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Effects of Natural Rehabilitation of Degraded Land by Exclosure on Selected Soil Physicochemical Properties in Eastern Ethiopia

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Effects of Natural Rehabilitation of Degraded Land by Exclosure on Selected Soil Physicochemical Properties in Eastern Ethiopia agronomy Article Effects of Natural Rehabilitation of Degraded Land by Exclosure on Selected Soil Physicochemical Properties in Eastern Ethiopia Amisalu Milkias Misebo 1,2,*, Samuel Feyissa Ayano 3 and Marcin Pietrzykowski 2 1 Department of Environmental Science, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138 Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia 2 Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Natural Resources Management, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138 Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The use of exclosure for ecological restoration has become an increasingly vital approach to reversing degraded lands. Its effectiveness in restoring degraded lands could be varied with differences in climate, vegetation type and soil properties. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of exclosure on the selected physical and chemical properties of the soil. A six-year-old exclosure and adjacent open land with the same history of land-use types were selected. Soil samples were randomly collected from 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths of each land-use type and measured for texture, soil moisture content (SMC), bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), Citation: Misebo, A.M.; Ayano, S.F.; available phosphorus (Av.P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH Pietrzykowski, M. Effects of Natural contents. The highest SMC, SOC and Av.P and the lowest BD values were measured from the Rehabilitation of Degraded Land by exclosure. SMC, SOC and Av.P increased by 73, 51 and 55%, respectively, while BD decreased by 31% Exclosure on Selected Soil as compared to the open land. CEC, EC and pH were also influenced positively compared with the Physicochemical Properties in adjacent open land. The funding indicates exclosure had a positive effect on the restoration of soil Eastern Ethiopia. Agronomy 2021, 11, nutrients, which are essential to promote vegetation growth and thereby minimize soil erosion. 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy11081628 Keywords: passive restoration; open land; soil degradation; soil organic carbon; soil moisture content; available phosphorus Academic Editors: BoˇrivojŠarapatka, Miroslav Dumbrovský and Jana Podhrázská Received: 22 July 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 11 August 2021 In Ethiopia, rapidly increasing human populations, increased deforestation, overgraz- Published: 16 August 2021 ing and extensive cultivation combined with limited soil and water conservation led to land degradation processes such as fertility reduction, aggravated soil erosion by water and Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral sedimentation on lakes [1,2]. In recent years, interest in the rehabilitation of degraded lands with regard to jurisdictional claims in and the adoption of suitable land management practices has grown [3]. The commonly published maps and institutional affil- adopted soil and water conservation activities are building stone bunds, gully reclama- iations. tion using check dams, exclosure and planting trees [4,5]. Natural rehabilitation through exclosure is one of the most implemented methods used for the rehabilitation of highly degraded grasslands and woodlands in northern Ethiopia, Central Rift Valley and eastern Ethiopia [6–8]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Exclosure is a rehabilitation technique, in which lands are closed from the interference Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. of humans and livestock [5]. These activity goals are to promote natural regeneration, This article is an open access article conserve genetic diversity and economically productive vegetation and improve soil physic- distributed under the terms and ochemical properties [5,9]. It is also a form of land management mechanism established on conditions of the Creative Commons degraded, generally open access areas, for environmental rehabilitation of degraded lands Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and the improvement of soil properties [10]. So, it increases the amount of water that enters creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the soil and decreases the moisture loss through runoff and evaporation, thereby improving 4.0/). Agronomy 2021, 11, 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081628 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, 1628 2 of 10 the soil physicochemical properties of a given area. Exclosures are mostly implemented in mountain slopes and degraded lands that are intensively affected by overgrazing and other land-use purposes [6]. Different