security A Public Transport Priority The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 59 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre- negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • “I Don't Want to Be Touched All the Time” Street Harassment and the Indian Woman
    "I don't want to be touched all the time" - Street Harassment and the Indian Woman Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Khan, Sumana Citation Khan, S. (2020) "I don't want to be touched all the time" Street harassment and the Indian woman. PhD thesis. University of Derby. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Publisher University of Derby Rights N/A; Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 30/09/2021 03:32:37 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/625509 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY “I DON’T WANT TO BE TOUCHED ALL THE TIME” STREET HARASSMENT AND THE INDIAN WOMAN A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION THROUGH INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND DISPOSITIVE ANALYSIS SUMANA KHAN DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2019 Sensitivity: Internal Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) and Street Harassment .......................... 2 1.2. Positioning street harassment as a form of VAWG ..................................................... 7 1.3. What this research means to me – Personal reflexivity ............................................. 10 1.4. Aim of this research ............................................................................................. 14 1.5. Summary ............................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2: Literature Review – Street
    [Show full text]
  • Groping for an International Political Role －Japan and Humanitarian Intervention in Self-Determination Conflicts－
    ARTICLE Groping for an International Political Role －Japan and Humanitarian Intervention in Self-Determination Conflicts－ 玉 本 偉* Calls for humanitarian intervention began in the eighteenth century, and they reached a peak during the early half of the nineteenth century in the Concert of Europe. It was a system of intervention designed primarily to suppress revolution. Still there were cases with strong humanitarian flavor. One such case was the five-power intervention against the Netherlands. In 1830 the Belgians rebelled against the oppressive Dutch king, and Dutch forces moved with great harshness against unarmed Belgians. The intervention, made decisive by French military force, succeeded in securing Belgian independence, and led to the guarantee of Belgian neutrality by the great powers. At the time, though, order in Europe was the logic of intervention rather than any considered concern for human suffering. Today, human rights and their enforcement are the key references in the consideration of intervention. The international community freed from the cold war bind has rediscovered human rights－always a central concern enshrined in the United Nations charter－to begin to elevate the principle of humanitarian intervention to a basic rule. The idea of human rights is what distinguishes contemporary thought and practice from earlier experiences with humanitarian intervention. Intervention is almost always discussed as a collective response by the United Nations or regional organizations to acts of systematic violence against sufficiently large and readily identifiable population groups. The problem, to start, is how to recognize violence that is systematic and population that is large and identifiable. The United Nations has provisions to thwart genocide, but the recognition of what constitutes genocide remains operationally slippery.
    [Show full text]