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A Brief Overview of Lung Disease Caused by Environmental Microorganisms, Aspergillus Fumigatus and Saccharopolyspora Rectivirgula

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A Brief Overview of Lung Disease Caused by Environmental Microorganisms, Aspergillus Fumigatus and Saccharopolyspora Rectivirgula A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL MICROORGANISMS, ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS AND SACCHAROPOLYSPORA RECTIVIRGULA A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Missy Ann Berry In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Microbiological Sciences July 2020 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL MICROORGANISMS, ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS AND SACCHAROPOLYSPORA RECTIVIRGULA By Missy Ann Berry The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Jane Schuh Chair Dr. Eugene Berry Dr. Carolyn Hammer Dr. Mukund Sibi Approved: July 10th, 2020 Dr. John McEvoy Date Department Chair ABSTRACT People often take breathing and respiratory health for granted, but our lungs are constantly inundated with damaging agents, making them highly vulnerable to injury and infection. Globally, respiratory diseases are a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability. Many respiratory diseases are preventable; however, avoidance of ubiquitous microorganisms is not realistic. The aim of this paper is to discuss how two environmental microorganisms, Aspergillus fumigatus and Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, affect cellular activity and cause lung disease. Prevention, control, and cure of respiratory disease is the ultimate goal and understanding the mechanisms of disease progression is the first step. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my advisor, Dr. Jane Schuh, who has made this work possible. Her guidance and advice have steered me onto a path that has made reaching my career goals a possibility. Next, I need to thank Scott Hoselton, who has day in and day out listened to my ideas and challenges, while providing insight and assistance, where needed. Also, thank you to my committee members, Dr. Eugene Berry, Dr. Carolyn Hammer, and Dr. Mukund Sibi, for their valuable critiques, suggestions, and time regarding my projects. I would also like to acknowledge the Microbiological Sciences Department at North Dakota State University and Dr. John McEvoy, for their unending support during my pursuit of higher education. And finally, my family and friends for their constant support and encouragement during this entire process. iv DEDICATION This is dedicated to my daughter, family, and friends. Without whom, none of this would be possible! Well, it might have been possible, just not worth it v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 MICROORGANISMS .................................................................................................................................... 2 Aspergillus fumigatus ................................................................................................................................ 2 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula ................................................................................................................. 4 CELLULAR COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................... 6 Mast Cells .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Basophils ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Neutrophils ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Mononuclear Phagocytes .......................................................................................................................... 9 Eosinophils .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Dendritic Cells ......................................................................................................................................... 11 ALLERGIC ASTHMA .................................................................................................................................. 12 Allergy and Hypersensitivity .................................................................................................................... 12 Asthma .................................................................................................................................................... 15 Diagnosis. ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Treatment. ........................................................................................................................................... 18 HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS ........................................................................................................ 21 Farmer’s Lung Disease ........................................................................................................................... 23 Diagnosis. ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Treatment. ........................................................................................................................................... 25 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 27 vi REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 29 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Summary of Innate Cell Function after A. fumigatus Infection.................................................................. 3 2. Types of Hypersensitivities ..................................................................................................................... 14 3. Pharmaceutical Categories for Asthma Treatment ................................................................................. 19 4. Common Types of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Antigens .................................................................... 21 5. Classification of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Types ............................................................................. 22 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Innate Response after Exposure to A. fumigatus Conidia. ....................................................................... 3 2. SEM of S. rectivirgula. ............................................................................................................................... 4 3. Sequence of Events in a Typical TH2-mediated Allergic Reaction. ....................................................... 16 4. TH2-mediated Pathogenesis of Asthma. ................................................................................................. 17 5. Cycle of Combination Asthma Treatment. .............................................................................................. 18 6. Immune Complex Formation in Type III Hypersensitivity. ...................................................................... 24 7. Mechanism of Type IV Hypersensitivity. ................................................................................................. 24 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ab ......................................................................... Antibody Ag ......................................................................... Antigen AHR ...................................................................... Airway hyperresponsiveness AM ........................................................................ Alveolar macrophage APC ...................................................................... Antigen presenting cell BAL ....................................................................... Bronchoalveolar lavage CD ........................................................................ Cluster of differentiation COPD ................................................................... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CTL ......................................................................
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