CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL

Established 1964

Publication of the Assyrian Foundation of America Volume 43, Number 2, 2019 Assyrian foundation of America Contents

Introducing the Assyrian Studies Association 4 Introduction to the Assyrian 21 Nineveh Donations It is with great pride that we inform you of the big stride that the AFA December 2018 through March 2019 has taken in the educational and cultural arena by supporting the Studies Association establishment of the Assyrian Studies Association (ASA), an organiza- by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. tion devoted to the study, preservation, promotion, and propagation of 22 David William Lazar our culture and history, both within our community as well as outside, 5 9th Annual Appreciation Event In Memoriam especially in the world of academia. Assyrian Foundation of America 24 Assyrian-Chaldean School Until recently, Assyrians have been mostly absent from the aca- 6 Ensuring the Future of Assyrians By Andrew Bet-Shlimon demic world involved in the study of our own history, heritage, cul- Developing the Organized Role of Assyrian Studies ture, etc. As a result, we have had very little input with respect to these 25 I am Ashurbanipal conversations, nor has there been much consideration until now of our unique point of view. 9 Dr. Helen Malko By Robert Ewan

President of ASA Fortunately, during the past two decades, we have seen a growing number of young Assyrian wom- en and men pursuing graduate work leading to academic careers in Assyrian studies including history, 30 Books archaeology, cultural heritage, religion, language, literary studies, social sciences, arts and architecture, 10 A Past With a Future New Assyrian Book Homer and the Wooden Horse of Troy international law, ethnic/minority rights and more. Thus, the AFA, through its director of education and Studying the Assyrian Minority

cultural program, Dr. Robert Karoukian, saw the opportunity to pursue his long-time vision of estab- lishing an academic organization devoted to Assyrian Studies, the study of all things Assyrian. With the 32 Etuti Is Shaping New Leaders 13 An Enchanting Musical Moment By Savina Dawood backing of the AFA, he worked with and encouraged a number of our Assyrian scholars who established With Honiball Joseph the Assyrian Studies Association; an international academic organization that will work both within our community and in the academic world, in general, to fill a void that has resulted in the exclusion of our 35 Herge Online voice in academic (but, not limited to academic) matters concerning ourselves! 14 Taking the Next Step Assyrian Virtual School Dr. Robert Karoukian The Assyrian Studies Association (ASA) includes a dynamic team on the board of directors: Dr. Hel- en Malko, Professor Sargon Donabed, Professor Hannibal Travis, Dr. Anobel Odisho, and Mark Tomass. 36 The True Assyrian Story 16 The Ancient Akitu Festival Of Somalia & Yamen On the board of advisors, there is another group of Assyrian patriots such as Dr. Robert Karoukian, Firas and the Humbling of the King Jatou, Dr. Aryo Makko, Dr. Nahrain E. Kamber, and Dr. Onver Cetrez. We could not have asked for a By Andrious Mama Jotyar – MBE more capable and passionate team than this dedicated and courageous group to be our voices, eyes, and ears in the field of Assyrian Studies. 19 Sabrina Odah 39 Assyrian Section Congratulations The Assyrian Studies Association will officially launch and will be introduced at the AFA’s 9th Annu- al Appreciation event that will take place in San Francisco on May 5, 2019. This date will mark a “mo- 20 Gilgamesh ment” in our history. I hope that you will join us to learn more about the Assyrian Studies Association Album Update (ASA), its purpose, and its importance for the future of our nation.

Jackline Yelda, President

Articles submitted for publication will be selected by Assyrian Foundation of America established in June Address letters to: the editorial staff on the basis of their relative merit to Crew: 1964 and incorporated in the state of California as a The Editor Assyrian literature, history, and current events. Dr. Ninwe Maraha (Editor) Sargon Shabbas, Circulation non-profit, tax- exempt organization dedicated to the NINWE MARAHA advancement of the education of Assyrians. Dr. Robert Karoukian Donatella Yelda Opinions expressed in NINEVEH are those of the Dr. Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber George Bet-Shlimon NINEVEH MAGAZINE respective authors and not necessarily those of Tamara Odisho Benjamin Heather Bou (Layout Designer) P.O. Box 2660 Yearly subscription fees NINEVEH or the Assyrian Foundation of America. Berkeley, California 94702 US...... $40 [email protected] International...... $50 2 3 Introduction to the Assyrian Studies Association

by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D.

The Assyrian Foundation of America is delighted to announce the creation of the Assyrian Studies Association (ASA), an organization created with the intention of promoting interest in and academic study of Assyrians and Assyria, both past and present. Its primary purpose is to encourage the publication of scholarly research, in addition to Assyrian-relat- ed materials, such as books. The organization will stimulate cooperative activities, as well as the exchange of information within the field, thus facilitating contact between scholars and scholarly organizations throughout the world interested in Assyrian studies. The ASA will Date: May 5th 2019 advance academic-level inquiry on all things related to Assyrian culture and heritage. Time: 3:00 - 6:00 pm

Through its operating budget, the association will provide support for a variety of Location: Delancey Street programs. Firstly, the ASA will sponsor authors working on books directly related to Assyri- Screening Room ans or Assyrian studies, regardless of historical period or geographical region of interest. Sec- 600 The Embarcadero ondly, small grants will be available for the publication of independent books on Assyrian subjects. Funds may also be offered to recent doctoral recipients who wish to convert their San Francisco, Ca 94107 dissertations into manuscripts or books. Thirdly, the ASA will provide support for the pub- Limited space, RSVP required, lication of children’s and popular books. These small grants will be given to educators who RSVP before April 25th 2019: KEYNOTE SPEAKER wish to produce children’s books in Assyrian or focusing on Assyrian culture. Finally, Assyr- ian culture research grants will be available to academics researching understudied areas of [email protected] PROF. HANNIBAL TRAVIS Assyrian culture, such as art, music, cuisine, folkloric dance, poetry, family genealogy, and so forth. The ASA plans to host a biennial conference/workshop whose corresponding pro- ceedings will be published. To honor outstanding contributions to Assyrian studies, a book award will be presented on an annual basis. The ASA also plans to organize and maintain two important databases, the Assyrian Heritage Archive and the Assyrian Oral History Archive , that will centralize key resources for posterity.

The ASA boasts an illustrious Board of Directors: • President, Dr. Helen Malko, anthropological archaeologist from Columbia University • Executive Director, Sargon Donabed, professor of History at Roger Williams University • Secretary, Dr. Hannibal Travis, world-renowned genocide expert • Treasurer, Dr. Anobel Odisho, UCSF Physician • Contributing Members: Mark Tomass, Monetary Economist

4 5 ies—were convinced that a federation way when compared with other stu- of scholarly organizations [...] dedicated dents who are able to draw on a variety Ensuring the Future of Assyrians: to excellence in research, was the best of resources unavailable to the average possible combination of America’s dem- Assyrian scholar. Establishing an orga- ocratic ethos and intellectual aspira- nization properly funded by the com- Developing the Organized Role tions.” [https://www.acls.org/Our-Work/ munity to advance Assyrian studies will History] immediately empower those oumtan- ayeh scholars in multiple and important of Assyrian Studies Social Science Research Council (USA/ respects. international) – “The SSRC is guided by the belief that justice, prosperity, The first challenge for Assyrians en- by Michael Youash, Ph.D. and democracy all require better un- gaged in social studies is overcoming derstanding of complex social, cultur- the bias in almost every field that dele- al, economic, and political processes.” gitimizes Assyrians and Assyrian-re- [https://www.ssrc.org/about/mission/] lated phenomenon as acceptable sub- jects-objects of study. Getting projects Economic and Social Research Council approved, funded and published is of- This article will argue that support for ians have not acted like a sovereign peo- (UK) – In its founding, the “ESRC [...] ten the first hurdle and results in reduc- “Assyrian studies is the Assyrian studies can play a determin- ple since at least the aftermath of WWI. structure consisted of committees that ing the freedom of choice available to “the only important ing factor in our capacity to survive and Assyrians must regain the self-belief addressed six areas: economic affairs, Assyrian scholars. Investing in Assyrian essential basis for eventually prosper in perpetuity as As- and self-confidence to think and then education and human development, en- studies is not simply about supporting question is: can syrians. Conversely, failing to invest and act collectively in their own best inter- vironment and planning, government individual scholars. It is about allowing harnessing what we are develop Assyrian studies will contribute est. Assyrian studies is the essential ba- and law, industry and employment, oumtanayeh scholars the chance to es- Assyrians afford to to our demise and disappearance as As- sis for harnessing what we are capable and social affairs.” [https://esrc.ukri.org/ tablish the legitimacy of Assyrians as capable of thinking syrians. The argument is developed in of thinking and then planning as Assyr- about-us/what-we-do/our-history/] meaningful subjects-objects in various ignore this reality?” three parts. First, Assyrian studies is de- ians, for Assyrians. This is exactly what fields of studies that currently frown and then planning as fined in relation to the ‘Assyrian Ques- every successful modern nation has al- Social Sciences and Humanities Re- upon an Assyrian-focused research tion’. Second, the immediate and prac- ways done. search Council (Canada) – “SSHRC agenda. Assyrians, for Assyrians.’ tical implications of investing in, and strategically supports world-leading developing, Assyrian studies are dis- Assyrian Americans should consid- initiatives that reflect a commitment to An organization focusing on Assyrian cussed. Finally, the types of institutional er the profound and yet simple state- ensuring a better future for Canada and studies supported by the community arrangements necessary for sustaining ment about the history of the American the world.” [http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc. will enable some oumtanayeh scholars a strong and positive role for Assyrian Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) ca/about-au_sujet/index-eng.aspx] the freedom to choose Assyrian-focused studies are broadly elaborated. provided on its website. It says the orga- research subjects. They can expect sup- nization “was founded in 1780, during If Americans, Britons and Canadians port in the research process and then Assyrian studies can and should strive the American Revolution, by John Ad- understand that their best scholars in can expect support for holding the types to be inclusive of a variety of disciplines ams, John Hancock, and 60 other schol- the social sciences can meaningfully of academic conference events to profile within the social sciences in order to ar-patriots who understood that a new help resolve major challenges facing their work among non-Assyrian schol- adapt to whatever challenges Assyrians republic would require institutions their people, then the only important ars with a view to getting published. All are facing. However, this article consid- able to gather knowledge and advance question is: can Assyrians afford to ig- of this serves multiple goals in a single ers history (ancient, early modern and learning in service to the public good.” nore this reality? The answer is clearly, effort: (i) assert the legitimacy of Assyri- modern), political science, linguistics, The American Academy of Arts and No. Fortunately for Assyrians, one of the an studies in every discipline where this archeology, economics, sociology, secu- Sciences identifies itself as “an indepen- key requirements for establishing Assyr- is being challenged, (ii) allow Assyrian rity studies and literature as essential dent research center convening leaders ian studies already exists: oumtanayeh scholars to produce the type of work fields constituting Assyrian studies. from across disciplines, professions, scholars (like the ‘scholar patriots’ who that allows them to be successful schol- Altogether, these various disciplines and perspectives to address significant established the American Academy). ars and to successfully produce research in the social sciences can be applied to challenges.” [https://www.amacad.org/ Assyrians who care deeply about their that is relevant to Assyrians, (iii) creates addressing the ‘Assyrian Question’. The about-academy] It is not relevant to the people’s future and fate have earned the the intellectual space in academia for Assyrian Question is the term used by argument that John Adams went on to highest degrees possible in a variety of future scholars who will face less hur- western powers who were deciding the become an American President. It is rel- fields that can constitute Assyrian stud- dles and obstacles in pursuing Assyrian fate of their Assyrian allies after World evant to this argument that when Amer- ies. These oumtanayeh scholars require studies. War One (WWI). Western leaders an- ica faced an existential crisis, the best the resources to organize themselves in swered the Assyrian Question after and brightest were organized and their order to make their knowledge and tal- I will provide one clear illustration of WWI by breaking their agreements knowledge became an asset to serve ents relevant for sustainably serving the what is being described here for the with their Assyrian allies and empower- their people. Assyrian people. This article argues that reader’s sake. Dr. Mariam Georgis holds ing those who fought against the Allied providing these oumtanayeh scholars a Ph.D. in political science from the Uni- cause to further subjugate and destroy The American Academy is not the only with the resources to organize Assyrian versity of Alberta. Riva Gewarges is a Assyrians. Foreign powers have been organization of its kind in America. studies is essential to our future. political science Ph.D. candidate at Mc- answering the Assyrian Question again Also, Canada and the United Kingdom, Master University. Both specialize in in- and again, leaving no role for Assyrians among others, sustain similar organiza- Earning the highest possible degrees in digenous studies which is an expanding in deciding their own fate. Assyrians tions with government funding express- social studies often costs the student a field with important academic develop- must decide if they want to answer the ly to serve their national interest. Below great deal, especially in terms of debt. ments but also growing political signifi- Assyrian Question themselves. If they are excerpts about these organizations Careers are very difficult to establish cance in countries with indigenous pop- do, it is necessary to then invest in As- reflecting how national support of so- and earnings allow a decent lifestyle ulations and in the international system. syrian studies. cial studies is understood as central to but not one that is lucrative. The vast Establishing Assyrians as legitimate enhancing the national interest: majority of oumtanayeh scholars with topics of study and actors in the field Readers may doubt the claim that As- Ph.D.’.s in fields relevant for Assyrian of indigenous studies is a tremendous syrian studies is essential to answering American Council of Learned Societies studies are immigrants or first genera- challenge in itself but also presents a the Assyrian Question for themselves. (USA) – “The founders of the ACLS— tion citizens in their countries of birth. challenge in getting published. Despite That is understandable because Assyr- representatives of the 13 learned societ- They are disadvantaged in almost every these challenges, Dr. Mariam Georgis

6 7 and Riva Gewarges have been able to get portunity to focus on those fields which some work published in highly respect- constitute Assyrian studies and serve Dr. Helen Malko, President of ASA ed academic journals. By doing so, they the national interest. help establish the legitimacy of Assyri- ans in indigenous studies. This litera- Reflecting broadly on how Assyrian ture impacts on policy discussions deal- studies can serve the national interest ing with social, economic and political constitutes the concluding part of this Dr. Helen Malko is an anthropological archaeologist (ASA) bridges fields that policy questions affecting indigenous article. An Assyrian studies organiza- with training in cultural heritage preservation and mu- have traditionally exper- peoples addressed in international fo- tion must not only develop the strat- seum practices. She is a Program Director at Columbia imented with Assyrian rums that can impact Assyrians. Final- egies to advance Assyrian studies but University in the City of New York. Her research has been subjects and provides a ly, laying the foundations for Assyrians to also make the knowledge accessible focused on archaeology of the Near East as well as the de- comprehensive and in- within the field of indigenous studies and, where possible, relevant to the lives ensures that future Assyrian scholars of Assyrians. Such an organization must struction of monuments and historical landscapes in Iraq terdisciplinary approach. in this field will face lower hurdles and develop deep and firm linkages with and its impact on the local communities, including the Furthermore, the fact that fewer challenges. Future scholars can all forms of community organizations Assyrians. Other areas of her scholarly interest include the Association is founded by Assyrian scholars will allow more easily get on with their research (national, regional and local). Dissemi- cultural representation in Iraqi museums and ideas of for an emic perspective on Assyrians, their cultures, and work which will further enhance how nating knowledge and empowering As- historical consciousness and cultural exchange. histories to emerge and become part of a more complete Assyrians are understood as an indig- syrians where feasible and equipping enous people with fundamental rights Assyrian community leaders with the academic work. ASA hopes to highlight contributions of “Assyrians are understood and develop strategies to secure some of knowledge to pursue the best possible Dr. Malko received a PhD from Stony Brook University, Assyrian scholars in science, humanities, social sciences and those rights. solutions to pressing challenges. and a master’s degree from Baghdad University. She was beyond, bringing them into concert with each other in order as an indigenous people awarded the Andrew W. Mellon Fellowship to conduct to illustrate the vibrant, robust, and authentic experience Dr. Mariam Georgis and Riva Gewarges An Assyrian studies organization sup- research in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, of Assyria and its heritage. The Association will also build with fundamental rights escaped Iraq after the First Gulf War as ported by the community must retain children and their families had to re- full academic freedom to develop re- Metropolitan Museum (2012- 2014). From 2014 to 2017, Dr. connections with academic institutions and non-Assyrian and develop strategies to build their lives in Diaspora. The time search without political interference Malko was a Postdoctoral Scholar in the Department of scholars to strengthen the academic study of Assyrians and resources involved in getting pub- but in a manner that remains account- Art History and Archaeology and the Italian Academy for throughout North America and the world. secure some of those rights.” lished are obstacles for all scholars but able to the Assyrian people. Developing Advanced Studies at Columbia University. She has been especially scholars in these conditions, strong linkages with national, regional a field member and Content Manger for the Columbia Lately, Assyrian cultural heritage, both Christian and which so many Assyrians face. Despite and local organizations and Assyrian these challenges, they are slowly mak- social networks through donors can University Project Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments, pre-Christian, has become a target for what scholars are ing critical progress. An organization fo- ensure that the organization is capable a topographical survey of the standing historical monu- now calling urbicide, that is, the destruction of cities and cused on Assyrian studies could ensure of being responsive to the needs of As- ments, including rock reliefs carved into the cliff faces of urban landscapes due to armed conflict, theft and vandal- those challenges are diminished and syrians and can be held to account for the mountains, early Christian churches and monasteries, ism, sociopolitical and economic factors. In several cases, accelerate their progress, enhancing how well it is performing in serving the early Islamic, Ottoman and twentieth century architecture Assyrian heritage sites and associated local communities their chances for academic success. The Assyrian national interest. work they produce serves the Assyrian and monuments throughout Iraq and Southeast Turkey. have been simultaneously targeted, thus wiping out the peo- national interest by raising the profile If readers are deeply concerned about Among her forthcoming publications are “Heritage Wars: ple’s history and threatening their very existence, resulting of Assyrians as an indigenous people in the future of Assyrians then they will A Cultural Genocide in Iraq” in Cultural Genocide: Law, in the re-writing of history in certain parts of the Assyrian the context of an international system promote support for an Assyrian stud- Politics, and Global Manifestations, ed. Jeffrey Bachman homeland. These and other situations have forced Assyrians dealing with the rights of indigenous ies organization. If that support is suffi- (London: Routledge, 2019), a co-authored article “Parthian throughout the world to face yet another crisis, that is the peoples. cient to sustain the operation of such an organization, then it would be reason- Rock Reliefs in Iraqi Kurdistan” in Iraq, the BISI Journal, complete loss and obliteration of their heritage, history, and No other organization or group is going able to ask: how many scholars are ad- and The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an cultural memory. The lack of action from local governments, to invest in Assyrian studies. Assyrians vancing research with material support, Ethnic Identity, in Studies on the Sealand and Babylonia as well as the International Community, to protect Assyri- are the only group that can invest in As- how many publications are generated, under the Kassites, eds. Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden ans and their cultures in their ancestral homeland, makes syrian studies in a manner that ensures how many academic conferences carry (Berlin: De Gruyter 2019). In addition to fieldwork and preserving this ancient culture a critical task as members of Assyrians as a people, whose existence content supported by the organization, is threatened, benefit from the work how many careers are progressing and research, Dr. Malko has been teaching at various schools this community. To this end, I perceive ASA as an entity that produced by Assyrian scholars. This re- how many are getting assistance in find- in New York City. will provide a means to document, preserve, and promote ality constitutes the last part of the argu- ing academic jobs by the organization? research on Assyrian long history, their diverse cultures and ment put forth in this article. Community supporters of an Assyrian Helen Malko’s Contribution communities throughout the world and in the homeland, studies organization can also ask: how As an anthropological archaeologist working on an- now and in the future. The nature of the Assyrian Question much content is provided in accessible requires answers from Assyrian studies format to be used by national, regional cient cultures of Mesopotamia and the cultural heritage of which are overwhelmingly part of the and local organizations? Finally, those today’s Iraq, I find the establishment of an association that My current role as president of ASA includes both conduct- social sciences: political science, eco- supporting such an organization should focuses on Assyrians and their rich culture and history ing research and fieldwork on topics related to Assyrian nomics, history, security studies, and ask how the research supported by an of great importance. Meant to promote the academic traditions and cultural practices as well as managing various linguistics, to name only a few relevant Assyrian studies organization is reach- study of Assyria and Assyrian people through support- aspects of the Association. The goal is for ASA to become disciplines. Nations that constitute ter- ing and affecting policy discussions that ritorial states must concern themselves impact on the lives of Assyrians? ing research, teaching, and intellectual collaboration the primary place to go to for both scholars and members of with the full range of societal challeng- among scholars in fields of history, archaeology, cultural the public interested in Assyria and Assyrians, in addition to es building expertise in the health sec- heritage, language, etc., the Assyrian Studies Association their stories. tor, natural sciences, and similar fields. While mental health issues do present a unique set of challenges facing As- syrians due to traumatic experiences, Assyrians benefit from living in adop- tive countries that address these other issues. This allows Assyrians the op-

