Widespread Use of Cxcr6 for Entry by Natural Host Sivs: Implications for Cell Targeting and Infection Outcome

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Widespread Use of Cxcr6 for Entry by Natural Host Sivs: Implications for Cell Targeting and Infection Outcome University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Widespread Use Of Cxcr6 For Entry By Natural Host Sivs: Implications For Cell Targeting And Infection Outcome Katherine Wetzel University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Virology Commons Recommended Citation Wetzel, Katherine, "Widespread Use Of Cxcr6 For Entry By Natural Host Sivs: Implications For Cell Targeting And Infection Outcome" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2793. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2793 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2793 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Widespread Use Of Cxcr6 For Entry By Natural Host Sivs: Implications For Cell Targeting And Infection Outcome Abstract Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are African primates that have coevolved with species-species SIVs and do not progress to AIDS despite high viral loads. This is in stark contrast to the immunodeficiency observed in infection of “non-natural” hosts of SIV/HIV, Asian macaques and humans. Certain critical CD4+ T cell subsets and anatomic niches that are required for maintaining immune system homeostasis and function are infected less frequently in natural hosts than in non-natural hosts, suggesting that the determinants of virus target cells contribute to the outcome of infection. SIV and HIV target cells are largely defined by the expression of the receptor CD4 and a coreceptor. Our lab recently discovered that the entry coreceptor CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection of the natural host sooty mangabey (SM), and then identified CXCR6 as an additional coreceptor for this SIV. In this thesis, I defined entry coreceptors of a second natural host virus, SIVagmSab that infects sabaeus African green monkeys and found that CXCR6 was a robust coreceptor for this virus as well. I also investigated coreceptor use by the HIV-1 forerunners: the natural host virus SIVmus that infects mustached monkeys and crossed into chimpanzees; and SIVcpz that infects chimpanzees and causes AIDS-like disease and crossed into humans to found HIV-1. SIVmus infected cells expressing CXCR6 and CCR5, while SIVcpz was restricted to use of CCR5, indicating that loss of CXCR6 use coincided with the emergence of pathogenesis in this lineage. Lastly, I defined expression of CXCR6 on SM lymphocytes, and found little or no CXCR6 expression on CD4+ T cell subsets that are critical in lymphocyte homeostasis, but enrichment on replenishable effector memory CD4+ T cells. CXCR6+ CD4+ T cells were largely distinct from CCR5+ CD4+ T cells, thus forming a previously unappreciated SIV target cell population in SM. These data support a model where use of CXCR6 is a common feature among natural host SIVs that targets the virus towards more expendable cell subsets, and away from critical subsets and anatomic niches that are required to maintain immune system function, thus permitting high viral replication without immunodeficiency. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Ronald G. Collman Keywords Coreceptor, CXCR6, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, SIV Natural Host, Virus Entry Subject Categories Virology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2793 WIDESPREAD USE OF CXCR6 FOR ENTRY BY NATURAL HOST SIVS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CELL TARGETING AND INFECTION OUTCOME Katherine S. Wetzel A DISSERTATION in Cell and Molecular Biology Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Supervisor of Dissertation ____________________________ Ronald G. Collman, M.D. Professor of Medicine Graduate Group Chairperson ____________________________ Daniel S. Kessler, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology Dissertation Committee: Frederic D. Bushman, Ph.D., William Maul Measey Professor and Chair of Microbiology Michael R. Betts, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Microbiology James A. Hoxie, M.D., Professor of Medicine Scott E. Hensley, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Microbiology Dedication To my parents, Bruce and Peggy Sheehan, and my husband, Chris Wetzel, who have always supported my pursuit of learning. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thank you to my thesis mentor, Dr. Ron Collman, for his enthusiastic support and mentorship throughout my time in his lab. I’d also like to thank my thesis committee: Drs. Rick Bushman, Scott Hensley, Jim Hoxie and Mike Betts for their mentorship and experimental advice, as well as Collman lab members past and present: Sarah Elliott, Nick Francella, Yanjie Yi, Anjana Yadav, Ize Imai, Melanie Duncan, Vince Knecht, John McGinniss, Aurea Simon Soro, Arwa Abbas, Nadeene Riddick, Dino Romero, Ezekiel Bello, Anya Bauer, Farida Shaheen, Vanessa Marsh and Steven Bryan, who have offered technical and moral support throughout my tenure at UPenn. The Shaw/Hahn, Betts, Bushman, Hoxie, Cohen/Eisenberg and Bar labs were sources of valuable advice, expertise and support. I’d especially like to thank Fred Bibollet-Ruche, Ranjit Warrier, Emily Roberts and Kyle Bittinger. I am also grateful to Sabine Baxter in UPenn Cell Center Services for her contribution to the generation of the anti-CXCR6 antibody 20D8. This thesis work would not have been possible without generous sharing of samples from our collaborators: Drs. Guido Silvestri, Mirko Paiardini, Martine Peeters, Michaela Muller-Trutwin, Cristian Apetrei and Ivona Pandrea. I would also like to thank all involved with the Cell and Molecular Biology graduate group, MVP, the Microbiology Department, and the Center for Teaching and Learning. Lastly, I’d like to thank my funding, particularly the training grant in HIV Pathogenesis: 2T32AI007632 iii ABSTRACT WIDESPREAD USE OF CXCR6 FOR ENTRY BY NATURAL HOST SIVS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CELL TARGETING AND INFECTION OUTCOME Katherine S. Wetzel Ronald G. Collman, M.D. Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are African primates that have coevolved with species-species SIVs and do not progress to AIDS despite high viral loads. This is in stark contrast to the immunodeficiency observed in infection of “non-natural” hosts of SIV/HIV, Asian macaques and humans. Certain critical CD4+ T cell subsets and anatomic niches that are required for maintaining immune system homeostasis and function are infected less frequently in natural hosts than in non-natural hosts, suggesting that the determinants of virus target cells contribute to the outcome of infection. SIV and HIV target cells are largely defined by the expression of the receptor CD4 and a coreceptor. Our lab recently discovered that the entry coreceptor CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection of the natural host sooty mangabey (SM), and then identified CXCR6 as an additional coreceptor for this SIV. In this thesis, I defined entry coreceptors of a second natural host virus, SIVagmSab that infects sabaeus African green monkeys and found that CXCR6 was a robust coreceptor for this virus as well. I also investigated coreceptor use by the HIV-1 forerunners: the natural host virus SIVmus that infects mustached monkeys and crossed into chimpanzees; and SIVcpz that infects chimpanzees and causes AIDS- like disease and crossed into humans to found HIV-1. SIVmus infected cells expressing CXCR6 and CCR5, while SIVcpz was restricted to use of CCR5, indicating that loss of CXCR6 use coincided with the emergence of pathogenesis in this lineage. Lastly, I defined expression of CXCR6 on SM lymphocytes, and found little or no CXCR6 expression on CD4+ T cell subsets that are critical in lymphocyte homeostasis, but enrichment on replenishable effector memory CD4+ T cells. CXCR6+ CD4+ T cells were largely distinct from CCR5+ CD4+ T cells, thus forming a previously unappreciated SIV target cell population in SM. These data support a model where use of CXCR6 is a common feature among natural host SIVs that targets the virus towards more expendable cell subsets, and away from critical subsets and anatomic niches that are required to maintain immune system function, thus permitting high viral replication without immunodeficiency. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to HIV-1 and AIDS ..................................................................................... 2 HIV/SIV genome and replication ................................................................................... 3 Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and the animal model infection SIVmac ..................... 4 SIV+ African monkeys do not progress to AIDS ............................................................ 6 Natural host SIV origin of HIV-1 and SIVmac ................................................................ 6 Main features that vary between natural and non-natural
Recommended publications
  • The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
    Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Links Between Habitat Degradation, and Social Group Size, Ranging, Fecundity, and Parasite Prevalence in the Tana River Mangabey (Cercocebus Galeritus) David N.M
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 140:562–571 (2009) Links Between Habitat Degradation, and Social Group Size, Ranging, Fecundity, and Parasite Prevalence in the Tana River Mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) David N.M. Mbora,1* Julie Wieczkowski,2 and Elephas Munene3 1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 2Department of Anthropology, Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY 14222 3Institute of Primate Research, Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya KEY WORDS endangered species; habitat fragmentation; habitat loss; Kenya; primates ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of anthropo- censused social groups over 12 months. We also analyzed genic habitat degradation on group size, ranging, fecun- fecal samples for gastrointestinal parasites from three of dity, and parasite dynamics in four groups of the Tana the groups. The disturbed forest had a lower abundance River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). Two groups occu- of food trees, and groups in this forest traveled longer pied a forest disturbed by human activities, while the distances, had larger home range sizes, were smaller, other two occupied a forest with no human disturbance. and had lower fecundity. The groups in the disturbed We predicted that the groups in the disturbed forest forest had higher, although not statistically significant, would be smaller, travel longer distances daily, and have parasite prevalence and richness. This study contributes larger home ranges due to low food tree abundance. Con- to a better understanding of how anthropogenic habitat sequently, these groups would have lower fecundity and change influences fecundity and parasite infections in higher parasite prevalence and richness (number of primates. Our results also emphasize the strong influ- parasite species).