studies revealed that exclosure plays important roles in species richness [6,11], soil nutrient supply [5,9,12], increasing soil organic carbon [7,13] and moisture availabil- ity [14] compared to communal grazing lands. It improved soil physicochemical properties and the overall health of the ecosystem by promoting vegetation coverage, which enhanced the amount of accumulated SOM. Soil organic matter is an essential soil component that helps to modify the physical conditions of the soil, improves the water-holding capacity of the soil, reduces soil erosion, provides available nutrients for plants and augments soil cation exchange capacity [15]. Exclosure also improves the structure and moisture content of soil and the diversity and activities of soil organisms [16]. However, different studies indicate contradicting findings on the effect of exclosure at the early stage. For example, the finding of [17] observed significantly lower soil nutrient content in exclosures with ages of 1 to 7 compared with communal grazing land, and Wu et al. [18] observed a reduction in SOM and TN contents under six years exclosure of grazing land in comparison to open grazing lands. Gebregergs et al. [13] revealed a positive effect of five years exclosure on EC, Na, CEC, Ca, OC, Ex.K and TN compared to open grazing lands. The finding of Umer and Sinore [19] revealed that the six-year-old exclosure had significantly higher levels for OM, CEC, TN and pH compared to free grazing land. Similarly, Özcan et al. [20] concluded six years of exclosure is effective in improving most of the topsoil properties. This difference in restoring degraded lands could be varied with differences in climate, vegetation type and soil properties [21,22]. Therefore, soil-, climate- and vegetation-specific assessment is very important to investigate the age effect of area closure on soil physicochemical properties. However, the study on the effects of exclosure on the evolution of selected soil properties in the eastern part of Ethiopia is very limited. The Lake Haramaya watershed area in Eastern Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, specifically the Tinike sub-watershed is one of the degraded parts of the watershed due to anthropogenic pressures such as overgrazing of communal land and cultivation of marginal lands [23,24]. To alleviate the problem, local communities established an exclosure as a vital strategy to rehabilitate degraded lands in the watershed. However, the effects of exclosure on the development of soil properties are not investigated. Such information has a tremendous contribution in evaluating the impacts of natural restoration practices in improving soil properties of degraded lands and observing the effect of exclosure at an early stage under different climates. Therefore, this study aimed to assay the effects of exclosure on selected soil physical (texture, bulk density and soil moisture content) and chemical (EC, CEC, pH, Av.P and soil organic carbon) properties compared to adjacent open land. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Site Description of the Study Area The study was conducted in Tinike sub-watershed, Haramaya district, East Hararghe zone, Oromia Regional State (Figure1). The watershed lies between 9 ◦2200300–9◦2701200 north latitude and 41◦5801400–42◦0502600 east longitude, at an altitude range of 2010–2433 m above sea level. About 71% of the watershed is characterized by undulating and rolling topography [25]. The slope, landform and the configuration of the hills and peaks surrounding the Watershed have created a drainage network that takes the surface flow towards Lake Tinike from different directions. The mean annual rainfall is 801 mm and the daily temperature ranges from about 10 to 25 ◦C and the annual mean temperature is 17 ◦C (Haramaya meteorological station). Agronomy 2021, 11, 1628 3 of 10 Figure 1. Map of a watershed using satellite image: (A) Ethiopia, (B) Oromia Region, (C) East Hararghe Zone and (D) Lake Haramaya Watershed. The largest portion of the arable land soils is shallow, and most soils of the steeper slopes are unproductive. According to WBR, leptosols, regosols, cambisols, fluvisols and vertisols are the common soil types in the watershed [25]. The watershed has poor vegetation cover. Mountains and hills in the watershed have no vegetation cover. Scattered remnants of indigenous tree and shrub species including Juniprus procera, Olea africana, Cordia africana and Croton macrostachys were found [24]. The ever-increasing human population coupled with frequent drought and climate change and mismanagement of the natural resources in the watershed have caused severe degradation of its soils, water resources and vegetation cover. The formation of deep and wide gullies is evidence of the severity of the soil erosion in the watershed [23,25]. This severe soil erosion has affected the production of agricultural land and increased the volume of flood and sedimentation in the
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