8 9 his article appeared), the dialect could die out, he wrote. Jan Bet-Sawoçe and Anahit Khosroeva have extended this The previous year, Joseph Yacoub finished his dissertation, kind of research into the archives of the Vatican, and those A Past With a Future: Studying the entitled The Assyrian Question [etc.], explaining why this of the former Soviet republics in Khosroeva’s work. In 2006, was occurring. He has since published a series of other Taner Akçam, who has taught at universities in Canada and books, culminating in The Year of the Sword. Jastrow and the United States, wrote that based on his study of the Ot- Assyrian Minority in the Middle East his counterparts in the study of Turoyo, Helga Anschutz and toman archives, Ottoman deportation policies affecting the Hellmut Ritter, published many volumes on the dialect by Armenians also swept up the Assyrians and Greeks and that 1984. Other scholars, like Hirmis Aboona, J.M. Fiey, Jonas these policies had been formulated prior to the war with By Dr. Hannibal Travis Greenfield, Michael Morony, J.C.J. Sanders, and Dorothy Britain and Russia, contrary to some accounts. Weltecke have covered the ancient and medieval heritage of the modern Assyrians at great length. Like Wigram, these My book Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Em- Modern Assyrian studies does not have a very long history In 1916, the British Blue Book published accounts of the authors provide evidence that modern Syrian Orthodox pire, Iraq, and Sudan (Carolina Academic Press, 2010), was as a concept. In the largest searchable corpus of books, Assyrian genocide by Surma d’Bait Mar Shimun, Y.M. and Church of the East Christians had cultural roots in the the first to include a legal analysis of the genocides of the “Assyrian Studies” as a field that might include modern Nisan, Dr. Jacob Sargis, Paul Shimmun, and others. In ancient Assyrian civilization. Assyrians in the 1840s and 1980s along with the one more topics such as the neo-Aramaic songs of Rawe or the the preface to a handwritten diary of the sufferings of the generally written about, which occurred in the 1910s and neo-Aramaic dialect of Turoyo does not appear until after Assyrians from the 1890s to the end of the First World In 2004, Tessa Hofmann published a series of studies by 1920s. The British press reported that the Assyrian tribes of the Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies uses the phrase War, Abed Mshiho Neman described the stories he told as a variety of scholars on these issues, entitled Verfolgung, the Hakkari mountains were hunted down and exterminat- in 1985; “American Studies” is dated to 1928. Of course, coming directly from the lips of the Assyrians of Tur Abdin Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen ed. Raphael Lemkin, the inventor of the treaty against geno- Assyrian studies defined to include Assyriology and an- and thereabouts. He compiled this book in 1918, and it may Reich 1912-1922. Prior to that, John Joseph published an cide, wrote of Assyrians in the late Ottoman Empire, whose cient Semitic civilizations in general is a much older field appear from Edinburgh University Press this year or next. account of Western diplomatic and missionary interest in villages were desolated and deserted because, despite being of study. Others wrote accounts of the Assyrian genocide, including the Assyrians, republished in 2000 with the title The Mod- the empire’s “most peaceable inhabitants,” their populations Abraham Yohannan, Eugene Griselle, Joseph Naayem, Basil ern Assyrians of the Middle East [etc.]. Edgar (and William) were murdered, including their children. Many subsequent There are several key moments of transition in the Nikitine, Jacques Rhétoré, and Hyacinthe Simon. Wigram, Yacoub Ismail, M.A. Lalayan, and others published studies refer to about half to two-thirds of the Ottoman pre-history of Assyrian Studies. In the nineteenth centu- accounts of Assyrian life in Hakkari and how it came to a Assyrian population dying in massacres, pandemics, and ry, the works of Asmar, Badger, Layard, Rassam, Shedd, The prefaces and forewords to many of the works cited here virtual end due to Ottoman and Turkish extremism. Heleen exposure to the elements during deportations from 1894 to and others brought attention to the survival of an Assyrian offer insights as to what Assyrian Studies might have to offer. Murre van den Burgh and Eden Naby have written on As- 1926. My book also cited more recent estimates that Iraq’s and Babylonian remnant among the Arabs and Ottomans Yohannan described himself as a florist, gathering the petals syrian nationalism and cultural revival in the literary scene Christian population was cut by about half due to targeted in Anatolia and Mesopotamia. William Wigram drew on and stems of other scholars, including Shedd, and as writing of Urmia, Persia, to which many Hakkari Assyrians fled, the attacks and mass displacements between 2003 and 2008-9, some of this material to write histories of the Assyrians. in a time of “no interest” in Nestorians or Assyrians, de- former under the title From a Spoken to a Written Language from more than a million down to 600,000 or even 300,000, spite substantial interest in persecutions of Armenians and [etc.] and the latter under the title Ishtar: Documenting The and accounts of how entire neighborhoods of Assyrians Today, one sometimes reads claims that modern Assyri- Jews, for example. Odisho wrote that he spent many years Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community. The migration in Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul were emptied of Assyrians, ans have nothing to do with ancient Assyrians, although studying the sound system of neo-Aramaic, which he called of Ottoman and Urmia Assyrians to the United States has prefiguring the same treatment in 2014 to the present in the no one can seem to agree whether they are “truly” Arabs, modern Assyrian, under professors at the University of been ably studied in several books since the 1980s. Nineveh Plains, Kirkuk, and Mosul again. The Yezidis of the Arameans, Chaldeans, Kurds, Jews, Persians, or some Leeds and with the help of Jastrow and Wolfhart Heinrichs Mosul region and the Mandaeans of the Basra region had mixture of these and others. The works of Rassam, Wi- of Harvard. Like Otto Jastrow, he described the language of Gabriele Yonan’s Ein vergassener Holocaust: die Vernich- experienced a similar mass displacement, as I warned in the gram, and others put those claims to the test. Assyrians the Assyrians as at risk of extinction. tung der christlichen Assyrer in der Türkei in 1989, pub- lead-up to the Yezidi and Christian genocide of 2014-2015, residing in upper Mesopotamia within the past 200 years lished by the Society for Threatened Peoples, collected which has since been recognized by a variety of authorities. remembered and could recite some ancient Assyrian In 1985, in the first issue of the Journal of Assyrian Aca- and contextualized testimonies from Assyrian victims and Well before 2014, I noted that Iraq’s president and prime magical spells that are thousands of years old, according demic Studies, Jastrow warned of the coming extinction of British and German observers, describing the massacres and minister, the organization Genocide Watch, the U.N. Secre- to Wigram. the modern Assyrian language in Turkey, the neo-Aramaic deportations of the Assyrians from the 1840s to the 1920s. tary-General’s special adviser on genocide, and others had dialect of Turoyo. About 15 years from now (50 from the year

1 Maria Therea Asmar, Memoirs of a Babylonian Princess, in 2 vols. (London: Colburn & Co., 1844); Austen Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, in 2 vols. 5 Hirmis Aboona, Āshūrīyūn baʻda suqūṭ Nīnawá, vol. 5: al-Qabāʼil al-As̄hūrīyah al-mustaqillah fī Tayārī wa-Ḥakāri: wa-al-aqālīm al-As̄hūrīyah al-muḥīṭah (Paris: Galignani & Co., 1850); G.P. Badger, The Nestorians and Their Rituals [etc.], in 2 vols. (London: Joseph Masters, 1852); Austen Layard, A Popular bi-hā (Chicago: Alpha Graphic, 1999); Al kanfei Yonah: Collected Studies of Jonas C. Greenfield on Semitic Philology (Leiden: Brill, 2001); Jean Maurice Fiey, Assyrie Account of Discoveries at Nineveh (London: John Murray, 1851); Hormuzd Rassam, Assur and the Land of Nimrud (Cincinnati; Curts & Jennings, 1897); chrétienne, vols. 2-3 (Beirut: Imprimerie catholique, 1965); Michael Morony, Iraq After the Muslim Conquest (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Michael Hormuzd Rassam, “Biblical Lands, Their Topography, Races, Religious, Languages and Customs, Ancient and Modern,” Journal of the Transactions of the Morony, “Magic and Society in Late Sassanian Iraq,” in Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World, Joel Walker et al., eds. (University Victoria Institute/Philosophical Society of Great Britain 30 (1896-97): 29-84; William Shedd, “The Syrians of Persia and Eastern Turkey,” Bulletin of the Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2003), pp. 83–107; J.C.J. Sanders, Assyrian-Chaldean Christians in Eastern Turkey and Iran: Their Last Homeland Re-Charted (Hernen, American Geographical Society 35 (1903): 1-7. Netherlands: A.A. Brediusstichting, 1997), Dorothea Weltecke, “Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity,” in Religious Origins of Nations?: The Christian 2 William Wigram, The Assyrians and Their Neighbors (Piscataway, NJ : Gorgias Press, 2002) [London, 1929], pp. 186–90. Communities of the Middle East, Bas ter Haar Romeny ed. (Leiden: Brill 2010), pp. 115-126; Dorothea Weltecke, “The World Chronicle of Patriarch Michael the Great 3 Eugene Griselle, Syriens et Chaldéens: Leur Martyre, Leurs Espérances (Pairs: Bloud et Gay, 1918); Jean Naayem, Les Assyro-chaldéens et les Arméniens (1126-1199): Some Reflections,” Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 11, No. 2 (1997): 6-30; see also, The Story of Ahikar, F.C. Conybeare & J. Rendel Harris, eds. & massacrés par les Turcs. Documents inédits recueillis par un témoin oculaire (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1920), http://www.imprescriptible.fr/documents/naayem/; trans. (London: C.J. Clay & Sons, 1898). Joseph Naayem, Shall This Nation Die? (New York: Chaldean Rescue, 1920); Basil Nikitine, “Une petite nation victime de la guerre: les Chaldéens,” Revue 6 Al kanfei Yonah, pp. 336–42; Fiey, Assyrie chretienne, p. 391; Morony, Iraq after the Muslim Conquest, pp. 394- 95, 416-17, Weltecke, “Syriac Orthodox Identity,” p. des Sciences politiques 44, no. 2 (1921): 614; Jacques Rhétoré, « Les Chrétiens aux bêtes » Souvenirs de la guerre sainte proclamée par les Turcs contre 119. See also, “The Doctrine of Addaeus,” in Ancient Syriac Documents Relative to the Earliest Establishment of Christianity in Edessa and the Neighboring Coun- les chrétiens en 1915 (Joseph Alichoran ed. and trans., Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2005); Hyacinthe Simon, Mardine la ville herioque. Autel et tombeau de tries, William Cureton ed. and trans. (Amsterdam, Oriental Press, 1967), p. 14; Sebastian Brock, “Syriac Culture, 337–425,” in The Cambridge Ancient History: The l’Arménie (Asie Mineure) durant les massacres de 1915. (Jounieh, Lebanon: Maison Naaman pour la Culture, 1991). Late Empire, A.D. 337-425, John Bagnell Bury et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 713. 4 The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1988), p. xvii. 7 Yacoub Bar Malik Ismail, Assyrians and Two World Wars (Assyrian Youth Cultural Society Press/Lulu.com, 2014); M.A. Lalayan [Lilian], Assyrians of the Van

10 11 warned of religious minorities suffering genocide in Iraq. nian and Assyrian genocide, that it was a series of measures needed to defend “Turkish towns” and their residents from The Assyrian genocide in the First World War and its after- foreign powers, especially Russia, and Armenian “bandits.” An Enchanting math has been recognized alongside the Armenian genocide by the European Parliament, the Swedish parliament, the There are substantial opportunities for the growth of Assyr- Musical Moment Armenian parliament, the state of California, the state of ian Studies. The republication of historic texts is well along New York, the parliament of New South Wales, Australia, from various presses such as Atour Publications, Gorgias and to a certain extent by the Greek parliament, the Dutch Press, Nineveh Press, and Nisibin, and websites such as by Eizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. lower house of parliament, and the German parliament. In atour.com and aina.org. Work remains to be done to match my new book, I discuss these resolutions, their failed coun- what other communities have achieved for their heritage, es- terparts in the United States and the United Kingdom, and pecially anthologies of journalism and government reports many of the sources supporting such a resolution. on the Assyrian genocide and subsequent events; many such compilations have appeared for Armenians, Jews, and other Violinist Samuel Chen and Pianist Honiball Joseph Over the past decade, a group of scholars have worked groups. Histories of historically Assyrian towns and sub- together with the support of Assyrian foundations to gath- regions should be written; a notable book series achieved er, selectively digitize and catalogue, and provide limited this for Armenian parts of Anatolia. Partial inventories of A violin and piano recital entitled “Moment Musi- (2001-2015) and the Messiah Ensemble (1998-2015). He also previews of essential archival material for use in Assyrian Assyrian religious and cultural property have appeared in cal” was held on Saturday, September 29, 2018 at the Finn conceived and established the Virtual Iranian Global Art Studies scholarship. This is important work, because it journals, including the Journal of Assyrian Academic Stud- Center in Mountain View, CA. The event was hosted by Festival in 2005 and served as its chair for three consecutive remains a challenge to publish or teach Assyrian Studies. ies, but could be broadened and systematized. Full academ- the Gilgamesh Art and Culture Foundation and featured terms (2006-2008). There is limited demand for it, in part because some of those ic studies must be completed on the Assyrian experience of renowned Assyrian pianist Honiball Joseph and acclaimed who participate in the lucrative markets for Syriac Studies, Turkey’s and Iraq’s civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s, Assyri- violinist Samuel Chen. The recital boasted violin and piano During the current recital, Honiball Joseph ad- Persian Studies, Kurdish Studies, Turkish Studies, Arab ans during the Iranian revolution and sanctions period, and duets, as well as solo performances to the beloved music of dressed the audience in English, Assyrian, and Farsi. He Studies, and Middle East Studies refer to Assyrians as fake, the intertwined fates of Assyrians, Mandaeans, and Yezidis famous classical composers such as Mozart, Bach, Chopin, specifically thanked the Assyrian Foundation of America for imagined, dwindling, or “moot.” Countless books and arti- in post-2003 Iraq. Dvorak, and Kreisler to name but a few. supporting his musical endeavors to bring classical Europe- cles have been published, including by British and Ameri- an music to the Assyrian community, as well as to introduce can scholars, reviving the Young Turk theory of the Arme- Honiball Joseph is an accomplished musician, Western audiences to traditional/classical Assyrian music. composer, conductor, pianist, and music educator with Moreover, he organizes regular concerts for music lovers over thirty years of extensive international experience. In who wish to support his work by purchasing season passes. addition to numerous recitals, he has organized, conduct- For more information, please see the Facebook page for the District During the Rule of the Ottoman Turks, Fransa Babilla trans. (Tehran, 1968), http://www.aina.org/books/aov.htm; Edgar Wigram, “The Ashirét Highlands of ed, arranged and composed several orchestral and vocal Gilgamesh Art and Culture Foundation. Hakkiari (Mesopotamia),” Journal of the Central Asian Society 3, no. 2-3 (1916): 40-59. 8 Sargon Donabed and Ninos Donabed, Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia, 2006); Arian Ishaya, Class and Ethnicity in Ru- concerts throughout California as well as at the most presti- ral California: The Assyrian Community of Modesto–Turlock, Ph.D. diss., anthropology, UCLA, 1985; Arian Ishaya, Familiar Faces in Unfamiliar Places: Assyrians gious concert halls in his native Iran. He is the founder and Post Scriptum: in the California Heartland (Bloomington, IN: XLibris, 2010); Vasili Shoumanov, Assyrians in Chicago (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia, 2001). current Chief Executive Officer of Gilgamesh Art & Culture Honiball performed at the extremely impressive British Museum 9 Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (New York: Macmillan, 2006), pp. 8, 88-93, 201, 290-91. 10 European Parliament (2006) Resolution of 27 September 2006 on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession, ¶ 56, A6-0269/2006, P6_TA(2006)0381, http://www. Foundation, in addition to founding and directing the Gil- exhibit entitled, “I am Ashurbanipal, King of the World, King of As- europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2006-0381&language=EN&ring=A6-2006-0269. gamesh Philharmonic Orchestra (2016-present), the Iranian syria” that took place from November 8, 2018 to February 24, 2019 11 Resolution of the Swedish Parliament on the Assyrian and Greek Genocides; Motion to the Riksdag 2008/09:U332 (2010). Choir of America (2015-present), the Beneil Music Academy 12 Weekly Staff, “Armenia Recognizes Assyrian and Greek Genocides,” Armenian Weekly, Mar. 4, 2015, http://armenianweekly.com/2015/03/04/armenia-Assyri- an-greek-genocides/. 13 State of California, “Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 144-Genocide Prevention and Awareness Month” (2010), http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billText- Client.xhtml?bill_id=200920100ACR144; State of California, “Senate Joint Resolution No. 21” (May 12, 2014), 14 NY State Governor George E. Pataki Proclaims May 19th, 2002 as the 80th Anniversary of the Persecution of Greeks of Asia Minor; NY State Governor David A. Paterson, Proclamation of April 24, 2008 as Armenian Remembrance Day. 15 Anna Patty & Judith Whelan, “MPs Warned Off Armenia with Anzac Threat,” The Age (Australia), Nov. 16, 2013, http://www.theage.com.au/national/mps- warned-off-armenia-with-anzac-threat-20131115-2xmcc.html; “Turkey Condemns Australian Motion on Syriac, Armenian, Greek ‘genocide’,” BBC Monitoring Europe [London] (May 9, 2013), advance.lexis.com. South Australia, one of the other six Australian states, had passed a similar measure in 2009. Turkish Embassy in Prishtina, Kosovo, News from the Turkish Foreign Ministry: Press Release Regarding the Resolutions Adopted by the Parliament of South Australia (July 5, 2009), http://prishtina.emb.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=116240. 16 RIA Novosti, “Greek Parliament Adopts Bill Criminalizing Genocide Denial,” Sept. 10, 2014; Nektaria Stamouli and Alkman Granitsas, Greece’s Parliament Ap- proves Hate-Crime Law (Sept. 12, 2014), http://stophatecrimes.org/post_greece.html. 17 “Dutch Parliament Recognizes Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Genocides,” Armenian Radio (Apr. 10, 2015), https://old.armradio.am/en/2015. 18 Miriam Abraham, German Recognition of Armenian, Assyrian Genocide: History and Politics, Assyrian International News Agency/Seyfo Center (June 7, 2016), http://www.seyfocenter.com/english/german-recognition-of-armenian-assyrian-genocide-history-and-politics/. 19 The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2017), http://tinyurl.com/assyrianbook. 20 Quoted in Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-state: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), 127. For summa- ries and rebuttals of such work, see Richard G. Hovannisian, “The Critic’s View: Beyond Revisionism,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 9 (1978): 337- 86; Richard Falk, “Foreword: The Armenian Genocide in Official Turkish Records,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Vol. 22 (1994): i; Vahakn Dadrian, “The Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians as Documented by the Officials of the Ottoman Empire’s World War I Allies: Germany and Austria-Hun- gary,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34 (2002): 59-85. 21 E.g., Richard Hovannisian ed., Armenian Van/Vaspurakan (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2000); Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2002). The sleek modern design of the Finn Center Honiball conducting a concert in Malibu 12 13 been changing over the past few decades, with as our history, culture, language and even iden- new discoveries in both the Assyrian heartland tity has been divided chronologically, geograph- Taking the next step and the peripheral regions of the empire. ically, politically, and on sectarian grounds, into numerous disjointed and seemingly unrelated groups. There is no academic discipline or book Dr. Robert Karoukian With the start of the Christian era, there, again, is a large amount of material. Much of it on that follows Assyrian history as one continuous theological and philosophical topics; but, also narrative, from the beginning to the present. literary, historical, scientific, and about other Noting this absence as well as the growing Growing up in Urmi, things were simple: we coming messy. I had so many questions about disciplines. However, it was not under the key- number young Assyrian women and men were Assyrians (Sūrāyѐ/Ătūrăyѐ; Persian: our history; our language and why there are so word Assyria(-n). In the books concerning that choosing to pursue graduate work in academic Ăšūrī; Armenian: Ăsōrī; Turkish: Ăsōri, etc.). many dialects; how we ended up living in so period, Assyria and Assyrians were now called fields where we are un-/underrepresented, the We were from different villages, we had dif- many different countries and, yet, don’t have our Syria and Syrian, respectively; the language, AFA decided, some twenty years ago, to focus its ferent accents, we went to different churches; own country; why there are so many churches if Syriac; and the people divided into Nestorians (limited) educational grants to encourage and but, we were members of one/the same ethnic they all preach about the same Christ, etc. and Jacobites (or, East-Syrians and West-Syri- support those students. Over the years, with the group, and were recognized as such by all the ans, respectively) and, later, Chaldeans, on sec- generous support of our members as well as the non-Assyrians around us. My search for answers started at the public tarian grounds (which some authors used –and, Assyrian community, in general, we have been library (this was before Google, Wikipedia, or some, continue to use- as equivalent to ethnic able to increase our annual budget for cultural/ My mother was born in Ukraine and was Pente- [personal] computers). Searching for books us- designations). educational projects to over $30,000. costal; my father was the son of a Seyfo survivor, ing the key-word Assyria(-n) did not yield much and a Catholic. We went to both churches as more than William Soroyan’s book and The Arts This alphabet soup of terms used to refer to And, now, with this issue of Nineveh magazine, well as the Presbyterian Church and Church of of Assyria. It was only after visiting San Francis- Assyria and Assyrians (and our language) has we are pleased to announce the establishment the East. We were the same people, speaking co State University and consulting the reference continued to grow and become even more of the Assyrian Studies Association (ASA). An and worshipping in the same language, the same librarian that my education on how to search for confusing, making the life of a young Assyr- academic organization established by Assyrian god and scriptures. material/information about Assyria(-ns) started. ian student searching for information about her heritage even more difficult. But, the most scholars to fulfill a great gap and need in As- syrian Studies. As stated in the name, it will be Things got a bit complicated when we came In libraries and bookstores I searched in sec- degrading trend has been to deny us any ethnic inclusive of all things Assyrian, from the dawn to the United States. I met Assyrians from Iraq tions on history, art, language, church history, identity. In the context of the ongoing overt and of history to the present. It will restore the con- and Syria as well as those born here. I learned etc., going through tables of contents, indices, covert ethnic cleansing of Assyrians in the Near tinuous narrative of our artificially fragmented of the various tribes and the dialects they speak, bibliographies, footnotes, and references. I East, we are referred to as “the Christian minori- history and heritage. In this issue, are included some of which I could hardly understand. I learned that I needed to broaden my search cri- ty”; a non-descript religious group. The equiv- articles by a few members of the ASA, detailing also learned of animosity among some Assyri- teria, depending on/according to the subject and alent “Academic” designation is “Syriac-speak- its founding, goals, projects, etc. ans based on country of birth, tribal affiliation, time-period the book covered and when/where/ ing Christians”; again, no ethnic identity. The and even church membership! The Assyrian by whom it was written. local powers have adopted a modified version The AFA is proud to support the ASA financially Foundation of America (AFA) was an exception of this last designation to come up with terms and otherwise; however, it must be made quite in this regard. It included Assyrians of various For example, searching in the ancient history like: “Syriac-speaking Christian Arabs/Turks/ clear that the ASA is not part of the AFA. It’s an flavors; but, rather than those differences being section, using key-words like Assyria, Mesopota- Kurds, etc.”, for obvious political reasons. And, independent, not-for-profit, academic organiza- cause for division and fragmentation, they were mia, cuneiform, etc., was sufficient to get to the when “academics” use the term Assyrian, in the tion, with its own set of by-laws. The AFA will in appreciated and celebrated as representing an desired books and journals. modern context, it is always used in quotations, no way dictate to or interfere with its activities. all-inclusive Assyria. No one was any more or with an accompanying explanation/disclaimer, less Assyrian. This continues to be the policy In 612 B.C., however, at the moment Nineveh fell, stating that modern Assyrians have no connec- I invite you to join the AFA in congratulating (and source of strength) of the AFA. there seemed to have occurred an instantaneous tion to the ancient Assyrians. our scholars in this undertaking and to help us and complete disappearance of Assyria and As- continue to support them and the many other My simple and very clear Assyrian world, the syrians! I could not find anything about Assyria Until recently, we, Assyrians, have largely been cultural and educational projects, here in the Urmi version, was rapidly expanding and be- or Assyrians from that point onward –this has spectators with no input, at the academic level, San Francisco Bay Area and internationally.

14 15 Yet the ceremonial removal of the king’s power was con- dragging him by the ears to the image of Bel, in front of sidered a vital procedure to reaffirm the bond between the whom he was The Ancient Akitu Festival and community and the gods, the community here being rep- required to kneel. The king was required to pray for for- resented by the king in temple ritual. giveness and to promise that he had not been neglectful the Humbling of the King of his duties. Front of the throne base of Shalmaneser III of Assyr- By April Holloway ia, showing the Assyrian king and Marduk­zakir­šumi I “The list of the king’s promises and assurances was long Courtesy of Ancient-Origins.net of Babylon shaking hands in a public display of Assyro­ and contained all that both clergy and the ordinary peo- Babylonian friendship. From Kalhu. Iraq Museum, IM ple usually demand from their ruler,” writes JPost. “It was 65574. Image source: University College London . only after the king finished this list of assurances, well pre- The Akitu festival was one of the oldest Mesopotamian festivals, dating back to the mid- pared ahead of time, that the chief priest struck him hard dle of the third millennium BC. It was during this twelve day ceremonial event, which The Akitu festival was dedicated to the rebirth of the sun upon the cheek, with an open hand but as strongly as he god Marduk, one of the chief gods in the Babylonian pan- could. The blow had to be decisive and hard, for accord- began at the first New Moon after the Spring Equinox in March/April, that a unique theon, who was believed to have created the world out of ing to tradition tears had to flow from the king’s eyes as an tradition took place in order to humble the king and remind him of his role to serve the chaos. To prevent the god of chaos from regaining control, indication that Bel (and his wife Beliya) were friendly, an the New Year ceremony reenacted­ the original victory of omen which purported to assure king’s future success and will of the god Marduk in order to properly provide for the community. The head priest Marduk over the forces of destruction. It began with a the prosperity of the country.” would strip the king of his regalia and slap him hard in the face. The Babylonians be- great procession that included the king, members of his court, priests, and statues of the gods passed through the A steady flow of tears assured the priest and the people the lieved that if the king teared up, Marduk approved him to be king for another year. Ishtar Gate and along the Processional Way to the “Akitu” king’s reign would be prosperous and his crown and royal temple, dedicated to Marduk. regalia were returned to him. As well as testing the gods’ approval for his reign, the hard slap was intended to re- In a featured article about the ancient tradition of slapping the king, The Jerusalem Post The Akitu Festival began with a great procession through mind the king to be humble and to inspire him to remain the Ishtar Gate towards the temple of Marduk. Image focused on his duties and obligations towards his people writes: “It might be interesting to note that a great Babylonian king like Nebuchadnezzar source. and his gods. II (605­562 BCE), well known in our chronicles as the destroyer of Judea and of the First On either the fourth day of the festival, the king was to face “However, the humiliation of the king during the New Year Jerusalem Temple in 597 BCE, the mighty conqueror of the entire ancient world who his trial. The high priest greeted the king before tempo- ritual served a double purpose,” writes JPost. “It demon- considered himself to be the king of kings, would willingly and meekly, once a year, sub- rarily stripping him of his crown and royal insignia, and mit himself to such a humiliating procedure”.