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduced Primate Species, Chlorocebus Sabaeus, in Dania
    AN INTRODUCED PRIMATE SPECIES, CHLOROCEBUS SABAEUS, IN DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA: INVESTIGATING ORIGINS, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPLICATIONS OF AN ESTABLISHED POPULATION by Deborah M. Williams A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2019 Copyright 2019 by Deborah M. Williams ii AN INTRODUCED PRIMATE SPECIES, CHLOROCEBUS SABAEUS, IN DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA: INVESTIGATING ORIGINS, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPLICATIONS OF AN ESTABLISHED POPULATION by Deborah M. Williams This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Kate Detwiler, Department of Biological Sciences, and has been approved by all members of the supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ~ ~,'£-____ Colin Hughes, Ph.D. ~~ Marianne Porter, P6.D. I Sciences arajedini, Ph.D. Dean, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science ~__5~141'~ Khaled Sobhan, Ph.D. Interim Dean, Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people who made this possible. It truly takes a village. A big thank you to my husband, Roy, who was my rock during this journey. He offered a shoulder to lean on, an ear to listen, and a hand to hold. Also, thank you to my son, Blake, for tolerating the late pick-ups from school and always knew when a hug was needed. I could not have done it without them.
    [Show full text]
  • Theropithecus Gelada) on an Intact Afro-Alpine Grassland at Guassa, Ethiopia ______
    LONG-TERM RANGING PATTERNS OF WILD GELADA MONKEYS (THEROPITHECUS GELADA) ON AN INTACT AFRO-ALPINE GRASSLAND AT GUASSA, ETHIOPIA ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________________________________ By Cha Moua Thesis Committee Approval: Associate Professor Peter J. Fashing, Chair Associate Professor Nga Nguyen, Department of Anthropology Associate Professor Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, Department of Anthropology Fall, 2015 ABSTRACT Long-term studies of animal ranging ecology are critical to understanding how animals utilize their habitat across space and time. Although gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) inhabit an unusual, high altitude habitat that presents unique ecological challenges, no long-term studies of their ranging behavior have been conducted. To close this gap, I investigated the daily path length (DPL), annual home ranges (95%), and annual core areas (50%) of a band of ~220 wild gelada monkeys at Guassa, Ethiopia, from January 2007 to December 2011 (for total of n = 785 full-day follows). I estimated annual home ranges and core area using the fixed kernel reference (FK REF) and smoothed cross-validation (FK SCV) bandwidths, and the minimum convex polygon (MCP) method. Both annual home range (MCP - 2007: 5.9 km2; 2008: 8.6 km2; 2009: 9.2 km2; 2010: 11.5 km2; 2011: 11.6 km2) and core area increased over the 5-year study period. The MCP and FK REF generated broadly consistent, though slightly larger estimates that contained areas in which the geladas were never observed. All three methods omitted one to 19 sleeping sites from the home range depending on the year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demographic and Adaptive History of the African Green Monkey
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/098947; this version posted January 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 The demographic and adaptive history of the African green monkey 2 Susanne P. Pfeifer1,2,3 3 4 1: School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland 5 2: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland 6 3: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ, United States 7 EPFL SV IBI 8 AAB 048 9 Station 15 10 CH-1015 Lausanne 11 Switzerland 12 Phone: +41 21 693 14 90 13 Email: [email protected] 14 15 Running title: Population genetics of African green monkeys 16 17 Keywords: demography, selection, African green monkey, vervet monkey 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/098947; this version posted January 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 Abstract 20 Relatively little is known about the evolutionary history of the African green monkey 21 (genus Chlorocebus) due to the lack of sampled polymorphism data from wild 22 populations. Yet, this characterization of genetic diversity is not only critical for a better 23 understanding of their own history, but also for human biomedical research given that 24 they are one of the most widely used primate models. Here, I analyze the demographic 25 and selective history of the African green monkey, utilizing one of the most 26 comprehensive catalogs of wild genetic diversity to date, consisting of 1,795,643 27 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms in 25 individuals, representing all five 28 major populations: C.
    [Show full text]
  • Primate Report 64 (2002).Pdf
    Foreword Foreword The present issue of Primate Report, presenting selected mixed species exhibits in Zoos of Germany, comprises two parts: The first part represents a survey of primate mixed species exhibits in Zoos and Tierparks of Germany. It focuses on the association of primates with other pri- mate and/or mammal species under captive conditions, in order to evaluate the fea- sibility of mixing specific primate species in Zoo-exhibits, as well as the potential risks and benefits for the animals involved. Individual concepts of enclosure designs based on the requirements of the mixed species are presented along with the experi- ences made by zoo personnel, in establishing and maintaining these polyspecific as- sociations. Beside practical problems, technical demands for particular exhibits are also mentioned. In the second part of this issue, some selected mixed species exhibits without primates involved are presented. This selection is focused on polyspecific associa- tions of mammals which are rarely seen in captivity. By presenting these associa- tions, some valuable information on unusual exhibits is provided to further support the development of polyspecific associations in Zoos and to promote new ideas as al- ternative ways of optimising keeping conditions in general. The issue ends with final remarks on the overall experiences with mixed species exhibits made by zoo staff, including the public relation caused by such exhibits and the educational aspects for visitors. For further information on mixed species exhibits of mammals in Zoos world- wide, the study of Dr. Gabriele Hammer, titled "Gemeinschaftshaltung von Säuge- tieren in Zoos", also available on CD-ROM, is highly recommended (see: HAMMER, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits
    Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits (GaiaPark Kerkrade, 2010) Elwin Kraaij & Patricia ter Maat Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits Factors influencing the success of old world monkeys in mixed species exhibits Authors: Elwin Kraaij & Patricia ter Maat Supervisors Van Hall Larenstein: T. Griede & M. Dobbelaar Client: T. ter Meulen, Apenheul Thesis number: 594000 Van Hall Larenstein Leeuwarden, August 2011 Preface This report was written in the scope of our final thesis as part of the study Animal Management. The research has its origin in a request from Tjerk ter Meulen (vice chair of the Old World Monkey TAG and studbook keeper of Allen’s swamp monkeys and black mangabeys at Apenheul Primate Park, the Netherlands). As studbook keeper of the black mangabey and based on his experiences from his previous position at Gaiapark Kerkrade, the Netherlands, where black mangabeys are successfully combined with gorillas, he requested our help in researching what factors contribute to the success of old world monkeys in mixed species exhibits. We could not have done this research without the knowledge and experience of the contributors and we would therefore like to thank them for their help. First of all Tjerk ter Meulen, the initiator of the research for providing information on the subject and giving feedback on our work. Secondly Tine Griede and Marcella Dobbelaar, being our two supervisors from the study Animal Management, for giving feedback and guidance throughout the project. Finally we would like to thank all zoos that filled in our questionnaire and provided us with the information required to perform this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Responses to Ancestral Predators in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus Pygerythrus) on Misali Island, Tanzania
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2019 Behavioral Responses to Ancestral Predators in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) on Misali Island, Tanzania Isabelle Hanna SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Animal Studies Commons, Biodiversity Commons, and the Other Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hanna, Isabelle, "Behavioral Responses to Ancestral Predators in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) on Misali Island, Tanzania" (2019). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3026. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3026 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Behavioral Responses to Ancestral Predators in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus ​ pygerythrus) on Misali Island, Tanzania ​ Isabelle Hanna Zanzibar: Coastal Ecology and Marine Resource Management Spring 2019 Academic Director: Dr. Richard Walz Advisor: Salim Khamis TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………… 2 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Introduction …………….………………………………………………………………….….. 3 Background ………………………………………………………………………………........ 4 I.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Old World Monkeys
    2003. 5. 23 Dr. Toshio MOURI Old World monkey Although Old World monkey, as a word, corresponds to New World monkey, its taxonomic rank is much lower than that of the New World Monkey. Therefore, it is speculated that the last common ancestor of Old World monkeys is newer compared to that of New World monkeys. While New World monkey is the vernacular name for infraorder Platyrrhini, Old World Monkey is the vernacular name for superfamily Cercopithecoidea (family Cercopithecidae is limited to living species). As a side note, the taxon including Old World Monkey at the same taxonomic level as New World Monkey is infraorder Catarrhini. Catarrhini includes Hominoidea (humans and apes), as well as Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecoidea comprises the families Victoriapithecidae and Cercopithecidae. Victoriapithecidae is fossil primates from the early to middle Miocene (15-20 Ma; Ma = megannum = 1 million years ago), with known genera Prohylobates and Victoriapithecus. The characteristic that defines the Old World Monkey (as synapomorphy – a derived character shared by two or more groups – defines a monophyletic taxon), is the bilophodonty of the molars, but the development of biphilophodonty in Victoriapithecidae is still imperfect, and crista obliqua is observed in many maxillary molars (as well as primary molars). (Benefit, 1999; Fleagle, 1999) Recently, there is an opinion that Prohylobates should be combined with Victoriapithecus. Living Old World Monkeys are all classified in the family Cercopithecidae. Cercopithecidae comprises the subfamilies Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. Cercopithecinae has a buccal pouch, and Colobinae has a complex, or sacculated, stomach. It is thought that the buccal pouch is an adaptation for quickly putting rare food like fruit into the mouth, and the complex stomach is an adaptation for eating leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Rehabilitation and Release of Vervet Monkeys in South Africa
    Rehabilitation and Release of Vervet Monkeys in South Africa Amanda J. Guy Ph.D. Thesis 2012 Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences The University of New South Wales 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... 4 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ..................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2: WELFARE BASED PRIMATE REHABILITATION AS A POTENTIAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY: DOES IT MEASURE UP? ...... 32 CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MAMMAL REHABILITATION PRACTICES WITH A FOCUS ON PRIMATES ....................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4: THE RELEASE OF A TROOP OF REHABILITATED VERVET MONKEYS (CHLOROCEBUS AETHIOPS) IN SOUTH AFRICA: OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF THE RELEASE OF A TROOP OF REHABILITATED VERVET MONKEYS TO THE NTENDEKA WILDERNESS AREA, KWAZULU NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA .................................................. 115 CHAPTER 6: RELEASE OF REHABILITATED
    [Show full text]
  • Baboon and Vervet Monkey Crop-Foraging Behaviors on a Commercial South African Farm: Preliminary Implications for Damage Mitigation
    Human–Wildlife Interactions 14(3):505–518, Winter 2020 • digitalcommons.usu.edu/hwi Baboon and vervet monkey crop-foraging behaviors on a commercial South African farm: preliminary implications for damage mitigation Leah J. Findlay, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; and Primate & Predator Project, Alldays Wildlife & Communities Research Centre, P.O. Box 483, Alldays 0909, South Africa [email protected] Russell A. Hill, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Primate & Predator Project, Lajuma Research Centre, P.O. Box 522, Louis Trichardt (Makhado) 0920, South Africa; and Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa Abstract: Conflict between crop farmers and wild nonhuman primates is a worldwide conservation issue of increasing concern. Most of the research on wild primate crop foraging has so far focused on the conflicts with subsistence agriculture. Crop damage caused by primate foraging in large-scale commercial agriculture is also a major facet of human–wildlife conflict. Despite its increasing severity, there are very few published accounts of on-farm wild primate crop-foraging behavior or effective techniques to deter primates from field crops on commercial farms. To address this knowledge gap and identify some mitigation strategies, we used direct observation from a hide to collect behaviors and interspecific interactions between chacma baboons (Papio ursinus; baboons) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus; vervets) foraging in a 1-ha butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) field for 4 months (May to August) in 2013 on a 564-ha commercial farm in the Blouberg District of South Africa. Baboons caused the most crop damage, foraged on crops more in the mornings, and their rates of crop foraging were influenced primarily by natural vegetation productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Papio Anubis) and Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus Pygerythrus
    MONKEYING AROUND: COMPARING PLAY BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO PREDATION RISK IN SYMPATRIC OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS) AND VERVET MONKEYS (CHLOROCEBUS PYGERYTHRUS) Danielle Steinberg Abstract: Predation has long been considered a strong selective pressure on primate behavior, including foraging and feeding. However, its effects on play behavior, a crucial aspect of primate life, are unknown. Feeding is necessary for survival, but play is imperative for later reproductive success. Olive baboons (Papio anubis) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are often sympatric but baboons are larger and more aggressive, suggesting that they may be less vulnerable to predation and thus may have longer or more frequent play bouts. Similarly, within species, male primates, being more aggressive than female primates, may be less vulnerable to predation and so may play more than females. I observed play behavior of baboons and vervets in Nyungwe and Akagera National Parks, Rwanda, to test these predictions. I used all-occurrence sampling to record frequencies and durations of play bouts and analyzed the data with nonparametric statistical tests. There were significant differences in play bout frequencies but not durations both between the species and between males and females within species. Future research should explore whether life history differences also contribute to differences in play behavior. Keywords: Vervet | olive baboon | play | predation Introduction the habitats proportionally to their availability and they spent less time in food-rich areas Primates and their predators have been in an than expected due to the higher risk of evolutionary arms race for over 70 million predation in those areas. In a similar study, years (Isbell, 2009).
    [Show full text]