16 17 Congratulations

Sabrina Odah

40 Under 40: Construction Champions of 2018

The following is only one part and an excerpt from the Construction Champions list for 2018. Courtesy of https://blog.plangrid.com strated to the king that without his crown, sword and Somewhere along the line, the king slapping tradition Meet Construction’s Rising Stars, Movers and Shakers of the Year scepter he was just another ordinary mortal, whose fate faded into obscurity. Nevertheless, there seems to be great Approximately 180 million people work in construction worldwide. To celebrate just a small fraction depended on the mighty gods and their humble servants.” value in a ceremony that humbles a nation’s leader and re- of the talented and hardworking individuals in the building sector, last month, we launched a call for minds him or her of their duty to serve their people with nominations for 40 Under 40: Construction Champions of 2018. The Akitu festival endured throughout the Seleucid peri- honour. We’re excited to finally announce our 40 Under 40 list. While many accomplished and up and coming od (312 – 63 BC) and into the Roman Empire period. Ro- builders were nominated for the program, we believe our list is a glimpse into some of the finest talent man Emperor Elagabalus (r. 218­222), who was of Syrian Featured image: Mardukapla­ iddina­ II (left) as king of Babylon in emerging from leading construction firms and projects around the world. Read on to learn about some of the biggest disruptors and change makers in construction inspiring us all to build a better industry origin, even introduced the festival in Italy. A number of 715 BC, as depicted on a monument commemorating a royal land and world. contemporary Near Eastern spring festivals still exist to- grant (kudurru). Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, VA 2663. Re- day. Iranians traditionally celebrate 21st March as Noruz produced from L. JakobRost­ et al., Das Vorderasiatische Museum, (“New Day”). 30. Sabrina Odah Mainz 1992, 109. Image source: University College London . Company: The Boldt Company Title: Sr. Continuous Improvement Engineer

Throughout her career, Sabrina has worked on significant healthcare construction projects including St. Luke’s Replacement Hospital and the Sutter Health Hospital at Van Ness and Geary Campus in San Francisco, CA. During her time at Boldt, Sabrina has grown as an expert and thought leader on lean construction principles. She’s continuously sharing her wealth of knowledge with her project teams as well as the larger construction community including attendees of the Lean Construction Institute (LCI) 6769 Congress. Our own Sabrina Odah, daughter of our AFA members Sue & Paul Odah, made it to this list and was listed as number 30. Sabrina is still in her late 20’s and has lots to give within her field of knowledge and expertise. Nineveh Magazine wishes to congratulate Sabrina Odah and her family on this amazing achievement. AKITU ASSYRIAN NEW YEAR

18 19 List of Donors for 2019 The below list includes donations received from 12/4/2018 to 3/5/2019 only! Any donations received after 3/5/2019 will be included in the next issue of the Nineveh Magazine. Thank you for your generosity and support

Robert Karoukian 5,000.00 Flora Kingsbury 500.00 Edward Miner 3,000.00 Vyacheslav Rak 500.00 Ms. Mary Soleiman 2,000.00 Anna Tamrazi 500.00 ! Martin & Gail Jacob 2,000.00 Evelyn Bitbadal 300.00 Dr. Eden Naby Frye 2,000.00 William Ramsini 300.00 Gilgamesh Musical Album Updates Mrs. Barbara Badal 1,000.00 Dr. Willian Suleiman 250.00 ! Gilgamesh Musical Album Updates Gilgamesh Musical Album Updates Gloria Miner 1,000.00 Jackie Alexander 250.00

Dr. Peter Kiryakos 750.00 Sargon & Marline Michael 200.00 www.OOJAABAA.com www.OOJAABAA.com

Our brandOur new brand newwebsite website is upis and up running and (www.OOJAABAA.com) running (www.OOJAABAA.com) and (GilgameshMusical.com) and (GilgameshMusical.com) www.OOJAABAA.com will direct you to Gilgamesh Musical's dedicated page on OOJAABAA.com. This will help us to will direct focusyou more to on Gilgamesh OOJAABAA MUSIC Musical's company and its dedicatedproduct "Gilgamesh page Musical Album".on OOJAABAA.com. This This will help us to Lennart Rustam 200.00 Nina Charbakhshi 100.00 website's capabilities will provide us with more advanced marketing solutions and overall better focus morevisitor on experience. OOJAABAA Check it out and MUSIC let us know whatcompany do you think. and its product "Gilgamesh Musical Album". This Our brand new website is up and running (www.OOJAABAA.com) and (GilgameshMusical.com) will direct you to Gil- Ryan & Arbella Kaldani 200.00 Susan Odishu 100.00 gamesh Musical’s dedicatedwebsite's page Gilgameshcapabilities on MusicalOOJAABAA.com. Products will provide us with moreThis advanced will help marketing us to solutionsfocus more and overall on OOJAABAA better MUSIC company visitor experience. Check it out and let us know what do you think. Tamraz Construction 200.00 Dr. Arianne Ishaya 100.00 and its product “Gilgamesh MusicalWe have discontinued Album”. some of our This products. Poet'swebsite’s package, Composer's capabilities Package, Cast will provide us with more advanced marketing Member's Package and sponsorship packages are no longer available. Sorry if you missed it but solutions and overall better visitor"exclusive" experience. or "limited edition" should Checkserve their meanings. it outWe are adding and more letproducts us with know what do you think. Fredrick Ashouri 200.00 Nathan Elias 100.00 Gilgameshdifferent Musical options in the Products near future. Currently we offer free shipping on all of our products within the United States. At this time, we do not offer international shipping. Shemshoon Maghsoodpour 150.00 Peggy & James David 100.00 Why the release of Gilgamesh Musical Album is delayed? Gilgamesh Musical ProductsWe have discontinued some of our products. Poet's package, Composer's Package, Cast The simple answer is the funding. We are in orchestration and recording phase. Our progress is Nathan Nasseri 150.00 Gloria Maceiko 100.00 ! Member'slimited Package by the amount and of funds sponsorship we receive for our project. packages This is the only are reason no that longer is delaying available. Sorry if you missed it but We have discontinued some of ourour project. products. Everything is ready toPoet’s go, songs are package,written, narrations are completedComposer’s and recorded, Package, Cast Member’s Package and sponsorship Juliette Atoorzadeh 140.00 Sweelana Jamal 100.00 Gilgamesh Musical Album Updates"exclusive"translation or "limited to English is edition" done and Farsi should is in progress, serve and casting their is completed. meanings. We are adding more products with packages are no longer available. Sorry if you missed it but “exclusive” or “limited edition” should serve their meanings. We different options in the near future. Currently we offer free shipping on all of our products within the How can you help? Ms. Susan Goriel 125.00 Beneta Baitoo 100.00 are adding more productsUnited with States. different At this time,options we do innot the offer internationalnear future. shipping. Currently we offer free shipping on all of our products www.OOJAABAA.com Please be proactive, it is free, share our project with your friends and family and encourage them within the United States. At thisto time, contribute to wethis musical do project. not Every offer amount counts international and goes toward completion of thisshipping. Our brand new website is up and running (www.OOJAABAA.com) and (GilgameshMusical.comalbum. We) will be posting on OOJAABAA's Instagram and Facebook. Please follow our page and will direct you to Gilgamesh Musical's dedicated page on OOJAABAA.com.Why This the will helpreleaseshare us our to posts. of Gilgamesh Musical Album is delayed? focus more on OOJAABAA MUSIC company and its product "Gilgamesh Musical Album". This Nathan Michael 100.00 George Nissan 85.00 website'sWhy capabilities the will provide release us with more advanced of Gilgamesh marketing solutions and overall Musical better Album is delayed? visitor experience. Check it out and let us know what do you think. Shadrak & Germaine Shabbas 100.00 Edna & Ghazi Shaba 60.00 The simple answer is the funding. We are in orchestration and recording phase. Our progress is GilgameshThe Musical simple Products answer is the funding. We are in orchestration and recording phase. Our progress is limited by the amount of limited by the amount of funds we receive for our project. This is the only reason that is delaying David & Margaret Dekelaita 100.00 Abraham & Dolphine David 60.00 We havefunds discontinued we some receiveof our products. Poet's for package, our Composer's project. Package, Cast This is the only reason that is delaying our project. Everything is ready to go, songs are writ- Member's Package and sponsorship packages are no longer available.our Sorry project. if you missed Everything it but is ready to go, songs are written, narrations are completed and recorded, "exclusive"ten, or "limited narrations edition" should serve aretheir meanings. completed We are adding more andproducts withrecorded, translation to English is done and Farsi is in progress, and casting is completed. Jack & Louise Mishel 100.00 Rev. Paulis Darmo 60.00 different options in the near future. Currently we offer free shipping ontranslation all of our products to within English the is done and Farsi is in progress, and casting is completed. United States. At this time, we do not offer international shipping. Annie Elias 100.00 Nina Charbakshi 60.00 Why Howthe release ofcan Gilgamesh you Musical help? Album is delayed? How can you help?

The simple answer is the funding. We are in orchestration and recording phase. Our progress is Elias Hanna 100.00 Lucy Abraham 60.00 limitedPlease by the amount beof funds proactive, we receive for our project. it This is is thefree, only reason share that is delaying our project with your friends and family and encourage them to contribute to this musi- our project. Everything is ready to go, songs are written, narrations arePlease completed be and recorded,proactive, it is free, share our project with your friends and family and encourage them Pauls & Juliet Gewargis 100.00 Michael & Veronica Chan 50.00 translationcal to project.English is done and EveryFarsi is in progress, amount and casting is completed. counts and goes toward completion of this album. We will be posting on OOJAABAA’s Instagram to contribute to this musical project. Every amount counts and goes toward completion of this How andcan you help?Facebook. Please follow our page and share our posts. Urbella Yousif 100.00 George Kiraz 50.00 album. We will be posting on OOJAABAA's Instagram and Facebook. Please follow our page and Please be proactive, it is free, share our project with your friends andshare family and our encourage posts. them to contribute to this musical project. Every amount counts and goes toward completion of this Rowena D’ Mar Shimun 100.00 Linda Rasho 50.00 album. We will be posting on OOJAABAA's Instagram and Facebook. Please follow our page and share our posts.

! AFA’s Second Contribution Susan Odisho 50.00 Margaret & Linda Rasho 40.00 James Daniels 50.00 Diana Shallow 40.00 We would like to thank the Assyrian Foundation of America for their second generous contribution of Ninos David 50.00 Bailis Shamun 35.00 $5000 to OOJAABAA MUSIC for Gilgamesh Musical Ninos David 50.00 Yehuda Littmann 30.00 project. Many thanks to Dr. Robert Karoukian for his second personal contribution to our project. Anita Shlemon 50.00 Albert Benjamin 25.00 During this project, the Assyrian Foundation of Bani David 50.00 Lucy Abraham 25.00 America is one of the few organizations that have Hilda Papion 50.00 Victor Youseph 25.00 been very consistent with their support of Gilgamesh Musical. On top of organization’s sponsorship, we Thomas Zia 50.00 Joseph Betshmuel 25.00 have received contributions from many of its mem- ! ! bers and directors. AFA's Second Contribution *The amounts listed are charitable donations only and exclude subscription fees and membership dues

We would like to thank the Assyrian Foundation of America for their second generous contribution 20 of $5000 to OOJAABAA MUSIC for Gilgamesh Musical project. Many thanks to Dr. Robert 21 Karoukian for his second personal contribution to our project. During this project, the Assyrian Foundation of America is one of the few organizations that have been very consistent with their support of Gilgamesh Musical. On top of organization's sponsorship, we have received contributions from many of its members and directors.

!

!

AFA's Second Contribution

We would like to thank the Assyrian Foundation of America for their second generous contribution of $5000 to OOJAABAA MUSIC for Gilgamesh Musical project. Many thanks to Dr. Robert Karoukian for his second personal contribution to our project. During this project, the Assyrian Foundation of America is one of the few organizations that have been very consistent with their support of Gilgamesh Musical. On top of organization's sponsorship, we have received contributions from many of its members and directors.

!

AFA's Second Contribution

We would like to thank the Assyrian Foundation of America for their second generous contribution of $5000 to OOJAABAA MUSIC for Gilgamesh Musical project. Many thanks to Dr. Robert Karoukian for his second personal contribution to our project. During this project, the Assyrian Foundation of America is one of the few organizations that have been very consistent with their support of Gilgamesh Musical. On top of organization's sponsorship, we have received contributions from many of its members and directors.

In Memoriam

David William Lazar Assyrian Activist and Patriot

It is with deep regret and sadness that we announce the passing of David William Lazar on January 5, 2019 at age 59. David’s untimely death was completely unexpected and came as a shock to all who knew him. He was a highly respected Assyrian activist who fought for the rights of all Assyrians and worked to further the Assyrian cause, co-founding several non-profit organi- Mr. Lazar’s many Assyrian Nationalist Achievements are summarized below: zations (among many): Assyrian Aid Society of America, American Mesopotamian Organization, 1980 - David co-founded the Assyrian American Student Society at California State University, Northridge. He and Restore Nineveh Now Foundation. held multiple positions including various committee chairs, board member, Vice President, and Presi- dent.

1979 to 1996 - Active member of the Assyrian American Association of Southern California including various David was born in Baghdad, Iraq. He was fluent in Assyrian, Arabic, and English. He held a committee chairs, delegate to the Assyrian American National Federation’s annual conventions, BS in Industrial Engineering, followed by an MBA in Technology Management. Furthermore, he was Los Angeles Assyrian radio program director, board member, vice president, and culminating tremendously knowledgeable about Assyrian history, as well as of the Geo-political complexity of the with the Presidency of the association for two terms 1992 & 1993. Assyrian nation. He spent a lifetime lobbying for the independence/autonomy of Christian Assyrians 1979 to 1993 - Active member of the Assyrian American National Federation including chair of several commit- in their native homeland of Iraq. David was also a proud conservative American patriot. tees.

David William Lazar was deeply devoted to his family and leaves behind his wife Ninva (of 1979 to 1986 - Active member of the Assyrian Universal Alliance (AUA) including representative to several the Younan family) and two lovely children Delmin and Tiamet Lazar. May God rest the soul of this AUA congresses. He was AUA’s delegate to multiple Assyrian American National Federation unforgettable Assyrian soldier. Conventions.

1982 - Co-founded the Assyrian Universal Alliance’s Los Angeles Chapter. Written by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. 1987 - Co-founded the Assyrian Democratic Movement (Zowaa) US & Canada Supported organization, setting in motion the formation of International Zowaa organizations.

1991 - Co-founded the Assyrian Aid Society of America, setting in motion the formation of Assyrian Aid Soci- ety organizations internationally, including in Iraq.

1997 - Co-founded Mar Shaleeta Parish of the Ancient Church of the East.

2009 - Co-founded the American Mesopotamian Organization (AMO)

2014 - Co-founded Restore Nineveh Now organization

2015 - Spearheaded efforts and led campaign to form Nineveh Plain Protection Units (NPU)

2015 to 2018 - Held the following roles and activities: • Adviser to Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign • Board Member of the American Mideast Coalition for Democracy • Co-founder of Gazerta Protection Forces • Supporter and adviser of Guardian Forces of Khabour and Tel Tamar • Co-founder of Al-Rafidian region • Supporter and adviser of Roosh 24

22 23 I AM ASHURBANIPAL, GREAT KING, MIGHTY KING, Assyrian-Chaldean School of Al-Kifah in Qamishli, Syria KING OF THE WORLD, KING OF ASSYRIA

By: Robert Ewan By: Andrew Bet-Shlimon The British Museum’s blockbuster exhibition on expect the figures in front of you to animate and start mov- the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, one of history’s greatest ing. Qasha/Father Paulos Bedaro rulers, took place between November 8, 2018 and Febru- Eye-blistering friezes show Ashurbanipal fighting ary 24, 2019. The exhibition told the story of Ashurbanipal lions to prove his superhuman virility. Lions are shown be- through the British Museum’s unique collection of Assyri- ing shot at close range with arrows or speared in the neck. an treasures. There are some dazzling reliefs of crowded battle scenes and an impressive cabinet of cuneiform tablets, which Ashurbanipal was not a romantic conqueror. He were originally part of his great library that contained was a warrior and a scholar, capable of mercilessly obliter- works of literature, soothsaying and magic. Other cunei- Following in the footsteps of the late Assyrian na- Ba’ath regime and most were later forced to shut down. ating his enemies and of ethereal creation. Destroying the form texts include letters that shed light on such diverse tionalist,Malphono Shukri Chartmougly, who opened the The history of Al-Kifah cannot be narrated without noting Egyptian city of Thebes and enslaving its inhabitants were topics as sibling rivalry, Assyrian board games, teaching, first Assyrian school in Qamishli in 1928 (which was ad- the influence of an interesting and patriotic figure from the equally as important to him as accumulating books for his and the training of the king. There is also his letter to his ministered by the Syriac Orthodox church), Rev. Fr. Gibrail Chaldean Church, the Very Rev. Fr. Paulos Bedaro. He was library, which at 10,000 works was the largest collection of father written when he was 13, describing how he has been Kanne of the Chaldean Church established Al-Kifah school born in 1887 in the village of Bedaro, in the Zakho region of its time. He is possibly the only person in history to have learning all the proper skills for a king. How often do you in 1936, which was the first school administered by the Assyria, and was educated in Mosul. He served as Al-Kifah’s been both a librarian and a warrior. He is depicted with a get so close to objects personally used by one of the great Chaldean church in Qamishli. He built the school next to principal from 1953 to 1960. stylus, a writing instrument, tucked into his belt, proclaim- figures of ancient history? the Chaldean Church and was fully accredited by the Syrian One of Qasha Bedaro’s daring moves occurred ing the pen to be as mighty as the sword. Shortly after his Ministry of Education in 1939. Assyrian language was an im- while serving as school principal – he ignored the govern- mysterious death, the Assyrian empire fell, and the great On one tablet he writes, ‘I am able to recognise ce- portant part of the school curriculum and was taught along ment-mandated recital of the Syrian National Anthem, city of Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC, its ruins lost to lestial and terrestrial omens and can discuss them in an with church hymns. which he saw as promoting and glorifying Arabism and history. assembly of scholars. I am capable of arguing with expert In 1943, the school established the Boy Scouts, which Islamic ideologies. He instead mandated his students to diviners… I can resolve complex mathematical divisions consisted of sixty members and a brass band, all led by a begin morning classes by reciting a patriotic Assyrian poem Technology is used in the exhibition, which makes and multiplications that do not have an easy solution. I teacher named Anis Hanna Mdewaye. In 1944, the school that he composed and called, “Ninwe u’ Babil” (Nineveh and it come to life. Projecting colours on some of the reliefs have read cunningly written texts in obscure Sumerian launched a theatrical group and presented a play by Shake- Babylon). helps them look just as they would have done when they and Akkadian that are difficult to interpret. I have careful- speare, the first ever presented on-stage in the city. In 1947 a Qasha Bedaro was a learned man; he was well-ed- were originally painted. A blue aqueduct breathes fresh ly examined inscriptions on stone from before the Deluge sports club was established at the school named, “Chaldean ucated and fluent in many languages besides Assyrian/Syr- life into the green vegetation around it, and Assyrian gods that are sealed, stopped up, and confused’. Ashurbanipal’s Sports Club”, which consisted of a soccer team and a boxing iac, his mother language. He was fluent in Arabic, French, look resplendent in their white robes. It’s smartly done, for library was destroyed by fire in the destruction of Nineveh team. English, and Latin. He authored and published dozens of instance, when visitors switch to the battle scenes and war at the end of the seventh century BC, but clay tablets don’t Al-Kifah school excelled at the academic level and books, mainly in Assyrian and Arabic. The subject matter drums kick in from the speakers, bringing dramatic flair burn. They were hardened and preserved by the heat. when Rev. Augustin Sadiq, publisher of Babylon magazine, of many of his books revolved around the history of the to the telling of these tales of war and death. You almost visited the school in 1964, he was very impressed when he Chaldean Church as well as Seyfo, the 1915 Assyrian Geno- learned that the school had ranked first in the national exam cide. He was a proud and staunch defender of his mother in the Jazeera province of Syria for the 1963-1964 school language, which was demonstrated by his renowned book year. By the 1967-1968 school year, student enrollment had addressed to the Arab academia titled, “Qunbulat Bedaro” reached 291, based on the records kept by the school. (Bedaro’s Bombshell). In this book, Qasha Bedaro compared By the late 1960s, the Assyrian educational system in Qa- the two languages and highlighted the Assyrian language’s mishli consisted of eight schools – six primary schools, one superiority over the Arabic language. middle school, and one high school. The Syriac Orthodox Qasha Bedaro instilled upon his flock the impor- Church administered six of them, while the Church of the tance of general education and the teachings of the Assyri- East and its school committee administered another, the an/Syriac language along with national pride. He was a great Faris Al-Khoury primary school, and the Chaldean Church motivator, which did not sit well with the Arab ideologs in and its school committee administered the last, Al-Kifah pri- the Syrian government, as well as the Catholic Church hier- mary school. Unfortunately, in 1968 all of these privately-run archy. This led to his forced transfer back to Mosul in 1960 schools were put under governmental control during the where he lived until his death in 1974.

24 25 Dr Gareth Brereton, Curator of Mesopotamia and of this exhibition, said: “It has been a wonderful experi- The Nineveh group was set up over three years ago, and it ence, and the exhibition has been a tremendous success performs regularly at festivals and special cultural events. and well over-subscribed. The exhibition gives an insight into the life and legacy of kind Assurbanipal.” The Assyrian Swedish-based fashion designer Nahreen Odisho applied conventional motifs in her rep- Large crowds attended the final day; Assyrians resentation of female Assyrian dresses. The designer took from worldwide communities were present and took an great pains to portray the decorative patterns. The Assyri- active role in concluding this exhibition. They took great an dresses were lavishly decorated, some covered with in- pride in having their culture and heritage displayed in the tricate ornamentation. Woven and embroidered patterns world’s most famous museums. and fringes were used with in great profusion. The design- er, Nahreen Odisho, and her models walked the catwalk The Assyrian community of the UK participat- under the eyes of Lamassu. ed in this exhibition through their folk-dance group. The dancers’ chanting voices reverberated throughout the mu- Some colourful Assyrian customs from various seum hall. The sounds of the pulsating Dawolah (drum) Assyrian regions were on display, courtesy of Mrs Julia accompanied by a shrilling Zurna (flute) echoed through- Cherri. She has dedicated years to researching different out the morning and afternoon. Their dancing inspired forms of Assyrian traditional clothing. There were some curiosity about Assyrian heritage from the audience. moving poetry recitals performed by Nineb Lamassu and Jamie Osborn, and by Breitel Suleiman from Australia The acclaimed Nineveh dance group from the with her soprano voice. Assyrian cultural club of Gutersloh, Germany, gave elec- trifying performances. Their energetic, fast-paced dance A thrilling music concert was performed by mem- routines dazzled the audience. They wowed the audience bers of the Gilgamesh Arts and Culture foundation. Sev- with their take on Khazadde (the Reapers’) song. The eral Assyrian songs were performed, sending mellifluous group, dressed in colourful traditional Assyrian customs, echoes around the great museum. The audience seemed performed the characteristic rhythms of Assyrian folk overcome with spiritual rapture, as though the music had music, drawing audiences with their theatrical musicality. raised them to the highest heaven.

26 27

Nineb Lamassu, Director of the Assyrian Lan- guage and Culture Trust, which was the main support- As the moon scattered its gleaming light on er of this exhibition, said: “We worked hard to showcase the museum. Ashurbanipal’s majestic roaring Assyrian continuity through art and culture; I personally voice rang concussively in my ears: would like to thank everyone involved. I have been bless- ed and honoured to have worked with such an amazing, selfless group of individuals. We have worked very hard as an international team of dedicated individuals to make this I am Ashurbanipal; I ruled the largest happen, and we have had the moral and financial support empire that the world had ever seen. of the public and prestigious Assyrian and non-Assyrian Associations.” The mighty gods granted me He added: “We have had so much support from outstanding strength. the Assyrian and non-Assyrian public at large; support from people we never knew nor expected anything from. Everyone’s dedication can’t be measured, especially not I crushed my enemies and made in monetary value; everyone’s dedication is manifested by them bow down before me. Rabita Julia Cherri: she was hospitalised, yet she directed her display of Assyrian traditional costumes right from her hospital bed. What an example of a true and a great human I held the bow and made arrows fly spirit. I thank the British Museum for the wonderful ‘I am and pierced the throats of raging lions. Ashurbanipal’ exhibition and for working with the Assyr- ian community of the UK and other parts of the world to make sure that modern Assyrians were included in such an I am Ashurbanipal, great king, mighty international exhibition that focuses on their ancient and king, king of the world, king of Assyria. most revered king.”

Robert Ewan is an As- syrian- British journal- ist and author based in London. He has contrib- uted many articles to the British media. He is the author of “Doves in Crim- son fields, Iraqi Christian martyrs” and “O creator of light” a collection of prayers and hymns of the Church of the East.

28 29 Books Books

Surayt Textbook Homer and the Wooden Horse of Troy

By Youarsh Haido

The Šlomo Surayt Textbook has been published in different languages. At the moment you can download the free PDF copies of the English and German versions. Soon, the Swedish This book, which is in modern Assyrian language, is an abridged and adapted translation and Dutch versions will be made available at this site. The other languages (French, Turkish of one of Greek’s literary masterpieces: the Iliad by Homer. Rabi Youarash Haido is one and Arabic) will follow this. Please stay tuned. of the most learned Assyrian authors in classic and vernacular Assyrian, and has worked extensively on ridding the modern Assyrian language of foreign words and expressions by available at www.surayt.com borrowing from the classic Assyrian language. This book will hopefully be enjoyed by those Assyrians who are not able to read the original story in other languages and more so by stu- dents who wish to learn the more correct sentence structures and powerful Assyrian words that can express feelings that up until now have been conveyed with non-Assyrian words.

Available at lulu.com Price: $6.38

Copyright Madeleine Davis Moradkhan (Standard Copyright License) EditionFirst PublisherMadeleine Davis Moradkhan Published January 10, 2019 Language English Pages114 Dimensions (inches) 6 wide x 9 tall Product ID 23944744

30 31 the activities we ran…

We would gather around 60 internally displaced youth in Etuti Is Shaping a soccer field. We would divide the soccer field to 6 sta- tions. Each station had two games and a topic to discuss. We would divide the 60 youth into 6 groups matching our New Leaders stations. Group A would start at Station 1, and then move to station 2 and so on. At the end of the day all the groups had By Savina Dawood been to all 6 stations, played all 12 games, and discussed all 6 topics. Our games required more than just sports, they re- quired intellect and reasoning. The subjects were different at each station, but they included discussions about questions like “why did we leave our homes?” or “how can we use this experience as a strength?”, or conversations about topics like In late 2013, I was at an Assyrian social club in Erbil - Iraq, family, we were able to provide a lot of assistance to the in- “girls are equal to boys” and more. having dinner with my friend and talking about the As- ternally displaced families. We collected mattresses, water, syrian cause. We found ourselves talking about Assyrian food, female hygiene products, infant needs, and medical A week later, we brought in 200 other internally displaced leadership, asking ourselves who we could name as a true supplies. children, and we had the older youth that we had trained Assyrian leader, and names like Ashurbanipal, Shamiram, and practiced this specific program with, replicate the Our vision is ‘Generations of Leaders’ Tiglatpilasar, Mar Benjamin Shimun and a few others from Fast forward to August, I am with my team on the roof top program with these children, with our supervision and our ancient and modern history were brought up. However, of one of the centers housing internally displaced people assistance. We started noticing amazing changes in the we were disappointed to realize that as a nation we do not (IDP), planning the next day’s doctors’ visit from the Inter- personalities and behaviors of these youth, especially the Our mission aims to bring children and youth have a current leader that we can look up to, learn from, and national Swedish Hospital team in Erbil to the center, a few girls. Allowing them to take control and be responsible for together to build generations of new leaders follow. of the children were playing right next to us. Mina (who a program and a group of children gave them the self-confi- within the communities in our Homeland. Etuti was probably around 3 years old) and her cousins Faris and dence they lacked in those IDP camps. We were successful will train the participants with leadership skills; With weeks passing by, then months, we came up with the Fady (same age) started discussing how to play what they in helping the IDP youth cross the self-defeating state of will engage them in activities that demonstrate idea of an educational institution to empower potential called the “Daesh Game”. (Daesh in Arabic means Islamic being victims into the uplifting state of being survivors—as the importance of education, social responsibility, leaders, enhance leadership skills within our youth, chil- State, or ISIS). I heard Mina telling Faris, “I will be at home, they understood that being displaced was just another situ- ethical behavior, and civic development; and will dren, and women and ultimately generate new leaders. and you will be Daesh, and you will come and take me as a ation that they needed to get through, and it does not define create opportunities to continue their higher edu- We did not have a name for our concept yet, but we started hostage. Then Fady has to come and rescue me from you”. them, that they were capable of doing anything if they set cation, to establish career paths, and to ultimately working on establishing it by organizing our thoughts and Hearing that from a 3 year old was devastating and shock- their minds to it, worked hard, and received the support they fulfill their life’s dreams. plans. ing. They obviously understood what was going on around needed. them. They had nothing else to do, so they were coping by We are currently registered as a 501(c)(3) non-prof- In June 2014, ISIS invaded Mosul and the Nineveh Plains, making a game out of their horrific situation! Imagine 24 In August 2016, we announced our concept’s name as “Etuti”, it organization in the state of California in the forcing more than 200,000 Assyrian Christians to leave hours a day, doing nothing: no toy to play with, no school to meaning “My Existence”. For over a year, we struggled with USA, and our projects are currently implement- their homes and flee towards Erbil. I remember it was learn at, and no parent to seek attention from as their par- bringing a name that is Assyrian, original, unique, interac- ed in Iraq and Syria. We have plans to complete around 10:30 pm on a Tuesday when the first group of dis- ents were trying to find food, water, and basic necessities for tive, and alive. The idea behind the name is that everyone’s projects in Armenia and Georgia, and we hope to placed families started arriving to my town of Ankawa, and their children. At that moment I realized the urgent need existence matters, and everyone can have an influence on expand our reach into other countries that make together with my friends, we started helping them find shel- for an organization to support the mental, psychological, our existence as a nation—where that impact is through up the Assyrian Homeland. ter, mattresses, water, and food. It was almost impossible and emotional well-being of our children and youth. language, culture, academia, economy, politics, or anything to believe what I was witnessing. I thought to myself, “How else. could this happen when we are in the 21st century?” People We immediately started working on our original concept were sleeping on the streets, in the public parks, churches, of building leaders, with a modification being the current schools, organizations’ centers, uncompleted construction situation of our people. The first thing we did is partnered building, or wherever they could. with a Danish organization called Cross Cultures Program Association (CCPA) and created sports and educational At that moment, all I was thinking about was how we could programs that helped the youth and children cope. These make sure that everyone has a place to rest from their terri- programs also helped with their communication, teamwork, fying, exhausting, and long journey, which normally takes and leadership skills while also enhancing their self-esteem less than 2 hours but took them the entire day due to the and building strong character. Hundreds of internally dis- security crises our country was going through. placed youth and children participated in our programs.

We immediately started searching for any type of help, These programs were life changing to me as an organizer and through the generous financial support of friends and and to the participants. Here’s a quick glimpse into one of

32 33 Our Projects Herge Online: Education: Sports: Progressing the notion of learning and knowledge de- Establishing sports teams (basketball, volleyball, foot- velopment through educational programs for all ages, ball, etc) among the youth and children of Etuti along Assyrian Virtual School with a special focus on the advancement of college and with setting up and running games, tournaments, and

university graduates into higher levels of education, leagues to uphold the importance of fitness, health, research, and specialized studies by arranging scholar- teamwork, competition, discipline, and also leisure. Herge Online is an exciting new project of Assyrian Language and ships and sponsorships. Culture Trust (ALAC Trust), a Cambridge based charitable organisa- Fine Arts: tion whose objectives are to document, preserve and enrich the Assyr- Trainings and Workshops: Music, dance, and artistry classes offered for the youth ian language and culture. Training programs and educational workshops pro- and children to nurture their passions and hobbies. vided for the children, youth, and volunteer workers to Etuti-run programs will result in performances, con- This Project of the ALAC Trust has been learn leadership skills, management, communication, certs, and shows with a special focus on our traditional funded by Mrs. Pat Splinter. Mrs. Splinter is social media proficiency, languages, technology, envi- and folkloric culture. a successful Assyrian business woman ronmental awareness, global citizenship, governmental whose love for our language and culture is a deep rooted family tradition. Mrs. Splinter is the policies and ideologies, philanthropy, heritage preser- Affordable Services: great niece of the renowned scholar, the late Mar Abimalek Timotheus, the Assyrian Church of vation, human rights, and more. Arranging special offers on services and products with the East Metropolitan of India. This blessed metropolitan was the founder of the renowned Mar significant discounts for internally displaced and vul- Narsai Press and the mentor and cousin of the much celebrated scholar and instructor, the late History and Heritage: nerable families. Rev. Joseph de Kelaita. Preserving our history, heritage, and culture through Herge Online is a virtual school designed to meet the challenges facing our people when it educational videos published on various media outlets Careers and Jobs: comes to learning our endangered language. as well as instilling knowledge into newer generations For the youth who have interest and skills in specific about our history and heritage through touristic pro- areas that are not promoted or available in the educa- Herge Online consists of language experts specialising in the Assyrian language. grams in the Homeland. tional curriculum of the homeland, Etuti will provide This team of experts teaches the Assyrian language, both Surit and Ṣurayt, and Syriac professional trainings and courses as well as tools and through meticulously set curricula. Human Rights: capital needed in order to shape and start their career Working for peace, justice, and freedom by advocat- path and will assist in finding job opportunities and Students are able to attend live virtual and interactive classes via their computers and ing for equal rights of all humans. Raising awareness preparing the youth to meet the required qualifica- smartphones and tablets. They are able to interact with the teacher exactly as one about the need to secure inalienable human rights in tions. would in a normal class setting and they are able to submit assignments and set test today’s world, and in our case, with a special focus on and exams. the rights of minorities and indigenous people. We also have our annual Christmas Gifts Campaign that The courses run in stages, each stage consisting of a block of four lessons; one lesson started since 2014. per week. There are three assignments to submit with each stage and a test to set at Friendship: the end of each of these stages. There is a small symbolic fee to be paid for these Fun and educational group outings to provide an We started as a team of 2 people. Then we became 3, and then courses but Assyrian Language and Culture Trust waves this symbolic fee off for avenue for enjoyment outside of the IDP camps and to 4, and soon 5, and now we are more than 160 volunteers. those students that are based in Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey. Students living outside promote social interaction among the children, youth, of our homeland can submit a request to have this fee waved, if they can demonstrate their inability to pay this symbolic and leaders, which will help build trust and friendship between Etuti volunteers and participants. fee. Herge Online has been running a teachers’ training for a group of Assyrian teachers in Russia and Armenia. This course is conducted free of charge and its objective is to graduate a team of well equipped and competent teachers whose objec- tive is to establish Assyrian schools in Russia and Armenia. For more information, or if you are interested to volunteer or donate or sponsor, visit us at: You can visit our website and signup as a student on Herge Online, our website is: www.herge.online . Once you have signed up, you can then go ahead and register on the course or courses of your liking. You can also download our Website: www.etuti.org iOS and Android Herge App from the App Store and the Google Play Store. Once downloaded, you can use the app to E-mail: [email protected] attend our live lessons. Facebook: Etuti.Institute Instagram: Etuti_institute ܬܫܪܩܨܦܥܣܢܡܠܟܝܛܚܙܘܛܕܔܒܐ ܬܫܪܩܨܦܥܣܢܡܠܟܝܛܚܙܘܛܕܔܒܐ Twitter: Etuti_institute ܬܫܪܩܨܦܥܣܢܡܠܟܝܛܚܙܘܛܕܔܒܐ ܬܫܪܩܨܦܥܣܢܡܠܟܝܛܚܙܘܛܕܔܒܐ

34 35 THE TRUE ASSYRIAN STORY OF SOMALIA & YEMEN

Translated from ancient Assyrian documents By Andrious Mama Jotyar – MBE

When I first read this story, I found it to be a genuine, fas- At that time, the Prophet Mohamed, founder of the cinating and picturesque episode of Assyrian history. It is Islamic religion, was in close contact with the clergy of an adventure executed by ancient Assyrian tribal shepherds the Assyrian Church of the East. As a result he gave the carrying their families, households, walking sticks, dogs, Assyrian Christians an A3-sized document, called the tents and sheep, in search of alternate pastures & a perma- Declaration of Freedom in the Arabic language. Indeed, nent abode in the extreme southern parts of Beth Nahrain, I have a copy of that precious declaration in my files. located in today’s Iraq. Those shepherd tribes used to supply dairy products as rations to the troopers of the Assyrian Moreover, the Prophet Mohamed gave the Assyrian Empire on a contract basis. Christians of the Middle East an exceptional title, known as “Al Ahil Alketab”, meaning “The People of Their adventures took place long before the existence the Book”. In those days, the Assyrians were the only of Arabs in the territory of Beth Nahrain. At that time, group who knew how to read and write equally well in there were scores of Assyrian shepherd tribes all over Assyrian and Arabic as in Greek. The Assyrians did all the uninhabited southern parts of Beth Nahrain, cor- the translations for the local people including trans- responding to current day Saudi Arabia and the states lations needed for the administration of the Prophet of the Arabian Gulf deserts. At those days, the Assyrian Mohamed. name for the Arabian Gulf was “Qdalta d’Hermis”. The nomadic Assyrian shepherd tribes knew one another Furthermore, I have two A5-sized sheets that, in small and sometimes they argued or competed to gain good print, indicate the names of the many towns, cities, grazing land. churches, clergy and inhabitants of each Assyrian town or village. Because the Assyrian Church of the East was Eventually, a few of those Assyrian shepherd tribes ven- well established in these areas, all this information was tured with their families and animals, down the narrow readily available. These wonderful sheets are a part of strait of the sea into uninhabited lands known today as this fascinating, historical episode and shall be included “Somalia”. Still others ventured into the uninhabited as two separate enclosures in support of this article. lands that are now known as “Yemen”. Personal note: When this happened, a few tribes noticed that some of After the Second World War 1939-1945, the Iraqi Administra- their fellow Assyrian shepherd tribes were missing and tion for Commerce, Iraqi Airways, Iraqi Airforce, Diplomatic had not been seen for a very long time. The tribes who Corps in Baghdad, the oil Industry including the pumping knew the new locations of the others explained that stations such as K1 – K3 (Kirkuk) T1 (Tripoli) & H1 (Haifa) many tribes had crossed and ventured to the “Simmala pipe lines were all manned by the Assyrian youth of my gen- d’Yama”. In the Assyrian language, this phrase means eration including the three RAF British Stations Habbaniya, “on the left hand side of the sea”. Many others had Basrah and Shaibah because we could read, write and speak, ventured to the “Yammena d’Yama”, similarly meaning Assyrian, Arabic and English with great fluency. “on the right hand side of the sea”. Thus, for many years those two new Assyrian settlements were known as We established the only Assyrian Latin American Dance “Simmala” and “Yammena”. Band and played such music all over Iraq, including to Roy- alty and in high places such as Mansour, Alwiya, and British During the rise of the Islam in Mecca and Medina clubs, including foreign embassies in Baghdad. I used to around 600 AD, those two new Assyrian settlements order the dance music sheets from London via the RAF Post were invaded and converted to Islam, willingly and at Habbaniya. We played in Baghdad, where the only other through negotiation in order not to die in vain. Since form of entertainment was the cinema. The people said to then, the names of these settlements were changed to one another Ekhrab Baitkom, “Hal Firqa da yilaboon musica Somalia and Yemen respectively. al-lathe kannat fee l Cinema”.

36 37 38 39 ܵ ܲ ܐܪܝ ܪܩܲ ܐܵܝܩܵ ܘܗܲ ܠܥ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܐ ̈ܵ ̈ܵ ܹ̈ ܲ ̈ܵ ܲ ܹ̈ ̈ܵ ܹ̈ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܡܸܕܡ ܐܢܝ ܐܩܘܼ ܡܣܡܼ ܝܼ ܪܟܗܼ ܕ ܐܢܪܘܼ ܛܕ ܐܓܠܬܼ ܐܪܝ ܪܫ ܐܡܸܕܒ ܐܥܝ ܒ ܨ ܝܗܘ ܓܠܬ ܕܟ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܹ ܦܣܸ ܝܵ ܕܝܲ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܕܸܡܐ ܕܕ ܒ ܝܚ ـ ܓܢܐ ܕ ܹܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܓܕܸܠܢܐ. ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܘܵ ܬܣܸ ܕ ܐܹܬ ܘܵ ܠܵ ܝܠ ܲ ܢܡ ܕ݉ ܚܲ ܐܵܝܩܵ ܠܥ ܐܪܘ ܛ ܘܓܵ ܐܵܝܩܵ ܘܗ ܠܥ ܐܠܘ ܝܗܘ ܕܝ ܪܘܵ ܘܓ ܐܠ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܬܝܠ ܐܢܵ ܪ݉ ܚܸ ܐ݉ ܝ ܕܢܡܸ ܐܚܵ ܘܦ ܘ ܐܓܵ ܠܬ ܢܡ ܩܘ ܒ ܫ ܐܢܵ ܕܵ ܐܹܫ ܐܚܵ ܬܸܪ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܐܚܵ ܬܵ ܪܒܸ ܘܗܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܬܸܙܚܵ ܬܒܸ ܐܗܵ ܠܐ ܐܠܘ ܐܹܟ ܐܠܡܵ ܐܠ ܝܗܘ ܠܥ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܗܲ ܠܦܢܵ ܟ ܘ ܢܝܥ ܝ ܢܬܠܫܸ ܢܡܸ ܢܸܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݉ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܘܗ ܬܸܐܡܒ ܝ ܟ ܐܕ ܐܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܚ ܠ ܐ ܘܗ ܝ ܩܫܸ ܓ ܕ ܐܩ ܝܗܘ ܡܸܕ ܘܗܕ ܐܚܵ ܬܸܪܠ ܐܘܗ ܬܫܸ ܥܪ ܬܝ ܐܵܝܦܨܘ ܐܹܬܡܵ ܪ̈ܩܸ ܒ ܐܡܵ ܝ ܪܩ ܐܹܬ ܠܵ ܘ ܓܒ ܐܟܵ ܝ ܪܟ ܲ ܸ ܲ ܫ ܘܠ ܲܚܝ ـ ܐ ܝ ܵܕ ܬܹܐ ܘ ܸܚܦ ܲܝܝ ـ ܐܩ ܵܠ ܬܹܐ ܒ ܸܫ ܢܹܐ ܘܒ ܵܕܘܪܹܐ ܚ ܲܙܝܬܘܟ ܡܢ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܵ ܵ ܸܒܕ ܵܒܚ ܲܘܗ ܵܓܢܹܗ ܵܩܐ ܲܙܪܥܐ ܕܐܬܹܐ ܵܠܐ ܒ ܲܫܪܫܹܝܵܐ ܗ ܵܘܐ، ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸܒܦܠܫܐ ܠܢ ܝܫܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܐ ܘܡܬܐ ܚܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܸܒܬ ܓܪܦܐ ܗ ܵܘܐ، ܵ ܵ ܐܬܵ ܝܡܵ ܐܡܵ ܘܝܵ ܕ݉ ܚܲ ܩܒ ܫܵ ܐܠܵ ܕ ܐܡܵ ܘܩܵ .ܐܘܵ ܗ ܐܠܕܓܡܲ ܬܒܸ ܐܠܘ ܸ ܲ ܐܹܪܐܹܚ ܐܹܬܚܵ ܘ ܪ̈ܡ ܐܹܪ̈ܝ ܒ ܩ ܘ ܘܵ ܗܝ ܐܹܪ̈ܓ ܦ ܐܹܪܘܕܲ ܢܡ ܐܗܵ ܕܟܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܐܘܗ ܐܠܩܫܒ ܐܠܝܚ ܝܗ ܦܘ ܐ ܐܠܸܐ ܐܹܪ̈ܝ ܒܨ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܗܘ ܝ ܒ ܐܫܵ ܝ ܩܥ ܐܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܲ ܠܸ ܐܹܪ̈ܒ ܓ ܲ ܘ ܐܹܬܡܵ ܚܵ ܐܫܵ ܝ ܢ ܘܗܲ ܬ ܘ ܒ ܪܗ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܟܘ ܚܘ ܪܘ ܟ ܘ ܚ ܘ ܡ ܐܩܘ ܐܢܵ ܡܵ ܸܕ ܐܓܵ ܠܬ ܘܗܲ ܠܥ ܐܢܵ ܡܵ ܗܣ ܲ ܐܠܹ ܝܠ ܘܗܲ ܒ ܐ ܝܬ ܗ ܵܘܐ ܕ ܒܝܚ ـ ܵܓ ܵܢܐ ܸܠܒ ܘ ܟ ܘܕܡ ܘܟ ܸ ܲ ܟ ܘ ܒܘ ܚܘ ܟ ܘ ܫܝ ܢ ܐܬܵ ܫܝ ܥܪ ܐܢܵ ܝܥ ܒ ܕܟܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܬܵ ܝ ܠܘ ܨ ܐܬܵ ܢܵ ܘ ܐܢܠܝܚ ܐܚܬܸܪܒ ܵ ܲ .ܐܘܵ ܗ ܐ ܚܵ ܸܬܪ ܡܲ ܬܒܸ ܐܢܚܵ ܠܦ ܐܚܵ ܘ ܡܘ ܐܢܵ ܕܵ ܥܕ ܐܬܵ ܪܒ ܲ ܥܡܲ ܐܠܵ ܕ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܢܵ ܪܩܕ ܐܫܝ ܢ ܘܗܠ ܐܢܵ ܓܵ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܗܘܲ ܚܒܵ ܕܒܸ ܐܬܵ ܘܡܵ ܡܥܲ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܝܗܘܫܠܵ ܦ ܐܢܵ ܵܝܟ ܡܥܲ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܝܗܘܫܠܵ ܦ ܲ ܐܬܵ ܡܘ ܐܕ ܐܬܵ ܘ ܪܐܚܹ ܠ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܝܗܘ ܫܝ ܢ ܐܢܵ ܕܵ ܥ ܠܥ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܝܗܘ ܬܘܡܵ ܐܬܵ ܘܡܕ ܗܠܹ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܬܝܠܲ ܐܢܵ ܘܲ ܓܐܵ ܐܗܵ ܐܵ ܲ ܐܬܵ ܒ ܣ ܲ ܕ ܐܫܵ ܠܵ ܦ ܠܥ ܐܬܵ ܘܡܵ ܕ ܐܬܵ ܝ ܒ ܫ ܘܓܵ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܬܩܸ ܫܓܲ ܕ ܐܒܵ ܢ݉ ܸܓ ܠܟܠ ܲ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܐܬܵ ܝܩܵ ܒ ܐܠܵ ܝ ܕܓܠ ܟ ܘ ܢܝܥ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܬܸܪܦܣܵ ܐܟܵ ܕ݉ ܚܲ ܐܙܵ ܩܘ ܢ ܕ݉ ܚܲ ܠ ܢܸܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܘܵ ܗ ܐܠܸܕܓܡ ܬܒܸ ܝܗܘ ܡܥ ܐܹܙ ܟ ܘ ܬܝܙܲ ܚ 40 41    ܢ ܕ    ܐ        ܢ  ܢܪ ܕ ܗ            ܐ ܢ ܬ    ̣ ܘ        ܢ ܕ ܪ ܗ ܗ    ܐ      ܐ ܕ ܢ ܬܪ  ̣  ܘܝ ܘ ܀       ܟ  ̣  ܕ ܗ  ܕ   ܐ     ܐ  ܕ  ܪ ܪ    ܘܘܝ ܀     ܟ ̣   ܕ     ܪ   ܘ ܕܪ ܢ       ܘ      ܝ  ܪܪܪ ܪ   ܘܘܘܐܐܐܬܬܬ         ̱  ܕܪ  ܢ   ܪ   ̣        ܘ          ܪ ܝ ܘܘܘܐܐܐܕܕܕ  ܬܬܬܬ      ̱       ܪ ܪ   ̣      ܢ  ܘ     ܪ   ܕ   ܪ       ܐ ܕ ܐ    ܀ ܪ ܪ ܕ  ܘ   ܪ   ܕ ܪ    ܬܪ  ܢܘ ܢܘ   ܘ   ܘ ܕ  ܘ   ܐ    ܪܪܪ ܪ ܕ    ܐ ܘܘܘ  ܐܐܐܬܬܬ        ܡ  ܀ ܪ ܪ ܕ ܘ  ܪ ܕ   ܬܪ ܢܘ  ܘ  ܘ   ܪ ܘܘܘܐܐܐ ܕܕܕ   ܬܬܬ  ܬ    ܘ ܗܐܕ     ܘ ܀ ܘ    ܘܗ  ܐ ܕ  ܘܐ ܗܝ ܬ   ܕܪ    ̣ ܕܪ ܐ  ܬ    ܪ       ܐ ܕ ܐ        ܘ ܗܘ ܕܪ     ܬܐ  ܕܪ  ܐ    ܬ       ̱ ̱ ̣  ܘ   ܐ    ܕ ܐ    ܡ    ܪ ܢܘ   ܗܕܐ   ̱  ܢ ܘ  ̣ ܗܘ ̱  ܘ   ܐܬܐ ܘ   ܐ  ܘ      ܬ  ܬ ܐ  ̣  ܬܐ  ܬ  ܕ   ܗܝ  ܪ ܪ      ܘܗܐܕ     ܘ   ܪ ܢܘ   ܗܕܐ   ܢ  ̣܀    ܘ   ܘ ܐ  ܘ   ܐ  ܘ ܘ     ܬܬܐ ܪܬ ܬܐ  ܪܗ   ܕ  ܪ       ܪ ܢܘܐ ܀ ܘ    ܘܗ  ܐ ܕ  ܘܐ ܗܝ ܬ   ܀  ܀    ܘ     ܘ      ܐ ܕ   ܐ  ̣   ܗ  ܕ     ܀     ܘ  ܕ ܗ    ܬܪ    ܘ ܗ    ̣ ܐ   ܘ  ܕܕ  ܙܕܩ   ̣  ܬܐ  ܬ  ܕ   ܗܝ    ̣ ܘ  ܐ    ܘ      ܕܕ     ܕ  ܙܕܩ  ܪܬ ܬ  ܐ    ܪܗ   ܕ    ܘ ܪ     ܪ   ܪ    ܪ  ܢ    ܘܐ ̈ ̄  ܢܗ     ܘ ܕ    ܙܡ ܕ            ̣  ܕ ܕ  ܘ      ܐ ܕ     ܐ    ̣   ܥ  ܗ ܪܘ ܐ ܕ   ܕ ܐ         ̈  ܢ܀ܗ     ܕ    ܘ ܙܡ ܕ      ܘܕ    ܪ  ܐ̣ ܕ ܕ  ܘ   ܀       ܘ    ܕ ܪ ܗ      ܗܝ ܬܪ ܕ    ܪ   ܘ ܗ 

܀   ܘ    ܘܕ  ܪ ܐܕ       ܕ  ̣  ܘ   ̣     ܐܘ ܕ   ܕ      ܪ  ܘ ܗ         ܘ  ܪ  ܪ               ܢ        ܢ ܕ    ܐ         ̄  ܥ ܪܘ ܐ ܕ  ܐ        ܪ    ܒ ܪ ܘ ܗ       ܢܪܗ       ܢܬ  ̣ ܘ    ܪ   ܗܝ ܕ   ܪ   ܀  ܘܪ ܬܐ  ܘ      ܪ ܙ          ܕ ܗ  ܐ   ܐ ܕ  ܪ  ܘܝ      ܕ   ܘ       ܐܘ ܀     ܟ ̣   ܕ  ̣    ̣ ܪ   ܘ

42 ܕܪ ܢ       ܘ      ܝ 43   ̱    ܪ  ̣        ܪ      ܪ     ܢܘ   ܕ ܀ ܪ ܪ ܕ ܘ  ܪ ܕ   ܬܪ ܢܘ  ܘ  ܘ

ܕܪ    ̣ ܕܪ ܐ  ܬ  ̱   ܘ ܗܘ ̱   ܬܐ           ܪ ܢܘ   ܗܕܐ   ܢ  ̣  ܘ ܐ ܘ  ܐ ܘ   ܬܬܐ ܀  ܀    ܘ     ܘ   

  ̣ ܐ   ܘ  ܕܕ  ܙܕܩ   ܘ          ܕ   ̈  ܢܗ    ܕ   ܙܡ ܕ     ̣ ܕ ܘ   ܀   ܘ    ܘܕ  ܪ ܐܕ  ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܼܐܝܢ ܼܝ ܸ̰ܠܒܐ ܕ ܼܥܠ ܼܝܡܐ ܹܠܐ ܐܸ̰ܙܠ ܼܗܠ ܦ ܼܪܩܵܬ ܕܕ ܼܘܢ ܹܝܐ ܼܒܬܪ ܗܝ ܼܚܡܵܬ ܕܢ ܼܫܡܬ ܼܘܗ ܸ̰ܥܛܪܢܵܬ، ܩܠ ܼܘܗ ܼܒܣ ܼܝܡܐ، ܘܐ ܼܝܕ ܼܘܗ ̈ܪܟ ܼܝ ܼܹܟܐ ܠܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܩܕܡ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܗܝܟܠ ܗܘ ܼܝ ܒܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܕܩ ܼܝ ܹܪܐ ܘܗ ܼܘ ܸ̰ ܓ ܓ ܼܘܗ ܪ ܼܘܚ ܼܘܗܝ؟ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܼܐܝܢ ܼܝ ܸ̰ܐܬܝܐ ܹܠܐ ܡ ܸ̰ܩܕ ܹܠܗ ܸ̰ܠܒ ܼܘܗܝ ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܸ̰ܒܣܡܐ ܼܩܕܡ ܼܚܕ ܼܐܠܗܐ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܕ ܼܹܒܩ ܢܵܬ ܠܬ ܼܢܚܝܬ ܼܘܗܝ ܘ ܹܟܐ ܩ ܸ̰ܒܠܠܗ ܨܠ ܼܘܬ ܼܘܗܝ؟ ̄ ܵ ܲ ܢܪܒܓ ܠܝܼ ܠܚܵ ܢܪܒܓ :ܕܝܼ ܒ ܐܕܵ ܚܒ ܐܒ ܼܵ ܣܵ ܐܫܵ ܢܵ ܐ ܕ̄ ܚܼܲ ܗܪܹ ܒܼ ܥ ܡܕ̄ ܩܼܲ ܢܡܼ .ܐܒܵ ܘܼ ܚܕ ܐܡܵ ܝܼ ܛܘ ܐܙܵ ܐܪܵ ܬܘܼ ܒ ܐܪܹ̈ ܘܒܼ ܥܵ ܢܡܼ ܢܪ̰ܸ ܩܒܼܲ ܕ ܐܩܵ ܐܠܟܝܗܼܲ ܕ ܐܥܵ ܪܬܼ ܡܕ̄ ܩܼܲ ܝܼ ܠܐܠܹ ܟ ܠܡܼܲ ܬ̰ܸ ̰ܸ ̰ܸ ܲ ̰ܸ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܦ ܼܘ ܸ̰ܫܩܵܬ ܒ ܼܝܕ: ܪܒ ܼܝ ܝ ܼܘܠܝ ܼܘܣ ܼܦܛܪ ܼܘܣ ܕܓܘܠܦ ܼܫܢ ܵܦܐ ܵܬܐ ܵܒ ܸ̰ܓܪ ܵܬܐ ܘ ܼܲܚ ܼܲܫܢ ܵܵܬ، ܵܐܚ ܓܪܝܫ ܹܠܗ ܘܐܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܚ ܵܕܐ ܡܚ ܼܝܠ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ ܟ ܵܝ ܵܢܝܵܬ ܝ ܹܠܗ، ܡ ܼܘܩ ܸ̰ܪ ܼܵܒܐ ܵܩ ܼܬܢ ܒ ܼܲܝܕ ܼܲܒܪ ܵܢ ܵܫܐ ̄ ܲ .«ܐܝܵ ܡܵ ܕܩܼ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܼܘ ܼܟܝܝܠ ܼܝ ܸ̰ܣܦܘܬ ܼܝ ܒܢ ܼܘܪܐ ܼܩܕ ܼܝܫܐ، ܕ ܼܗܡ ܸ̰ܙ ܸ̰ܡܢ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܚ ܼܘܒܐ، ܐ ܼܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܡ ܹܨܐ ܠ ܼܝ ܡܫ ܟ ܸ̰ܚܢ ܼܒܣܐ ܼܚܒ ܹܪܐ. ܐ ܼܝܢܐ ܼܚܕ ܼܥܠܝܡܐ ܓ ܼܘ ܸ̰ܘܒ ܹܠܗ: «ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܹܟܐ ܐ ܸ̰ܣ ܹܪܗ ܩ ܸ̰ܐܡ ܕ ܼܝܢ ܒ ܼܕܥ ܼܼܒܪ ܘ ܼܕܥܬ ܼܝܕ.» ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܝ ܲܡܢ ܕܚܘ ܵܒܐ ܦܝܫܠܗ ܓܠ ܵܝܐ ܵܩܬܝ، ܲܚܒܪܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܠܗ ܲܘܢ ܠܚ ܵܕܐ ܵܒܥ ܲܘ ܵܬܐ ܡܚܝܠ ܵܵܬ، ܘܙ ܲܡܪ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵܓܘ ܠܒܝ ܫܘܚܠ ܵܦ ܵܠ ܲܗ ܠܫܬ ܵܩܐ ܗܝܓܗ، ܚܕܐ ܸ̰ܢܫܐ ܒܚܕܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܼܚ ܼܫܢܵܬ، ܐܚ ܓܪܝܫܠܗ ܘܐ ܸ̰ܡܝܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܼܚܕ ܼܣܡܐ ܼܡܡ ܹܝܬܢܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܕܦ ܼܝܫܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܣܢ ܼܝܦܐ ܒ ܼܝܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ ̈ ̰ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ̰ܸ ܼ ܼ ̰ܸ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܚ ܼܘ ܹܘܐ ܼܲܣ ܵܡ ܹܢܐ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܼܲܒ ܓ ܸ̰ܒ ܓ ܼܝ ܼܡܢ ܸ̰ܓܦ ܼܝܵܬ ܕ ܹܓ ܼܲܗ ܵܢܐ، ܲܗܘ ܼܲܣ ܵܡܐ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܼܲܡܒ ܸ̰ܝܢ ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܛܠ ܼܘܠܐ ܼܦܝ ܼܘ ܵܚܐ ܘܓ ܵܢܐ ܨܗܝܵܬ ܒ ܼܲܡܠ ܼܲܝܙܬܐ ܹܟ ܐ ܵܫܬ ܵܝܐ ̄ .ܐܩܘܼ ܡܥ ܲ ܝ ܹܠܗ؛ ܐ ܼܝ ܵܢܐ، ܼܡܢ ܼܲܒܬܪ ܪ ܵܘܝ ܵܵܬ ܼܲܩ ̄ܕ ܵܡܝ ܵܵܬ، ܼܲܫܬ ܵܝ ܵܢܐ ܹܟܐ ܵܡ ܹܐܬ ܼܲܚ ̄ܕ ܵܡܘ ܵܬܐ ܼܲܡܟ ܼܝ ܼܵܟܐ.» ܼܐܚܬ ܲܘܢ ܒ ܼܘ ܸ̰ܩܪ ܲܘ ܼܟ ܲܘܢ ܸ̰ܡܢ ܼܝ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܕ ܵܐ ܵܢܐ ܹܟܐ ܼܲܗ ܸ̰ܡ ܸ̰ܢܢ ܒ ܵܪܐܙ ܼܘܗܝ ܘ ܵܥ ܓܒ ܼܘ ܵܝܬ ܼܘܗܝ، ܲܗܘ ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܕ ܵܐܕ ܼܵܝܐ ܟ ܼܘܪ ܸ̰ܡ ܼܟ ܼܝ ܹܠܗ ܵܓ ܘ ܲ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̈ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̰ܸ ܵ ̰ܸ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܼܓܪܕ ܼܘܗܝ، ܹܒܟܠ ܵܝܐ ܝ ܹܘܢ ܕ ܼܲܒܩ ܸ̰ܪܢ ܸ̰ܡ ܵܢܘ ܼܟ ܲܘܢ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܼܪܗܓܐ ܘܛ ܼܝ ܵܡܐ )ܚܫ ܼܝܚ ܼܘܬܐ( ܕܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ. ܼܗܝܓܗ، ܚܕܐ ܼܚܡܵܬ ܸ̰ܫܛܪܢܵܬ، ܼܨܨܢ ܼܘܗ ܣܡ ܼܘ ܹܩܐ، ܒ ܸ̰ܓܚܟܐ ܐܡܝܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܼܚܡܪܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܡ ܼܘܩ ܸ̰ܪ ܼܒܐ ܒ ܼܝܕ ܟܠ ܹܵܬ ܕ ܸ̰ܕܢܚܐ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܼܚ ܸ̰ܠܢ ܼܝ ̈ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ «.ܐܒܹ ܟܼ ܘܟܕ ܐܒܵ ܓܹ ܠ ܝܼ ܡܪܝܵ ܕ ܢܘܗܠܝܼ ܢܡ̰ܸ ܚܙܲ ܐܟܹ ܘ ܐܢܹ ܠܝܚܵ ܬܹܵ ܚܵ ܘܼ ܪܠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܡܢ ܼܝ ܡ ܹܨܐ ܼ ܓ ܸ̰ܘܒ ܒ ܼܘܩܪ ܼܝ؟ ܐܢܐ ܼܒܩ ܼܘ ܹܪܐ ܝ ܸ̰ܘܢ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܸ̰ܡܢܕ ܼܝ ܕ ܼܝ ܹܠܗ ܓܘ ܼܝ؛ ܐܢܐ ܛܥܘܝܐ ܝ ܸ̰ܘܢ ܼܒܬܪ ܡܘܕܥܢ ܼܘܬܐ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܓܢ ܼܝ. ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ̄ ܲ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܼܐܝܢ ܼܝ ܸ̰ܡܢܘ ܼܟܘܢ ܡ ܹܨܐ ܓ ܹܠܐܠܗ ܼܢ ̮ܦܫ ܼܝ ܓܘܝܵܬ ܩܐ ܓܢ ܼܝ، ܘܪ ܼܘܚ ܼܝ ܩܐ ܪ ܼܘܚ ܼܝ؟ ܼܡܢ ܼܒܬܪ ܕ ܼܗܝ، ܼܚܕ ܐܢܫܐ ܠ ܼܸ̰ܒܫܬ ܼܘܗܝ ܟ ܼܘܡܐ ܘ ܸ̰ܕܩܢ ܼܘܗܝ ܩ ܼܘܪ ܸ̰ܡ ܟܐ ܐܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܚܕܐ ܼܣ ܼܟܠ ܼܘܬܐ ܣܡ ܼܝܵܬ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܕܒ ܼܝ ܼܘܗܝ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܵܚ ܸ̰ܬܪ ܕܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ، ܵܬ ܹܢܝܡ ܼܘܢ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܲܗܘ ܵܠ ܵܗܐ ܕ ܵܡܩ ܼܘ ܵܕܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܠ ܸ̰ܠܒ ܼܝ ܘ ܼܲܡܚܪ ܼܘ ܼܵܒܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܸ̰ܚ ܵܝܠ ܼܝ ܘ ܼܲܡܦܫ ܼܘܪܘܗܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܼܥܠ ܼܝܡ ܼܘܬܐ ܹܟܐ ܼܫܪܝܐ ܘ ܹܟܐ ܼܚܬܡܐ.» ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̄ ̄ ̄ ܸ̰ܪ ܵܙܝ ܼܝ؟ ܼܲܚܕ ܐ ܹܚܪ ܵܢܐ ܒ ܸ̰ܓܚ ܵܟܐ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܹܥ ܹܠܗ: «ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܝ ܼܕܥܵܬ ܼܐܠ ܵܗܝܵܬ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܼܲܙܚ ܸ̰ܡܢ ܠܐ ܵܢ ܹܫܐ ܕܚ ܵܙܝܬܝ ܵܗܘ ܵܝܐ ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܚ ܵܙܝܵܬ ܕ ܼܐܠ ܵܗܐ.» ܵ ܲ ̄ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝܢܐ ܐܢ ܼܝ ܐ ܼܝܕ ܹܬܐ ̈ܪܟ ܼܝ ܼܹܟܐ ܘ ܸ̰ܣܟܪ ܹܢܐ ܕܡܪ ܟܘܗ ܝܢܐ ܓܢ ܼܝ؟ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܗܘ ܼܚܡܪܐ ܚ ܼܒ ܼܝܛܐ ܒ ܵܚܕ ܼܘܬܐ ܡܪ ܼܝܪܬܐ ܗܝ ܵܓܗ ܼܲܚ ̄ܕ ܐ ܵܢ ܵܫܐ ܣܝܡ ܵܝܐ ܕܒ ܵܗ ܼܲܝܪ ܵܬܐ ܕܟ ܲܘܦܠ ܼܘܗܝ ܐ ܼܘܪܚ ܼܘܗܝ ܵܡ ̄ܫ ܟ ܼܘܚ ܼܘܗܝ ܝܗ ܵܘܐ، ܐ ܸ̰ܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܚ ܵܕܐ ܼܥܝ ܼܵܒܐ ܼܲܡܣ ܹܡ ܼܲܝܢܵܬ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܘ ܼܡܪܥܐ ܼܒܣ ܼܝܡܐ ܕ ܼܡܬܪ ܼܘܝܘܗܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܸ̰ܠܒ ܼܝ؟ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܼܡܟ ܹܠܐ ܠܓܢܐ ܼܡܢ ܼܦܪܡܝܵܬ ܕ̈ܪܐ ܹܙܐ ܕܐ ܼܝܬ ܼܘܬܐ، ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܸ̰ܠܒܐ ܕ ܹܟܐ ܵܚ ܹܙܐ ܼܐܚ ܟ ܼܝ ܚ ܼܘܫ ܼܹܒܐ ܫܝܫ ܹܢܐ ܕܒ ܼܘܣܡܐ ܒܝܠ ̈ܪ ܼܘ ܡ ܵܝ ܹܵܬ ܘ ܹܟܐ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܵܐܢ ܼܝ ܓܘܠ ܵܦ ܹ̈ܢܐ ܕܦ ܵܪ ܹܚܐ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܸ̰ܥ ܸ̰ܠܠ ܼܡܢ ܒ ܵܣܕ ܼܝܬ ܼܝ ܵܓܘ ܸ̰ܫܠܝ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܼܠܝ ܹܠܐ، ܘ ܸ̰ܒܫ ܼܵܒܩ ܼܝ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܪܥ ܼܝ ܵܫܐ؟ ܼܫ ܹܡܥ ܼܐܚ ܟ ܼܝ ܒܪܬܩ ܹܠܐ ܕ ܼ ܟܪ ܼ ܟܪܝ ܹܵܬ ܼܡܢ ̈ܪܘ ܼܘ ܹܠܐ ܸ̰ܫܠ ܹܝܐ.» ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܲܗܘ ܸ̰ܡܢܕ ܼܝ ܵܠܐ ܸ̰ܡܬ ܼܲܚܙ ܵܝ ܵܢܐ ܕ ܼܥܝܢ ܼܝ ܲܨܛܠ ܼܘ ܵܛܝ ܝ ܸ̰ܘܢ ܼܥܠ ܼܘܗܝ، ܘ ܲܗܘ ܸ̰ܡܢܕ ܼܝ ܵܠܐ ܸ̰ܡܬ ܼܦܪܡ ܵܝ ܵܢܐ ܕ ܼܬܚܡ ܼܘ ܵܢܐ ܝ ܸ̰ܘܢ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܼܚܕ ܓ ܼܘܢ ܵܩܐ ܕ ܼܛܐ ܼܘ ܹܠܐ ܝܗ ܵܘܐ ܒ ܹܘܝܘܠܘܢܘܗܝ ܙܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܼܚܕ ܼܙܗܪܝܪܐ ܼܚܪ ܵܫ ܵܢܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܬܪ ܼܝ ܵܨܐ ܼܡܢ ܹܩܢܛܪ ܼܘܢ ܼܡܩ ܵܕ ܵܢܐ ܕܓ ܵܢܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܼ ܲ ܕ ܼܝܝ ܼܘܗܝ؟ ܘ ܼܲܗܝ ܪ ܼܥܫ ܵܵܬ ܕ ܹܠܐ ܵܡܨ ܵܝܐ ܵܦܝ ܵܫܐ ܪ ܼܓ ܼܝܫ ܵܵܬ؟ ܕ ܼܒܗܪ ܼܘ ܵܢܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܠ ܼܐܪܥܐ ܕ ܵܚ ܹܕܪ ܵܘܢ ܼܘܗܝ.» ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܓܘ ܬ ܼܢܚ ܵܝܬ ܼܝ ܐ ܼܝܬ ܚ ܵܕܐ ܦ ܼܫܡܵܬ ܒ ܼܘܫ ܵܫܦ ܼܝܪܬܐ ܼܡܢ ܒܪܬ ܵܩܠܐ ܕ ܸ̰ܓܚ ܵܟܐ ܘܒ ܼܘܫ ܼܡܚ ܹܕ ܵܝܢܵܬ ܼܡܢ ܵܚܕ ܼܘܬܐ. ܼܚܕ ܣ ܼܒܐ ܢܘ ܼܝܠܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܼܚܝܠܐ ܕ ܸ̰ܒܓܪܫܝ ܗܘܘ ܼܐܩܠܬ ܼܘܗܝ ܒܪ ܼܘ ܹܙܐ ܒܬܪ ܼܘܗܝ، ܒܩܠ ܼܘܗܝ ܪܓ ܼܘܕܐ ܐ ܸ̰ܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܼܡܢ ܼܝܚܵܬ ܕ ܼܦ ܼܓܪܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵܩܐ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܼܬܣܠ ܼܘܡ ܼܘܗ ܝ ܸ̰ܘܢ ܵܓܢ ܼܝ ܒ ܼܲܚ ̄ܕ ܵܚܝ ܵܠܐ ܵܠܐ ܝܕ ܼܝ ܵܥܐ ܕ ܼܲܡܡܝ ܼܘܬ ܼܝ ܘ ܼܲܡܚ ܼܘܝ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܼܲܗܠ ܙ ܵܪ ܵܩܐ ܕܕܢ ܵܚܐ ܘܡ ܵܠܝ ܼܘܗܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܓܘ ܼܚܕ ܼܩ ܼܒܪܐ ܸ̰ܫܠܝܐ، ܘ ܸ̰ܫܠܝ ܼܘܬܐ ܕܪ ܼܘܚܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܓܘ ܥ ܼܘܡܩܐ ܕܐܒܕ ܼܘܬܐ.» ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ܵ ̰ܸ ܹܒܝܬ ܕ ܵܡ ܼܟ ܼܝ ܒ ܵܝܕ ܼܲܒܗܪ ܼܘܗܝ؟ ܘ ܼܲܚ ̄ܕ ܵܝܠܐ ܙܥ ܲܘ ܵܪܐ، ܵܒܬ ܵܪܐ ܵܒܬܪ ܵܣ ܼܵܒܐ، ܒ ܸ̰ܓܚ ܵܟܐ ܐܡܝ ܹܪܗ: «ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ ܵܒܒ ܼܝ ܘ ܸ̰ܝܡ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ، ܘܫ ܼܒ ܼܘܩ ܼܡܢ ܵܒܒ ܼܝ ܘ ܸ̰ܝܡ ܼܝ ܟ ܼܘ ܐ ܵܢ ܵܫܐ ܹܠܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̈ ܚ ܼܘ ܵܫ ܹ̈ܒܐ ܕܪܥ ܼܝܫ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ ܹܒܪ ܵܓ ܵܕܐ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܒ ܼܝܠ ܸ̰ܛܠ ܵܦ ܹܦܐ ܕ ܼܥܝܢ ܼܝ، ܘܛܠܢ ܼܝ ܵܵܬ ܕܚ ܼܘܠ ܵܡ ܹ̈ܢܐ ܦ ܵܪ ܵܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܸ̰ܥ ܸ̰ܠܠ ܼܡܢ ܫܘ ܼܝܬ ܼܝ ܹܟܐ ܼܦܢ ܵܵܬ. ܝܕ ܹܥ ܹܠܗ ܚ ܼܘܒܐ.» ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܲܗܘ ܸ̰ܡܢܕ ܼܝ ܕ ܼܐܚ ܼܲܢܢ ܸ̰ܒܩ ܵܪܝ ܼܘܗܝ ܝ ܼܲܘܚ ܚ ܼܘ ܵܒܐ؟ ܼܗܕ ܼܟܐ، ܟܠܝ ܥ ܼܒ ܼܘ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܗ ܼܘܡ ܸ̰ܙܡܠܗܘܢ ܒ ܼܘܬ ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܼܨܠܡܐ ܕ ܹܗ ܼܒ ܼܝܝܝ ܘܡܚ ܼܝܠ ܼܘܬܝ، ܹܒܐܙܠܐ ܘ ܸ̰ܒܫ ܼܒܩܐ ܠܐܗܐ ܪܐܙܐ ܼܐܝ ܼܟ ܩ ܕܡܝܵܬ. ܵ ̄ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵܬܢ ܼܝܠ ܼܝ، ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܲܗܘ ܵܪܐ ܵܙܐ ܸ̰ܛܫ ܵܝܐ ܕ ܵܕ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܕ ܸ̰ܒܫ ܼܵܒ ܵܩܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܡ ܼܥܒ ܵܕܢ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ ܼܥܠ ܟܠ ܙܗ ܼܝܪ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ؟ ܗܝܓܗ ܫ ܹܡܥܠ ܼܝ ܼܚܕ ܩܠܐ ܼܡܢ ܓܘ ܼܗܝܟܠܐ: « ܼܚܝ ܼܘܬܐ ܦ ܼܝܫܵܬ ܝܠܗ ܦ ܼܘ ܹܠܓ ܼܝܵܬ ܠܬܪܝ ܼܦܠܓ ܼܘ ܹܢܐ: ܚܕܐ ܡܘܓ ܸ̰ܕܠܵܬ، ܗܝ ܐ ܹܚܪܬܐ ܒܠ ܵܗ ܵܝܐ. ܲܗܘ ܲܦܠ ܵܓܐ ܕܒܠ ܵܗ ܵܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܝܠܗ ܚܘ ܵܒܐ.» ܡܘܕܝ ܝ ܵܠܗ ܵܐ ܵܗܐ ܙܗܝܪܘ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܲܚ ̄ܕ ܒ ܲܚ ̄ܕ ܒܗ ܵܘ ܵܝܐ ܝ ܵܠܗ ܫܘ ܵܪ ܵܝܐ ܘܦ ܵܠ ܵܛܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܢܕܝ؟ ܸ̰ ܼ ܸ̰ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܼ ̰ܸ ܼ ̰ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܒ ܵܐ ܵܗܐ ܥ ܵܕ ܵܢܐ، ܕ ܵܠܐ ܚ ܼܲܡܠ ܵܵܬ، ܥ ܼܒܪ ܼܝ ܵܓܘ ܼܲܗܝܟܠܐ، ܒܪܝܟܠ ܼܝ، ܘܒ ܼܲܚܕ ܼܘ ܵܬܐ ܨ ܼܘ ܹܠܐܠ ܼܝ ܼܲܗܕ ܼܵܟܐ: « ܵܝܐ ܵܡܪ ܵܝܐ، ܥ ܼܒ ܼܘܕܠ ܼܝ ܬ ܼܘܪ ܵܣ ܵܝܐ ܵܩܐ ܵܠ ܵܗܐ ܡ ܼܘܕ ܼܝ ܝܠܗ ܵܐ ܵܗܐ ܵܫ ܼܲܗܪ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵܦܣ ܼܘ ܹܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܼܡܢ ܼܲܚ ܹ̈ܝܐ ܘ ܵܡܘ ܵܬܐ ܼܲܚ ̄ܕ ܹܚܠ ܵܡܐ ܒ ܼܘܫ ܼܲܡܥ ܓ ܵܒ ܵܢܐ ܼܡܢ ܼܲܚ ܹ̈ܝܐ ܘܒ ܼܘܫ ܵܥܡ ܲܘ ܵܩܐ ܼܡܢ ܵܡܘ ܵܬ ܐ؟ ܸ̰ ....ܐܢܵ ܨܵ ܒܠܒܲ ̰ܸ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܼܚ ܼܒܪܘܬ ܼܝ، ܬ ܹܢܝܡ ܼܘܢܠ ܼܝ، ܐ ܼܝܬ ܼܚܕ ܸ̰ܡܢܘ ܼܟܘܢ ܕ ܹܠܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܪܥ ܼܝܫܐ ܼܡܢ ܢ ܵܝܡܵܬ ܕ ܼܚ ܹܝܐ ܸ̰ܐ ܢ ܚ ܼܘܒܐ ܠܐ ܗ ܹܘܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܕܩ ܼܝܪܐ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵܝܐ ܼܐ ܵܠ ܵܗܐ، ܥ ܼܒ ܼܘܕܠ ܼܝ ܹܡܐ ܼܟ ܼܘܠ ܵܵܬ ܵܩܐ ܢ ܼܘ ܵܪܐ ܼܲܩܕ ܼܝ ܵܫܐ.... ܵܐܡ ܼܝܢ.» ܒܪ ܼܘܚ ܼܘܗܝ ܒ ܼܝܕ ܪ ܼܝܫ ܸ̰ܨܒܥܬ ܼܘܗܝ؟ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܼܐܝܢ ܼܝ ܸ̰ܡܢܘ ܼܟܘܢ ܹܠܐ ܫ ܼܸ̰ܒܩ ܠܒܒ ܼܘܗܝ ܘ ܸ̰ܝܡ ܼܘܗܝ ܒ ܟ ܼܝܕܬܐ ܕܗܝ ܒܬ ܼܘܠܵܬ ܕ ܸ̰ܠܒ ܼܘܗܝ ܡ ܼܘ ܸ̰ܚܒ ܼܘܗ ܝ ܹܠܗ؟ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܡܢ ܼܝ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܒ ܼܝܠܘ ܼܟܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܥ ܼܸ̰ܒܪ ܡ ܼܥܠ ܝܡ ܹܵܬ ܕ ܸ̰ܪܚܩܐ، ܥ ܼܸ̰ܒܪ ܼܡܢ ܼܒܪ ܼܹܝܐ، ܐ ܸ̰ܣܩ ܠ ܼܩܪ ܼܩܦܵܬ ܕܛ ܼܘ̈ܪܢܐ ܩܐ ܬ ܼܦܩܵܬ ܒܗܝ ܸ̰ܢ ܫܐ ܕ ܵܓܢ ܼܘܗܝ ܦܪ ܼܝܫܬ ܼܘ ܲܗ ܝ ܵܠܗ؟

44 45 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܐܒ݂ ܬܟ ܢܡ݂ ܝ݂ ܠ ܐܫܝ݂ ܪܔܕ ܟ݂ܝܐ ܬܵܚܘ݂ ܫܡ ܐܝܐ ܘ ܗܠܹ ܐܝܹ ܚܕ ܐܪܘܚܡܕ ܐܡܫܸ ܐܠܘ ܗܡܹ ܫܸ ܐܪܝ݂ ܟ݂ ܕ ̇ ܲ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܸܦ̈ܪ ܹܡܐ ܕܥ ܘܨܡܢ ܒܓ 8181 ܘܟ ݂ܸܬ ݂ܒ ܹܠܗ ܠܡܫ ݂ܘܚܵܬ ܵܔܘ ܫ ݂ܘܪ ܵܝܐ ܕ ܵܕܪܐ ܕܬ ܵܡ ܸܢܥ ܣܪ ، ) ܬܫܥ ݂ܵܝ ݂ܵܬ ܘ ܸܔܕ ܹܫܐ ݂ܡܢ ܐܠܩܘܫ ( ܒܐ ݂ܝ ݂ܵܕܐ ܲ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ̈ ݂ ܝܕ ܒ ܡܪܹ ܦܐ ܝܪܡܵ ܐܛܵ ܝܠܹ ܘܦܪܛܝ݂ ܡܕ ܢܡ݂ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܬ݂ ܟܕ ܬ݂݂ ܘ݂ ܙܝ݂ ܠܓܕ ܬ݂ܵܵ ܠܥܸ ܬ݂ܪܝ݂ ܟ݂ ܕ ܗܠܵ ܫܝ݂ ܦ ܐܠܵܘ ܐܒܹ݂ ܝ݂ ܬ݂ ܟ ܐܪܹ̈ ܛܵ ܫܐܸ ܒ ܲ ܝܗܝܠ ܲ ܠܩܸ ܫܕܲ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܬ݂ܵ ܟܲ ܕ ܐܡܵ ܫܸ ܘܐ ܐܪܵ ܘܲ ܚܡܵ ܕ ܐܡܵ ܫܸ ܘ ܗܡܹ ܫܸ ܐܠܘܦ ܦܝܛܠ : ܐܝܢܩܒ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܲ ̈ܵ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܬܪܔܡܵܬ : ܝܥܩܘܒ ܐܝܪܡܝܐ؛ ܲ ܥܢ ܵܟ ܵܒܐ، ܒܝܬܢܝ̈ܪܝܢ ܸܡ ܹܢܗ ܚܕܟܡܐ ܡܫ ݂ܘܚ ܵܝ ݂ܵܬ ܘ ܸܡ ܢܝܗܝ ܚܕܟܡܐ ̈ ܲ ܘܔܵ ) ܐܝܵ ܠܵܘܔ ܡܵ ܟܝܵ ܪܒܸ ( ܕ ܐܡܹ ܪ̈ܦܸ ܪܕܵ ܚ ܝܗܝܠ ܲ ܣܪܸ ܦܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̈ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵܐ ܵܗܐ ܦܪ ܵܡܐ ܵܠܐ ܵܒܨܪ ܲܒܦܫܘܥܘ ݂ܵܬ ܘܣܘܪ ܵܚ ܵܢܐ ܡܢ ܵܗܘ ܘ ܲܫܪ ܵܟܐ ، ܲܟ ܲ ܡܕ ݂ܝܢܵܬ ܕܡ ݂ܘ ܸܨܠ ܘ ܸܦܢܝ ݂ܵܬ ܕ ܕܫܵܬ ܕܢ ݂ܝܢ ܹܘܐ ܔܘܢܐ ݂ܝ ݂ܬ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܝܗܝܠ ܟ ܕ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܹ ܸ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̄ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵܔܘ ܫ ̄ܢ ܵܵܬ 1508ܡ ، ܡ ܵܩܘ ܵܡܐ ܕ ܵܗ ܵܫܐ ܐܠܩܘܫ ݂ܝܗ ܵܘܐ ܢܡ݂ ܝܗܝܚ ܒ݂ ܕܸ ܝܗܝܠ ܩܒܸ݂ ܫ ܡ8051 ܕ ܬܵܢܫ ܒ ܐܝܠܘܔ݂ ܡ ܟܝܪܒܸ ܗܒܹ ܐܸ ܗܠܹ ܡܝ ܩܕ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܝܗܝܠ ܐܪܹ ܒܕ ܐܢܕܥܸ ܒ ܬܵܝܪܘܛܣܢܸ ܐܚܪܘ݂ ܐܠ ܬܵܢܥ ܒ݂ ܬ ܬܵ̈ܵ ܢܵ ܝܕ݂ܡܘܲ ܬ݂ܵ ܘܵ ܬ̈ ܡܵ ܢܡ ܝܗܝ̈ ܢܲ ܟܵ ܠܘܡܘ ܐܪ̈ܝܣܐܲ ܘ ܐܠܝܛܩ ܬ݂ ܝ݂ ܐܢܵ ܠܟ ܐܘܢܝ݂ ܢܕ ܬܵܵ ܫܕܲ ܘ ܐܘܢܝ݂ ܢ ܘܔܵ ܢܡ ܲ ܥ ܲ ܝ̈ ܢܲ ܒܒ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̈ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܲ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܹ ݂ ܹ ݂ ܹ ܹ ܬ݂ܕ݂ܩ ܡ ܕ ܬ݂ܵ ܠܥܸ ܐܘܵ ܗܝ ܐܗܵ ܐܘ ̇ ܢܡ ܥ ܲ ܝܢ ܒܒ ܐܡܹ ܪ̈ܦܸ ܐܢܹ ܐ ̇ ܲ ܲ ̄ ܵ ܲ ̈ ܵ ̈ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̈݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܫܘܩܠܐ ܠ ܝܗܝܠ ܬ݂ܹ ܐܘ ܐܢܹ ܡܪ̈ܟ ܘ ܐܢܹ ܬܣܘ݂ ܒܘ ܬ݂ܵ ܠܩܚ ܘ ܪܬ݂ ܒ ܗܠ ܬ݂ܹ ܐܘ ܟܢܠ ܪܘ݂ ܡܝܬ ܕ ܐܡܹ ܪ̈ܦܸ ܗܢܡܸ ܡܕܩܘ ܐܢܹ ܪ̈ܚܐ̄ ܐܢܹ̈ ܟܵ ܘ݂ ܕܘ ܫܘ̇ ܩܠܐ ܘܔܵ ܬܵ̈ ܛܵ ܝ݂ ܪܣܕܲ ܐܝܹ̈ ܦܵ ܠܐ ܕ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܲ ̇ ܸܡ ܵܢܗ ܸܦܪ ܵܡܐ ܕ ܣܝ ̮ܦܘ 8180ـ 8181ܡ ܘ ܫ̈ܪ ܹܟܐ ܕ ܸܦ̈ܪ ܹܡܐ ܘܫ ݂ܘ ܹܪܐ ܲ ܠܝܗܝ ܲܚܝ ݂ܘ ݂݂ܵܬ ݂ܡܢ ܨ ݂ܝ ܦܪ ܘ ܵܔܘ ܥ ݂ܘܗ ܵܕ ܲ ܢܝܗܝ ݂ ܹ ܐܪܹ ܘ̇ ܚܡܵ ܘ ܐܡ̈ ܘ̇ ܝܣܵ ܘ ܐܛܘ̇ ܪ̈ܣܵ ܢܡ݂ ܐܒܪܵ ܐܢ̈ ܡܵ ܫܕ ܬܵܵ ܦܝܵ ܫܘܲ ܵ ̈݇ ̄ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܝܗܝܠ ܲ ܝ݂ ܢܫ ܲ ܬܵ̈ ܝܵ ܢܘ ܬܘ ܐܝܹ̈ ܫܢܸ ܝ݂ ܫܝܦܵ ܐܠܵܕ ܐܚܹ̈ ܢܘ݂ ܔ ܝ̈ ܢܐܵ ̇ ܐܢܹ ܪ̈ܚܹ ܐ ܐܢ̈ ܐܲ ܗܠܒܬܟܕܲ ܘܗܵ ܐܒܵ ܪܲ ܐܝܵ ܫܵ ܘ̇ ܩܠܐܲ ܐܪܵ ܘ̇ ܚܡܵ ܝܗܝܢܲ ܡܘ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܝ ݂ܘ ܵܒ ܹܠܐ ، ܐܝܟ ܲܕܟ ݂ܬ ݂ܒ ܲ ܠܝܗܝ ܵܡܚ ܲܘ ܹܪܐ ܪ ܹܒܐ ܒ ܸܠ ܵܫ ܵܢܐ ܸ ܸ ݂ ܹ ܹ ܘ ܸܦܪܡܐ ܕ ݂ܝ ܘܚ ܗܡܙܘ ܹܡܐ ܥ ܹܠܗ ܗܫܐ ، ݂ܝ ܹܠܗ ܗܘ ܸ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܕܗܣ ܐܘܗܝ݂ ܕ ܐܡܘܩ ܬ݂ܪܝ ܦܫ ܬܵܚܘ݂ ܫܡ ܘܔ ܐܫܹ ܕܔܸ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܐܝܐ ܟܝ ܐ ܐܒ݂ ܝ݂ ܬ݂ ܟ ܐܪܛܫܐܸ ܐܫܝܦܕ ܠܛܡ ܐܝܝܪܘ݂ ܣܐ ܡ1712 ܐܝ݂ܵ ܕܡܵ ܥܵ ܕ ܐܫܵ ܦܵ ܓܒ ܲ ܢܡܵ ܨܘ ܥ ܗܒܹ ܐܸ ܗܠܹ ܡܝ݂ ܩܕ ܐܒ̈ ܬܵ ܟ ܐܡܵ ܟܕ̄ ܚܲ ܝܗܝܠܲ ܫܝܦܘ ܐܢ̈ ܡܵ ܕ ܐܫ̈ ܕܔ ܝ̈݇ ܢܐܕܵ ܠ ܹ݂ ݂ ݂ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܐܒܹ ܪܵ ܝܗܝܠ ܲ ܣܦܪܘܦ ܕܟܲ ܘ ̇ ̇ ܚܘܲ ܝ ܐܝܵ ܙܵ ܚܒܕ ܬܵܵ ܚܘܫܡ ܲ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܔܘ ܦܢܝ ݂ܵܬ ܕܒܕ ݂ܝܢܢ ܟܢ ݂ܝܫܐ ݂ܝ ݂ܬ، ܘܗܘ ܕܐ ܸܙ ܠܝܗܝ ݂ ܸ ݂ ܸ ̈ ̈ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܐܢܦܠܘ݂ ܬ ܢܡ݂ ܝܗܝܠ ܩܪܸ ܦܘ ) ܐܝܹ ܫܘ ܛ ( ܐܣܹ ܝ݂ ܡܕ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܐܚܹ ܢܘ݂ ܔ ܝ݂ ܢܐ ܢܡ݂ ܝ݂ ܩܪܥܕ ܝܗܝܠ ܐܨܹ ܡܕ ܝ݂ ܢܐ ܢܡ݂ ܢܬܵ ܡܘ݂ ܐ ܝ̈ ܢܲ ܒ ܢܡ݂ ܐܝܹ̈ ܦܵ ܠܐ ܕ ܐܝܹ ܪ̈ܵ ܣܥܸ ܒ ܗܘܔܵ ܐܚ̈ ܒ݂ ܕ ܗܠܚܨܐܲ ܡܩܲ ܕ ܘܗܵ ܐܒܵ ܬܵ ܟ ܐܗܵ ܐܵ ܝܗܝܢܲ ܡܘ ܐܢܵ ܕ݂ܵ ܩܘܝ ܵ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ݂ ܸ ݂ ̇ ܗܲ ܪܵ ܕܵ ܚܕܲ ܬ݂̈ ܘܵ ܬ݂ ܡܵ ܘ ܫܘ̇ ܩܠܐܲ ܕ ܬܵܵ ܡܵ ܘܔܵ ܝܗܝܠܲ ܢܟܫܘܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ݂ ݂ ܸ ܝܗܝܝ ܕ ܐܠܹ ܡܘ ܝܗܝܢ ܟܠܘ݂ ܡ ܠܥ ܐܢܛܠܘ݂ ܫ ܗܠܹ ܫܝ݂ ܦܘ ܗܠܹ ܪܟܸ݂ ܕܘܡ ܐܠܘ ܝܕܒ ܡܪܹ ܦܐ ܝܪܡ ܐܛܵ ܝܠܹ ܘܦܪܛܝ݂ ܡ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ܲ ̈ܲ ܘܔ ܝܗܝܢ ܡܙܚܸ ܠ ܝܗܝܠ ܥܸ ܕܘܬ ܫܡܸ ܐܢܹ ܫܸ ܐܡܟ ܪܬ݂ ܒܘ ܐܠܹ ܝܡܹ ܣܸ ܘ ܐܝ݂ܵ ܕܡܵ ܥ ܲ ܘܔܵ ܝܗܝܬ ܢܵ ܝ݂ ܕܡܘ ܲ ܝܗܝܬ ܘܵ ܬܡܵ ܘ ܬܵ̈ܵ ܒܵ ܝܬܟ ܐܢ̈ ܐܲ ܗܢܡ ܗܠܚܨܘܐܕ ܘܗܵ ܐܒܵ ܘ̇ ܬܟܵ ܕ ܐܡܵ ܫܠ ̈ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ݂ ݂ ܸ ܝ݂ ܛܡܵ ܕ ܝܗܝܠ ܲ ܐܨܡܘܲ ܐܫܹ ܝ݂ ܪ̈ܦ ܬܵܵ ܢܵ ܝ݂̈ ܕ݂ܡܘܲ ܬ݂ܵ ܘܵ ܬ݂ ܡܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ݂ ݂ ܢܕܸ ܪܐ ܘ ܐܪܕܗ ܘ݂ ܢܘ ܬ݂ܵ ܠܥܸ ܡ ܘ ܐܫܹ ܔܹ ܢܡ ܘ ܐܝ݂ ܕܘܹ ܕܘ ܵ̈ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܥ ܲܠܝܗܝ ܒ ܲܝܕ ܩ ܵܪܝ ܵܵܬ ܲܐܘ ܩ ܵܪܝ ܵܵܬ ܕܫ ܵܡ ̈ܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܸܫܡܐ ܕܡܚܘ ܹܪܐ ܩܘܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܡ ܹܨܐ ܹܠܗ، ܩܘܡܐ ̇ ܵ ̄ ܹ ܸ ܘܔܵ ܗܠܹ ܝ ܐܪܟ݂ ܕܒܸ ܕ ܟ݂ܝܐ ܬ݂ ܝ݂ ܐܫܝ݂ ܢܟ ܐܢܦܨ ܕ ܬ݂ܵ ܝܵ ܢܦܸ ܘ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܕ ݂ܝܗ ܵܘܐ ܚܪ ݂ܝ ܵܡܐ ܲ ܥ ܹܠܗ، ܐ ܵܡܪܐ ܝ ܸܘܢ ܸܐܵܠܘ ݂ܟܘܢ ܐ ݂ܝ ݂ܬ ܡܫ ܘܚ ܵܵܬ ، ܟܕ ܩܛܠ ܹܠܗ ܟܠ ܲ ܡܢ ܲܕܡܨܐ ܹܠܗ ܕ ܵܩܛܠ ܕ ܫ̈ܪܒ ܬܝܗܝ ܒ ܝܕ ܫ ݂ܒ ݂ܝ ܹܠܐ ܕܝ ݂ܘܕܥܐ ܐܘ ܒܐ ܘܪܚܐ ܢܡ ܬܵܵ ܒܵ ܝ̈ ܬܟ ܘܔܵ ܐܡ̈ ܝܠܦ ܝܗܝܠܲ ܫܝܦ ܐܢ̈ ܝܵ ܕܢܡ ܲ ܲ ܹ ܹ ܸ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܹ ݂ ݂ ܹ ܸ ܝܗܝ̈ ܬ݂ ܘܵ ܬ݂ ܡܵ ܐܠܵܐܸ ̇ ̇ ܬܵܵ ܩܦܵ ܬܕܲ ܐܚܵ ܪܘܐ ܒ ܘܐ ܬ݂ܵ ܪܒ ܲ ܚܣ ܲ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܘܔ ܸܢ ݂ܒ ܹܠܗ ܘܢ ݂ܘ ܸܒܫ ܹܠܗ ، ܘܥ ܸܪܩ ܹܠܗ ܡܢ ܕܡ ܹܨܐ ܕܥ ܹܪܩ، ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܗܠܝ ܬܵܒ݂ ܝ ܬ݂ ܟ ܬܵܚܘ݂ ܫܡ ܐܝܐ ܘ ̇ ܬ݂ܘ݂ ܠܟ݂ ܣ ܘܐ ܬܵܥܘ݂ ܕܙ ܝܗܝܡܲ ܫ ܢܡ ܩܘܲ ܒܫ ܝ̈ ܢܲ ܡ ܗܠܫܝܦ ܐܠܵ ܝܗܝ̈ ܬܲ ܢܵ ܝܕ݂ܡܘܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܸ ݂ ݂ ܸ ܹ ݂ ܐܠܹ ܝܡܹ ܣ ܘܔ ܐܠܘܦܕ ܬܵܝܒ ܢܡ݂ ܣܘܪܛܦ ܢܒ݂ ܣܘ ܐܢܵ ܝܵ ܢܡܘ ܐܝܵ ܥܵ ܝܒܫ ܐܠܵ ܝܟܲ ܢܡ ܬ݂ܵ ܘܵ ܬ̈ ܦܵ ܐܥܵ ܫܬ ܠܥܲ ܸ ܸ ݂ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܸ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܐܝܵ ܡܵ ܘ̇ ܬ݂ ܡ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܲ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܬ݂ܵ ܡܠ ܩܪܹ ܥܕ ܗܠܹ ܐܨܹ ܡܕ ܗܬܹ݂ ܘܢܘܚܐ ܢܡ ܗܕܹ ܘܚܠ ܗܠ ܐܩ ܬ݂ܪܘ݂ ܨ ܝ݂ ܠ ܐܫܝ݂ ܪܔܘ ܬܹܵ ܒ )155( ܗܠܹ ܝ ܬܹܵ ܒܕ ܲ ܕ ܐܠܩ ̇ܘܫ، ܘ ܲܗܪ ܵܗ ܲܕ݂ܟ ܒ ݂ܘܕ ܲ ܒܝ ܹ̈ܵܬ ̄ܐܚ ܹ̈ܪ ܹܢܐ ܲܕܡܨܐ ܡܫܘܚ ܵܵܬ ܲܕܚܒܫ ܵܠ ̇ܗ ܔܕ ̈ܫܐ ܘܦ̈ܪܡܐ ܕ ܵܡ ̈ܢܐ ܵܔܘ ܦܢܝ ܵܵܬ ܐܘܵ ܗ̈݇ ܢܡܔܪܬܲ ܡ ܐܘܵ ܗ̈݇ ܢܝܥܒܵ ܘ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܐܪܵ ܛܵ ܫܐ ܐܫܵ ܝܦܵ ܕ ܐܩܵ ݂ ݂ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܸ݂ ݂ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܵ ̄ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̄ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̈݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܬܵܢܫ ܗܠ ܐܠܒܸ ܩܣ ܕ ܝܗ ܐܝܹ ܢܘܝ ܕ 2023 ܬܵܢܫ ܢܢܝ݂ ܕܒܕ ܐܪܹ ܘ ܫܘ ܝܗܝܠ ܒ݂ ܬܸ ܝܘ ܢܝܪܹ ܬ ܘܐ ܕܚ ܝ݂ ܩܪܥܕ ܝܗܝܠ ܬ݂݂ ܘ݂ ܝܪܟ ܐܢܝ݂ ܐ ܐܝܙܝ݂ ܠܔܢܝ݂ ܐܘ ܐܝܒ ܪܥ ܐܢܫܠܸ ܠ ܗܠ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܠܝܗܝ ܚܝ ܘ ݂݂ܬ ܚܕ݂ܬ ܔܘ ܡܵܬ ܕܐܠܩܘܫ ܐܝܟ : 1712 ܡ ، ܟܬ ܝ ݂ܒܵܬ ܝܠܗ ܒ ܸܣܪ ܵܛܐ ܕܡ ݂ܝܛܪܦܘ ܹܠܝ ܵܛܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܠ ܬ݂ ܝ݂ ܐܢܝ݂ ܡܐ ܝ݂ ܬ݂ ܘ݂ ܣܝ݂ ܣܥ ܕ ܬ݂݂ ܘ݂ ܐܝ݂ ܔܣ ܘ ܝ݂ ܢܕܥܸ ܕ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܹܒܝ ݂ܬ ܐܣ ܡܪܘ ܘ ܹܒܝ ݂ܬ ܨܪܘ ܘ ܹܒܝ ݂ܬ ܚܢ ݂ܝܢܝܐ ܘ ܹܒܝ ݂ܬ ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܡ ܒܕ ݂ܝ ، ܐܝ݂ܟ ܕܦ ܝܫ ܹܠܗ ܕ ݂ܟ ݂ܝܪܐ ܸܫ ܹܡܗ ܵܔܘ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ݂ ܐܢܕܥܸ ܗܠܠܒܸ݂ ܗܝܸ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܠܵ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܬ݂ܵ ܟ ܢܡ݂ ܗܠܹ ܝ ܐܚܵ ܝ݂ ܨܐ ܕ ܘܗܵ ܬ݂ܵܵ ܦܵ ܕ ܐܝܵ ܪܵ ܘ݂ ܫ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܢܢܵ ܘܝܵ ܝ݂ ܒܪ ܬ݂ ܝܒܹ ܘ ܣܕܵ ܢܸ ܕܙܵ ܪ ܗܫ ܘ ܝ݂ ܠܔܵ ܕ

46 47 ̈ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ȷȉܹ ̈ ȥܸ ̈ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǧȋܵ ܸܕ ǧȘǫ̣ܵ ȑ ȷȈ ǧȗܪܐܼ ܘ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ .ܝǵ̈ Ȃȉܼ Ȧܸ Ǫ ǵȘǪ̣ܵ ܨ Ȑị̑ ǧܵȂȉȅ ȷȈ Ȑ̈ȂȎܼܿ ǶȏǪܘܼ ̈ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ȷȉܹ ̈ ȥܸ ̈ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ܿ ݉ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ Ȑȋܼ Ƕȅܵ ܐ ܘܗ ẹ̑ ȁܐܼ ǧȡܵ ǶȌȑ Ȑȋܼ ܸܕ ܦܐܘ ܿ 11.ܝǵȂȉܼ Ǫܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ Ȋȉܹ ȥ

ܿ ܵ ܿ ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ܬȤȚ ܘܐ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǨȨȅȳǶ݂ Ǫܘ ǨܬǶ݂ ȁȤȚܸ ܘܐ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ :ܗȨȁܵ ܕ ǨȨȅܵ ȳǶ݂ ǫȈ ǧȌܵ Șǻ ǵȉȁ ȷȈܕ ܵ ǵȉܹ ȁ Ǩܘܵ ǶǸܸ ȷȉǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ ܿ ܿ ȐȈܼ ܣܹǦȎܵ ܘܼ ܛܹȤȦܵ Ǫ ܿ ܵ ܐܸܢ ȨȘǼܼ ȡܵ ȷȈܝ ǵܹȥܹȤȈ، ܵ ܝȨȂܼܿ ȦȎܵ ȷȈ ܵ ܿ ܿ 12ȷȉܸȂȡǶțȋ ܢܬܼ ܘܵ Ƕܵ Ǹܸ ܕ ǧȥܵ ܹܪ ܿ ܿ ǧܹȦȁǶȦȋ 13ܝǵ̈ ȂǼܼܿ Șȥܼ ܘ ܿ ܵ 14ȃ݂ ǼܸȗȤȦܼ ȋ ȷȈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ 15.ܝǵȂǻܼܿ Ƕ݂ ȗȴȥܼ ܝǵȂȉܼ ȆȈ ܝܬȤȢܼ ȗ ȷȈܕ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ 16ǧȌܵ Ȃ݂ Ȣȗܼ ǧǻܵ Ƕ݂ ȗȤȥܼ ǵȉܹ ȁ ȷȈ ȷȉǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ ǧȋܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܗܹȤȢܸȗ Ȑị̑ ǵܹȈ ܝܬȤȢܼ ȗ ȷȈܕ ܵ ܵ dzǪܸ ܐȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈ Ȋܹȅܩ، ܵ ܵ ܿ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗ Ǩܗܵ ܐܕ Ȑị̑ ǧȌȅܵ ܘܼ ܵ ܵ ݉ ܵ ܿ ܿ Ƕܼ ȋܵȣ ȃ݂Ȃ݂ȗǫ̣dzȁȥܵܕȈ ݂ܝȂȈǵܼ Ȃܝǵ ܝܕ ǩ dzܵ ǫȷ̣ܵ Ȉȗܐ! ̣ ȷȉȅ؟ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ :ǨȨǸǶ݂ Ȧȋܕܼ ǧțȂ݂ ȑ Ȋȗܼ ǨܬǶ݂ ȎȤȂ݂ Șȋ ̈ ܸ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ȷȉܹ ȥ 19ǧȋܹ Ƕ݂ Ȃȡܼ ȨȂǪܹ ǵȉܹ ȆȈ ܝ݂ Ƕȥ ǨȨȉȋȳܐܼ ܕ 18ǩܹȴȉǻܸ ȷȉܹ̈ ̈ ȥܸ ̈ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܵܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ȷȉܹ ȉܹ ȥܸܸ ȷ ܼܐܘܘǨȤȚȨȂ݂ Ǽ Ǹ ܬܕ ǭ، ȐǧȦȌȉܹ ȂȋǸܸܼ ǧǫܹ Ȃ݂ ȏ ܕ Ȩȁܼܿ ݂ܘ ǧȋܹ ܵ 22 ܵ 21 ܵ 20 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܩȤȂȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈ Ȋ ȅܸ ǶǩܹȋȴܵȦܕȁܵ Ƕ݂ ȥǵ ǫܹ ȉșܸ ȈȎǶ݂ ȢǧǪǹܵ ȁȨǩܹȴȚȒțȑǩܼ ܪ ܠܘܿ dzȨȢǪȚܼ ǧȋܸܕ ǧȘǫ̣ ȑ ȷȈ ǧȷȗȉܹܪܐܼȥܸܘ ݂ ̈ ̈ ݂ܵ ̈ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ǩܹܕǵȑܵ ȨȌܵ ܸȁ ȨȘȋܸܕܕ ǧȏܵ Ȍȁܵ ܘ݂ ܗܘ .ܝǵȂȉܼ Ȧܸ Ǫ ǵȘǪ̣ܵ ܨ Ȑị̑ ǧܵȂȉȅ ȷȈ Ȑ̈ȂȎܼ Ƕȏ̈Ǫܘܼ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ȷȉܹ ̈ ȥܸ .ǧܹȏȂ݂ țȅ ǧẸ̑ 23ȋܕܹ ܿǵܵȎǶȏܵ Ǫܘܿ ܼ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ǩȳǶȁܬ ܠdzȢǪܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܿ ǧȋܸܕ ǧȘǫ̣ ȑ ȷȈ ǧȗܪȷܐȉܹ ܼ ܘȥܸ ǨܬdzǸܼ ǧȋܹ ܕǶ݂ ȡȐ ȦܝǵȂȂȋȉܼܼ ȁ ܬǧܹȁȤȚܘȤǫ ȋܘܼ ܕܐ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ .Ǩܿ ܬǶ݂ ẹ̏ ܙܵ dzȘȈܼ ܵܝǵȁȤܼ ȁܘ݂ ȨܿǪ .ܝǵȂȉܼ Ȧܸ Ǫ ǵȘǪ̣ ܨ ܿ Ȑܵị̑݉ ǧ̇Ȃȉȅܿ ȷܵ Ȉܿ ȐȂȎܼ Ƕܿ ȏǪܵ ܘܼ ܘܐܦ ܕܸ ǧȡǶȌȑ Ȑȋܼ ܼܐẹ̑ ȁ ܗܘ ܐȐȋܼ Ƕȅ ܐ ܵܘ ǧǹȂܿ ݂ Ȧܵȋ ܵܕǶܼ ȁ ȷȈܹ Ƕẹ̏ ̇ Ƕܵ ȋܬܝ ǧȏȂ݂ țȅ ǧȦȏȆܸ Ȉ، ǵȉȁ ǨȨȏȁܵ ܬܐܼ ǨܬǶ݂ ẹ݂̏ ܙܘ ܿ ̈ ܵܿ ܵ 11.ܝǵȂȉܼ Ǫܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ ȷȊȉܹ ȉܹ ȥܸ ǵ ܹȦȃ݂ Șȁ݂ Ǫȴܵ ȚȷȈܘܼܘ ܗȃ݂ ܹȘȴǪțܵ ȑܢܸܐܘ ̈ ܿ ȷȉܹ ȥܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ 24 ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̈ ܨȈǵǪܝ ǫܹ ̣ܬǨǵȨȂȉܼ Ȉȁ Ƕ݂ Ǯ̣ ǨȨǭȥ Ȥܼ Ȋǫ̣ Ȏܼ ȗ ܼȐȁ ȳܼ ȃǶȁȆܝ ܕǵȂȉܼ Ǫܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹܝ، 25 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ȷȉܹ ܿȥܸ ܿ ܵ ܵ .ǧܿẸ̑ ȗܕ ȷȈܘ ǧܹȚǶǼțǼܿ ܼ ȋ ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ܬ ȤȚ ܘܐ Ȑȏܼ ȡܪǶ݂ Țܕ ǧțȂ݂ ȡܙ Ȋȗܼ Ȑị̑ ǧܹȎ ȃǸܘܪܨ ܿ ܵ ݉ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ Ȑȋܼ Ƕȅܐ ܘܗ ẹ̑ ȁܐܼ ǧ ȡǨȨǶȅȌȑȳǶ݂ Ǫ ܘȐ ȋǨܬܼ ܸܕǶ݂ ȁȤܦȚܸ ܐܘܘܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪ ȐȈܼ ǧȘȌȥܕ :ܗȨȁܵ ܕ 11ǨȨȅܵ ȳǶ݂ ǫȈ ǧܿȌܵ ܵȘǻ ǵȉȁ ȷȈܕ .ܝǵȂȉܼ ǪǶ݂ Ǹ Ȋܵ ȉܹ ȥ 17 ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݉ ̇ ܵ ܵ ǵȉܹ ȁ Ǩܘܵ ǶǸܸ ȷȉǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ :Ȑȉܼ ȁ݂ ǦȈ ǧȁܬܐ ǵȉȁ ȷȈܕ ܿ ܿ ܿ ȐȈܼ ܣܹǦȎܵ ܘܼ ܛܹȤȦܵ Ǫ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐܸܢ ȨȘǼܼ ȡܵ ȷȈܝ ǵܹȥܹȤȈ، ܐȊȁܹ ܵܐǵܵȂȈܵ ܼ Ȋǹܸ țܼ ȋ ܿ ȷȈ Ȋȁܹܝ ǩdzǫ̣ ȗ ܝǵȂȈܼ ܝ݂ ܕǶȋ ȃ݂ ȗdzȁܵ ܵ ! ܵ ܿ ܝȨܵ Ȃܼܿ ȦȎܵ ȷܿ Ȉ ܵ ȐȦܿ Ȃȋܼ ܿܬȤȚ ܘܐ ܵ 12ȷȉܸȂȡǶțȋ ܵ ܢܬܼ ܘܵ Ƕܵ Ǹܸ ܕ ǧȥܿܵ ܹܪ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ǨȨȅȳǶ݂ Ǫܘܿ Ǩܬ13Ƕ݂ ȁ̈ȤȚܸ ܿ ܘܿ ܐ :ǨȨǸǶ݂ Ȧȋܕܼ ǧțȂ݂ ȑ Ȋȗܼ ǨܬǶ݂ ȎȤȂ݂ Șȋ ǧܹȦȁǶ Ȧȋ ܝǵȂǼܼ Șȥܼ ܘ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 14 ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ 11 ܗȨȁܵ ܕ ǨȨȅȳǶ݂ ǫȈ ǧȌȘǻ ȃǵ݂ ǼȉܸȗȁȤȦܼ ȋȷ ȈȷȈܕ Looted19ǧȋܹ Ƕ Ȃawayȡ ȨȂǪܹ ǵbyȉܹ Ȇ ȈtheirܝǶȥܵ ǨcorruptionȨȉȋȳܐܕ 18ǩܹȴȉ ǻܸ : ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ݂ ܼ ݂ ܼ 15.ܝǵȂǻܼ Ƕ݂ ȗȴȥܼ ܝǵȂȉܼܵ ȆȈ ܝܬȤȢܼ ܵ ȗܵ ȷȈܕ ̈ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܿ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǨܘǶǸܸ ȷȉǪǶ݂ Ǹ ǧȋܹ ܘ݂ Ȩȁܼ ܕ ǧǫܹ Ȃ݂ ȏǭ ǧȌȉܹ Ǹܸ ܕ ǨȨȂ݂ ǼǸ12ܘܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ Coined by the poet, i.e wearing turbans 16ǧȌܵ Ȃ݂ Ȣȗܼ ǧǻܵ Ƕ݂ ȗȤȐȥȈܼ ܼ ǵܣȉܹ ȁܹ ǦȷȎܵȈܘ ܼܿ ȷȉܛǪܵ Ƕ݂ܹȤǸȦ ܵ ǧǪȋܵ 22 ܵ ܵ 21 ܵ 20 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ǩܹȴȦȁǶ݂ ȥ șȎǶ݂ ȢǪ ǩܹȴȒțȑܼ ܠdzȢǪܼ ܗܹȤȢܸȗ Ȑị̑ܿ ǵܹȈ ܝܵ ܬȤȢܼ ȗܵ ȷȈܕ ܐܸܢ ܵ ȨȘǼܼ ȡ ȷȈܝ ܵ ǵܹȥܹȤȈ، 13 dzǪܸ ܐ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈ Ȋܹȅ ܩ، ܵ Newlÿ ܵ ̈ bornܵ ܵ snakesܵ ǩܹܕǵȑ ȨȌܸȁ ȨȘȋܸܕܕ ǧȏȌȁܘ݂ ܗܘ ܵ ܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗ Ǩܝܗܵ ܐȨܵ ܕȂܿȐȋẠ̇ ȎܵǧȌȅܵȷȈܘܼܿ 23 ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ǵȂȈܼܿ ȣȂ݂ ǫ̣ܵ ȥ ܵܝ ܵܕ ȷȈܿܵ ݉ܐ ȷȉܵ ẹ̏ܵ؟ܿ ܵ dzȢ14Ǫܼܠ ܬǩܹȳǶȁ ܵ Quiverܿ ܿ ܿ 12ȷȉܸȂȡǶ țȋ ܢ ܬܼ ܘ ǶǸܸ ܕ ǧȥܹܪ ǨܬdzǸܼܿ ǧȋܹ ܕǶ݂ ȡ ܝǵȂȉܼ ȁ ǧܹȁܘȤǫȋܼ ܕ ܿ ǧܹȦȁǶܿ Ȧȋ 13ܝǵ̈ ȂǼܼܿ Șȥܼܿ ܘ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ 15 ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܐܘ ȤȚܬ ܿ ،ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ȨǪ ݂ܘǵȁȤܼ ȁܝ dzȘȈܼ Tumor ܙ Ƕ݂ ẹ̏ܬǨ. ܵ 14ȃ݂ ǼܸȗȤȦܼ ȋܵ ܿ ȷȈܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈ Ȋȅܸ Ƕȋܵ ܕ ǵǫܹ ȉܸ Ȉ ǧǹܵ ȁ݂ ȨȚ ǩܪ ܘȨȚ ǵȉȁ ǨȨȏȁܬܐܼ ǨܬǶ݂ ẹ݂̏ 16ܙܘ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ Cancerous Tumor 15.ܝǵȂǻܼ Ƕ݂ ȗȴȥܼ ܝǵȂȉ ܼ Ȇ.ǧȈܹȏ̈ Ȃ݂ țܝȅܬ ǧȆȤȢ̣ܼܵ ȋܵ ܕȗ ǵ Ȏܵ Ƕȷȏ̈ȈǪܕܘܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ȃ݂ ȘǪ ȷȈܘ ȃ݂ ȘǪ ܢܸܐ ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ܬȤȚ ܘܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܐܘ ǧǹܵ Ȃ݂ Ȧȋ ܕ Ƕܼ ȁ ȷȈܹ Ƕܵ ẹ̏ Ƕȋܵܬܝ ،ǧȏȂ݂ țȅ ǧȦȏȆܸܿ Ȉ ǵ̇17Ǫ ܵ ܿܝ ܬǵȂȉȁ 24ǨȨȥȤܼ ǫȎܿ Ȑȁȳܼ Ƕܿ ȁܝ ܼ ̣ Ourܼ aid 16ǧȌȂ݂ Ȣȗܼ ǧǻܵ Ƕ݂ ȗȤȥܼ ǵȉܹ ȁ ȷȈ ȷȉǪܵ Ƕ݂ܿ Ǹ ǧܵȋ ܵ ܵ ǵܹȦȁ݂ ȴȚܘܼ ܗܹȴ țȑܘ 25 ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵܵ ܨܕǭ ȤȢȊܼ ȗܼ ȗ ȃẸ̑ȷǫܹ ȈȈܬ Ǯ̣ܝǵܹȈǨȨȈǶ݂ ܕ ǵܸȗȂȉܼ Ǫܵ ȐǶ݂ȋṆ̀ܝ،ȤȢܹ ܗ ǧܹȚǶǼțǼܼ ȋ ܘȷȈ ܕǧẸ̑ ȗ. ܵ ܿ ܿ Ȑȏܼܿ ȡܵܵ ܪǶ݂ Țܕ ǧțȂ݂ ȡܙ Ȋȗܼ Ȑị̑ ǧܹȎ ȃܵ Ǹܘܪܨ dzǪܸ ܵܐ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈܵ Ȋܹȅܿܩ، ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪ ȐȈܼ ǧȘȌ ȥܵ ܕ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݉ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܩȤ Ȃ݂ 17ȗ: ȐȉǨܼ ȁܵܗ݂ ǦȈܐ ܕǧ ȁܵ ܬȐȋܐ̣ ǵǧȉȌȅȁ ȷȈܘܕܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ 18 ܵ ݉ ܵ ܿ ǫ̣ ȥܐȣȂ ݂Ȋȁܹ ܐțܼ ȋǵ ȷȂȈȈ ܼ Ȋȁܹܝ ܸ ǹܕǵ ȂȷȈܼȈ Ȋܐܝ ȷȉẹ̏ܵ؟ Flipflops Parliament 19

20 Looted away by their corruption 11 Brokers ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܐ12ܘ ȤȚܬ ȐȦȂȋܼ، Mask 21 ܵCoined by the poet, i.e wearing turbansܵ ܿ ܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵܹȈ Ȋȅܸ Ƕȋܵ ܕ ǵǫܹ ȉܸ Ȉ ǧǹܵ ȁ݂ ȨȚ ǩܪܘȨȚ Newly born snakes 13 Politicians 22 ǧܹȏ̈ Ȃ݂ țȅ ǧẸ̑ܵ ȋܵ ܕ ǵ̇ Ȏܵ Ƕܿ ȏ̈ Ǫܘܼܿ . 14 23 Quiverܿ ܵ ܿ The rebellious ones ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ܬȤȚ ܘܐ 15 24 ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ Tumor ܿ ܐܘ ǧǹܵ Ȃ݂ Ȧȋ ܕǶܼ ȁ ȷȈܹ Ƕẹ̏ Ƕȋܬܝ ،ǧȏܵ Ȃ݂ țȅ ǧȦȏȆܸ Ȉ Candle Cancerous Tumorܿ ܵ 16 Go our 25 ǵܹȦȁ݂ ȴȚܘܼ ܗܹȴțȑܘ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ17 ܨ ǨȨȈǶ݂ Ǯ̣ ǭ ȊOurȗܼ ȃ aidẸ̑ ǫܹ Ȉ ܕǵȂȉܼ Ǫܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹܝ، ܵ ܿ ܿ Ȑȏܼܿ ȡܵ ܪǶ݂ Țܕ ǧțȂ݂ ȡܙ Ȋȗܼ Ȑị̑ ǧܹȎ ȃǸܘܪܨ 48 ܵ ܿ ܵ 49 ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪ ȐȈܼ ǧȘȌȥܵ ܕ ܿ ܵ ݉ ̇ ܵ ܵ 17:Ȑȉܼ ȁ݂ܵ ǦȈ ǧȁܵ ܬܐ ǵȉȁ ȷȈܕ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܝǵȂȈܼ Ȋǹܸ țܼ ȋ ȷȈ Ȋȁܹܐ Ȋȁܹܐ

Looted away by their corruption 11 Coined by the poet, i.e wearing turbans 12 Newly born snakes 13 Quiver 14 Tumor 15 Cancerous Tumor 16

17 Flipflops 18 Our aid Parliament 19 Brokers 20 Mask 21 Politicians 22 The rebellious ones 23 Candle 24 Go our 25 ȐȦȂȋ ܬȤȚ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ (ǩܪȠǪܵ .ܕ.ܗ ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼ ܬȤȚ Ƕǭ ǩܹȳǶȁܬܕ Ǩܬdzȏܵ ȒȈܼ ǨȨǫ̣ ȁ݂ Ȩȅ)

ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ǧȁܵ ܪܘܬܐ Ǩܗܵ ܐ ܵ ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȦܸ Ǫ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǧȁܵ ܕܪܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗܕ ǧǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ 1ǺȈܹ ܨܵ ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȥܸ ܘ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵ ǧȡܹ ǶȌȑ ǩܹܕȳܘܼ ȃ݂ ǹȢȚܕ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ǧܹȘȂ݂ ȢȚ ǨȨȘǪܨܸ Ȋȗܼ ̈ ܿ ܵ ȷȉܹ Ǯȋܼ ܕ ǨȨȗܕܵ Ȑị̑ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܘ ܼܐȳܙ2ǨȨܵȂȚܸ ܼܕܨǧܹȆȁ݂ ȳ،3 ܿ ܿ ܿ ȍȗܼ ǵȉܹ ȁȐȦȂȋ 4ǩܹܪǶ ǫ̣ܬȤȚǹȦܼ ȋ ܵ ܵ ǩܪȠǪܵ ܕ ܗ ȐȦܵ Ȃȋܼܿ ܬȤȚ Ƕǭܵ ǩܹȳǶܿ ȁܿܬܵ ܕ Ǩܬܵ dzȏܵ ȒȈܼܿ ܿ ǨȨܵ ǫ̣ܵ ȁ݂ Ȩȅܿ ( . . ܝ ǵȂȉܼ ȁ ܗܹȤǹȎܵ ܕ ܼ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ) ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪܕܼ ǩȤȂ݂ ǹȎܼ ܡdzܵ ȡ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǧȁܵ ܪܵ ܘܬܐ Ǩܗܵ ܐܿ ܗܹȨȂ݂ ȋܗǶȋ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪܵ ܘܼ ! ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȦܸ Ǫ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǧȁܵ ܕܪܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗܕ ǧǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ 1ǺȈܹ ܨܵ ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȥܸ ܘ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼܿ Ȑȋ ȤǼܿ ȑ ܝdzȏȋܸ ȇȑ ܵ ǧȡܹ ǵܹȈǶȌȑ ȨǩܹܕȳȂܘȈܼ ܼ ȃܕ݂ ǹȢܘȚܗ̇ܕ ̣ ܼ ݂ ̣ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ǧܿ ܹȘȂ݂ ȢȚ ǨȨȘǪܨܸ Ȋܵ ȗܼ ȐȦȂȋ ܬȤȚ ǦȌǪܹܵ ܵܬ ܕܿ Ȥǫ̣ ȑܼ ǧܹ̈ȂǸܹܵܗ، ܘ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ܕܐ Ȩȁ݂ ȷȉܹ Ǯȋܼ ܕ ǨȨȗܕ Ȑị̑ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ǩܪȠǪ ܕ ܗ ȐȦȂȋܼ ܬȤȚ Ƕǭ ǩܹȳǶȁܬܕ ǨܬdzȏȒȈܼ ǨȨǫ̣ ȁ݂ Ȩȅ ( . . ) ܘ ܼܐȳȐȋܙȚܸܕ2ܹǦǨȋȨܵȂ ܬܼܕ ܕܨ3ǧ،ܹȂǧܹȆǸܵ ȁ݂ ȳ ǵܹȈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ȍȗܼ ǵܵ ȉܹ ȁ5 4ǩܹܪ̈ Ƕǫ̣ ǹȦܼ ȋ ǩܹȴǫ̣ ȑܼ ǧțȈܐܼ ȃ݂ ǸǶܿȥ ȷȉܹ ܿ ȥܸ ܵ Ȑị̑ܿ ܝǵȂȉܼ ȁ ܗܹȤǹȎܵ ܕܼ ǩ Ȥǫ̣ ȑܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵܿ ܿ ǩܹȴǫ̣ ǭܼ ǧțȈǦ ܼ ǨǪȨ ȁ݂ǩȤǪȤܕǫܼ ̣ ǩȑȤܼ Ȃ݂ ǹȊȅܘȎܼ ܡdzܵ ȡ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ǧȁܪܘܬܐ Ǩܗܐ !ܗܹȨȂ݂ ȋܗǶȋ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪܘܼ ܵ ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȦܸ Ǫ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǧȁܵ ܕܪܵ ܩȤȂ݂ ȗܕ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ܗȐị̑Ƕ ȤǭǼܼ ȑܢ ܝǶܸ݂ dzȁȏȋ ܸ ȷ ȇỊ̏ ȑ ǧǵܹȈȎܐ ȨܕȂ ȈȐܼ ܕȋ ܘܬܼܗ ǧǪܵ Ƕ݂ Ǹ 1ǺȈܹ ܨܵ ǵܹȏȁܵ ȴȥܸ ܘ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ǦȌǪܹܵܬ ܕ Ȥܸǫ̣ ȑܼܿ ǧܹȂǸܹܵܵܗ، 6ܘ ǩȤǫ̣ܵ ȑܼ ܕܐ Ȩȁ݂ ܵ ܵ ݉ ̇ ǵȏȋȨܼ Ǫ ǧȎܐܘ ܝ݂ Ƕǭ ǧȏȅǶȉȋ ǧȏȁ݂ ܐ̇ ǧȡܹ ǶȌȑ ǩܹܕȳܘܼ ȃ݂ ǹȢȚܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ ǵܹȈ ǧܹȂǸܵ ܕ ܬܹǦȋܵ ܕ Ȑȋ 7 ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܝǵȂȉܼ ǪǶ݂ Ǹ ܡdzȡ ܗܪܕ ܨǩܼܹȴ ǫ̣ǵȑܼ Ȉ ǧ țǺȈܐܼ ȁ݂ȃ݂ȨǸǶȚȥܵ ܕ ܼ 5 ȷȐȉܹ Ȍȥܸ ȁ݂Ȑܐị̑ ǧܹȘȂ݂ ȢȚ ǨȨȘǪܨܸ Ȋȗܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ̈ ܿ ܵ ǩܹȴǫ̣ ǭܼ ǧț Ȉ:Ǧǧܼ ǪǸܵ ǩܪܨȤǫ̣ ȑ ܼ ܝ Ȋȅܘܗܘ ȷȉܹ Ǯȋܼ ܕ ǨȨȗܕܵ Ȑị̑ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ 3 ܿ 2 ܵ ܵ ܿ ܘ ܼܐȳܙǨȨȂȚܸ ܼܕܨ ،ǧܹȆȁ݂ ȳ Ƕǫ̣ ܵ ȥܿ ܵ ܵܩ ȨȂȋܵ ݂ܝ ܵ dzǫ̣ ̇ ȅܼܵܬ ݂ܝ ܗǶǭ ܢǶܸ ȁ ȷȈ ǧȎܐܕ Ȑȋܬܼ ܿ ̇ ݉ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܵ ܵ ܵ 6 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ 4 ܿ ܿ Ƕǫ̣ ǹȦܼ ȋܪȍȗܼ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǩܹ ܐܕǭȤ Ȃǧ݂ ȗȏȅܸ ǶȉǧȂȋȂ ǧǸܵȏȁ݂ܩǶ ݂ ܝـ ܘ ܼܐܗȋǵȨܼ ǮǪ ȁǧȎ ǵȏ 7 ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܝǵȂȉܼ ǪǶ݂ Ǹ ܡdzܵ ȡ ܗܪܕܨܼ ǵȈ Ǻȁ݂ ȨȚܵ ܕܼ ȐȌȁ݂ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܩȤȂȗ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵ̇ Ȉܵ Ǩܹܘܗ̇ ܝǵȂȉܼ ȁ ܗܹȤǹȎܕܼ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ݂ :ǧǸܵ ܪܨ ܝܗܘ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪܕ ǩȤȂ݂ ǹȎܼ ܡdzȡ .ȐȦȂȋܼ ܬȤȚ ǵܹȈ Ǩܹܘܗ ܝ ݂ ܬǧdzܵȂǫȡ̣ ܵȅܼȤ ܝȂ݂݂ ȨȗȂȋ ȊȅܘܩǶǫ̣ ȥ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼܘǶȋ ǨȨȁ݂ ȤǪܗȨȂ݂ ȋܹܗ! ܕ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǧȂȂǸܵܩ ـ ܼܗǵǮȁ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܩܵ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǵȉܹ ܿȅ ǵȈ Ǩܹܘܗ ܹ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ 8ǨȨȂ݂ ȉǭܵ ܬܵ ܼ ܵ ȊȆǪ ܵ ܵ ܿ .ȐȦȂȋܼ ܬȤȚ ǵܹȈ Ǩܹܘܗ ǧȂȡȤȂ݂ ȗ Ȋȅܘ :ܐܬǩ Ȥǫܫ̣ ȑܝܼܿ ܒȐܼị̑ܚȤǼܼܿ ȑ ܝ݂ dzȏȋܸ ȇȑܵ ǵܹȈ ȨȂȈܼ ܕ ܘܗ̇ 9 ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̣ ǧȏȂȉǭȨܼ ܵ ȋ Ȋܿ ȆǪܘܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ǦȌǪܹܬ ܕȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ǧܹȂǸܹܗ، ܘ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ ܕܠܐ ݂ܥȁܘȨ ܗ ܕܢܐ ܕ ܡܢ ܵܚܐ ܦ ܝܪ ܫܡܥܘܢ...... ȊȆǪ 93 ܼܬ8ǨȨȂ݂ ȉǭ 10 ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܹ ܵ 9 ܵ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ǬȂȑܼ ܕ ǨȨȌ ܸȂȡǧȏ ܵȂȉܢǭǶȨܼȁȋ ǧȊȁȆǷǪǸܘܼ ǵܹȈ ǧܹȂǸܵ ܕ ܬܹǦȋܵ ܕ Ȑȋ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ 10ǬܵȂȑܼ ܕ ǨȨǨȌȨܸȂȡȦܵ ܸȎܢܪǶܸ ȁǶ ǧǫȁܵ Ƿȋܵ Ǹ ܹ̈ ܲ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ 14 ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܬ ǩܹȴǫ̣ ȑܼ ǧțȈܐܼ ȃ݂ ǸǶȥܵ 5ȷȉܹ ȥܸ Ȑị̑ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ ǨȨȦܸȎܪǶܵǫȋ .....ܐܡܕܸ ܡ ܐܢܝ ܐܩܼܹ ܘ ܡܣܡ ܝ ܪܟܗ ܕ ܐܢܼܹ ܪ̈ܘ ܛܕ ܐܓܼܹ ܠ ܗܹȨǸǶ݂ ȦȌȈܼ ǧǭ̣ Ȥȑܘܼܿ ǧܵ ܵȂܵ Ȏܬܿ ܝܗܘ ̇ ǧǸܵ ܪܨܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܗܹȨǸǶ݂ ȦȌȈܼ ǧǭ̣ Ȥȑܘܼ ǧܵȂȎܵ ܬ ܝ ܗܘ ǧǸܵ ܪܨ ܦܣܼܹ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܼܹ ܦܣܘܝܵ :ܕܝܒ ǩܹȴǫ̣ ǭܼ ǧțȈǦܼ Ǫ ǩȤǫ̣ ȑܼ Ȋȅܘ ܹ̈ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ 34...... ܐܬܡܘܐܕ ܐܬܪܢܡ ܗǶǭ ܢǶܸ ȁ ȷȈ ǧȎܐܕ Ȑȋܬܼ Bleed 1 :ܐܬ̇ ܿ ܫܝܵ ܒܼ ܵܚ ܿ Bleed 1 ܐܝܪܗܢ ܐܡܘܐܬ ܐܢܦܠܡ :ܢܡ ǵ ȏ݉ ȋ ܵ Ȩܼ Ǫ ǧȎܵ ܐܘ ܝ݂ Ƕǭ 6ǧȏܵ ȅܸ Ƕȉȋ ǧȏܵ ȁ݂ ܐ ܹ̈ 2 ܵ Hammers ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ :ܐܬܫܝܒܚ ܵ ܵ 7ܝǵȂȉܼ ǪǶ݂ Ǹ ܡܵ dzȡ ܗܪܕܨܼܿ ǵȈ Ǻȁ݂ ȨȚܕܼ ȐȌȁ݂ ܐ ܼ 23 93...... ܢܘܥܡܫ ܪܝ ܦ ܐܵ ܚܲܢܡ ܲ ܕ ܐܲ ܢܕܗܘܥܠ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ HammersWretched 14...... ܼܹ ...ܐܠܟܝܗ ܕ ܐܥܵ ܪܬ ܡܕܩ 93...... :.ǧǸ.ܵ .ܪܨ.. .ܝ.ܗ.ܘܢܘܥܡܫ ܪܝܼܹ ܦ ܐܚܢܡ ܕ ܐܢܕܗܘܥܠ 4 ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ Show solidarity ܢܪܒܓ ܸ ܠܝ ܠܚ ܢܪܒܓ ܸ :ܕܝܒ ܝ݂ ܬdzܵ ǫ̣ ȅܼ ܝ݂ ȨȂȋ ܩǶǫ̣ ȥ Wretched 3 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܹ̈ ܲ 5 14.ܵ...ܿ .ܐܡܕܡ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܵ ܐܩܘܡܣܡ ܝܪܟܗܕ ܐܢܪ̈ܘܛܕ ܐܓܠܬ ܹܼ ܹܼ ܹܼܕȤܸ Ȃ݂ ȗ ǧȂȂǸܩ ـܲ ܼܗǵܹ̈ Ǯȁ ܦ ܘܫܩܐ ܒܝܕ ܲ: ܪܒ ܝ ܝ ܘܠܝ ܲ ܘܣ ܦܛܪܘܣ ܕܓ ܘܠܦܫܢ Blood drops 4 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܦܣܼܹ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܼܹ ܦܣܘܝܵ :ܕܝܒ ‘ Coined by the poet,Show i.e it solidaritybecame here 6 14.....ܐܡܕܸ ܡ ܐܢܝ ܐܩܼܹ ܘ ܡܣܡ ܝ ܪܟܗ ܕ ܐܢܼܹ ܪ̈ܘ ܛܕ ܐ ܓܼܹܩȤܠȂ݂ ȗܬ ǵȉܹ ȅ ǵȈ Ǩܹܘܗ 11...... 4141 ܓܒ ܢܡܵ ܨܘܥܕ ܐܡܵܪܦܸ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 7 .ȐȦȂȋܼ ܬȤȚ ǵܹȈ Ǩܹܘܗ ǧȂȡȤȂ݂ ȗ Ȋȅܘ Their corruption 5 ܵ ܲ ܵ Blood drops ܦܣܼܹ ܘܝ ܬܐܠܘܝܦ ܒܼܹܦ ܝܛܦܠ ܣ:ܐܝܵܘܢܩ ܝܒ :ܕܝ ܒ34 ...... ܐܬܡܘܐܕ ܐܬܪܢܡ 8 ܵ ܡܢ: ܡܠܦܢܐ ܬܐܘܡܐ ܿܢܗܪܝܐ ܵ 8 ܬܪܓܡܵܬ: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܐܝܪܡ ܵܝܐ؛ ܲ ܥܢ ܵܟ ܵܒܐ، ܒܝܬ ܢܗ̈ܪܝܢ Protest 6 ǨȨȂ݂ ȉǭܬܼ ȊȆǪ ‘ Coined by the poet, i.e it became Protestor here 9 9 ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ǧȏȂȉǭȨܼ ȋ ȊȆǪܘܼ ܲ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ 14.ܿ ...ܵ....ܵ...... ܐܠܵ ܟܝܗܕ ܐܥܵ ܪܬ ܡܕܩ Ƕܸ ȁ ǧȁܵ Ƿܵ Ǹܢ ǨȨȌܸȂȡ ܕ 10ǬܵȂȑܼ ܦܪܬ ܡܝܫܢ...... dzǪܼ ،ǧǫ̣ Ȃ݂ ǫ̣ ǻ ǧȂܼ ȡȤȂ݂ ȗ ǧǸܵ ǶȦȋ 107 44ܸܪ ȤܹȆȥ ܼܐ ǬܵȂȒȈܼ. Their corruption 34 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ...... ܐܬܡܘܐܕ ܐܬܪܢܡ ǨȨȦܸȎܪǶǫȋ ܢܪܒܓ ܸ ܠܝ ܠܚ ܢܪܒܓ ܸ :ܕܝܒ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ Protest 8 ܐܝܪܗܢ ܐܡܘܐܬ ܐܢܦܠܡ ܗܹȨǸ Ƕ݂ Ȧ:ܢܡȌȈܼ ǧǭ̣ ܢȤȑܫ ܦܘ ܠܼ ܘǧ ܵȂܓȎܵ ܕܬ ܣܝܗܘܘܪ ܛǧǸܵܦܪܨ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪ :ܕܝܒ ܐܩܫܘ ܦ 50 51 Protestor 9 11...... 4141 ܓܒ ܢܡܵ ܨܘܥܕ ܐܡܪܦܸ ܵ ܲ ܿ ܵ 1 ܐܠܘܦ ܦܝܛܠ :ܐܝܢܩ ܒ ܵ ܲ ܵ dzǪܼܿ ،ǧǫ̣ܵ Ȃ݂ ǫ̣ ǻ ǧȂܼܿ ȡܵ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǧǸܵ Ƕܿ Ȧȋܵ 10 ܲ ܲ ܲ Bleedܸܵܪ ȤܹȆȥܵ ܼܐ Ǭ̇ ܵȂȒȈܼܿ ܬܪܓܡܵܬ: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܐܝܪܡ ܵܝܐ؛ ܥܢܟ ܒܐ، ܒ ܝܬܩ ܢܕܗ̈ܪܡܝ ܢ ܬܪ ܵܥܐ ܕ ܗܝܟ ܵܠܐ...... 14 . Hammers 2 ܵ ܵ ܵ 44...... ܢܫܝܡ ܬܪܦ ܢܪܒܓ ܸ ܠܝ ܠܚ ܢܪܒܓ ܸ :ܕܝܒ Wretched 3 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܢܫܦܠܘ ܓܕ ܣܘܪܛܦ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪ :ܕܝܒ ܐܩܫ Showܘ ܦ solidarity 4 Blood drops 5 11...... ‘ Coined4141 ܓ byܒ theܢܡ ܵpoet,ܨܘܥ i.eܕ itܐ becameܡܪܦܸ here 6 ܐܠܘܦ ܦܝܛܠ :ܐܝܵ ܢTheirܩܲ ܒ corruption 7 Protest 8 ܬܪܓܡ ܵܵܬ: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܐܝܪܡ ܵܝܐ؛ ܲ ܥܢ ܵܟ ܵܒܐ، ܒܝܬ ܢܗ̈ܪܝܢ Protestor 9 ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ dzǪܼܿ ،ǧǫ̣ܵ Ȃ݂ ǫ̣ ǻ ǧȂܼܿ ȡܵ ȤȂ݂ ȗ ǧǸܵ ǶȦȋܵ 10ܸܪ ȤܹȆȥܵ ܼܐ ǬܵȂȒȈܼ. 44...... ܢܫܝܡ ܬܪܦ Established 1964

Assyrian Fashion show at the British Museum, UK during “Living Assyria” day with the Designer in the middle; Nahren Odisho