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A Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

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A Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/105972 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications NURTURING PARTICIPATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE A CASE STUDY: MALAYSIA by BASHILLAH BAHARUDDIN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies June 2018 iii I hereby declare that this thesis has not been, and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. The views expressed in this thesis are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Malaysian Nuclear Agency or the Government of Malaysia. Signature: Date: 04 June 2018 Bashillah Baharuddin iv Table of Contents List of Tables List of Diagrams Glossary of Terms Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents Part 1: The Approach Chapter 1 Towards an Understanding of Malaysian Policy on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 1.1 Research Contribution ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study .................................................................. 12 1.3 The Key Research Questions ........................................................ 13 1.4 Research Framework and Design ................................................. 14 1.5 The Research Methodology ........................................................... 16 1.6 The Thesis Structure ...................................................................... 24 1.7 Expectation of the Study ................................................................ 27 v Chapter 2 Towards Successful Nuclear Cooperation: Building Trust through Multilateralism 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 28 2.2 Normative and Analytical Definition of Multilateralism.................... 29 2.3 The Basic Principles of Multilateralism and the Relationship with International Order......................................................................... 32 2.4 The Conceptualisation of Multilateralism and the MNA from A Theoretical Viewpoint .................................................................... 37 2.5 Understanding the Concept of Multilateralism in Southeast Asia and the Difference in the Trends of Regionalism and Regionalisation in Europe ........................................................................................... 50 2.6 The Effectiveness of the ‘ASEAN Way’ in Solving Disputes and Conflicts in ASEAN ........................................................................ 58 2.7 Multilateralism: Putting Trust into Nuclear Cooperation ................. 65 2.8 Relationship Between Multilateralism, Trust and Modern National Security ......................................................................................... 71 2.9 Malaysia’s Route for Its Nuclear Fuel Cycle Option ....................... 73 vi Part 2: Four Potential Pathways Chapter 3 The Foundation of Euratom and the Evolution of the Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 83 3.2 The Relations between Nuclear Fuel Cycle and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): An Introduction ................................. 86 3.3 The Changing Geopolitics of Nuclear Programmes ....................... 89 3.4 The Challenges of Nuclear Civilian Programmes: Dual Use of Technology .................................................................................... 90 3.5 The History of Multilateral Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle . 92 3.6 The Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (MNA): Supporting the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Activities ................. 106 3.7 Modern Efforts towards a Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle ........................................................................................... 111 3.8 Impact of the MNA Regime on Countries with Nuclear Power Programmes That Do Not Have Reprocessing or Enrichment Technology .................................................................................. 119 3.9 The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom): A Case Study of a Successful Multilateral Nuclear Institution ............................ 121 3.10 Conclusion ................................................................................. 131 vii Chapter 4 The Nuclear Supplier Group and Recipient States: A Focus on Iran and the United Arab Emirates 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 142 4.2 The Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG): The Background ................. 147 4.3 The Influence of the United States in International Nuclear Cooperation ................................................................................. 153 4.4 Case Study 1: United Arab Emirates (UAE) ................................. 163 4.5 Case Study 2: Iran ....................................................................... 182 4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................... 203 Chapter 5 Prospects for ASEANTOM: A Focus on Indonesia and Vietnam 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 213 5.2 Methodology and Research Framework ...................................... 224 5.3 Research Hypothesis ................................................................... 226 5.4 Research Questions .................................................................... 227 5.5 Nuclear Security And Non-Proliferation in ASEAN ...................... 227 5.6 Case Study 1: Indonesia .............................................................. 230 5.7 Case Study 2: Vietnam ................................................................ 243 5.8 Conclusion ................................................................................... 257 viii Chapter 6 Malaysia’s Best Option: A Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 261 6.2 Country Profile and Nuclear Power Programme .......................... 266 6.3 Malaysia’s Policy on the Development of a Nuclear Power Programme for Peaceful Purposes.............................................. 269 6.4 Malaysia and Multilateralism ........................................................ 273 6.5 Malaysia’s Foreign Policy and Policy on Multilateral Cooperation 275 6.6 Malaysia’s Relationship with Big Nuclear Supplier States: China and the United States ......................................................................... 278 6.7 Malaysia’s perspective ................................................................. 283 6.8 Malaysia’s Position to the Multilateral Approach to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (MNA) ................................................................................ 286 6.9 Conclusion ................................................................................... 291 Part 3: Conclusion Chapter 7 Malaysian Nuclear Policy and the Multilateral Nuclear Approach 7.1 Southeast Asia and the MNA ....................................................... 295 7.2 Multilateralism: An Advantage for Malaysia’s Nuclear Program ... 300 7.3 Factors to Be Considered for the Malaysian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Policy ........................................................................................... 306 7.4 Future Research: Euratom – An Example Of A Regional Nuclear Organisation for ASEAN Asia or The Asia-Pacific Region ........... 318 ix References……………………………………………………………… 322 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Theoretical Models of Multilateralism (Bouchard …….. 43 & Peterson, 2010:17) Table 2: Summary of MNA initiatives during the Post-Cold …… 104 War (Tazaki & Kuno, 2012) LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1: Gap Analysis for Malaysia’s security of nuclear ……. 12 fuel and sustainability of its nuclear power program. Source: Constructed by the author Diagram 2: Shows the combination of institutional ……. 75 systems, supply side approaches and demand side approaches, as suggested by Yusuke Kuno (Kuno, 2013) Diagram 3: The summary of P5+1 and Iran Agreement …… 201 (White House, 2015) Diagram 4: ACE in the ASEAN Energy Sector (ASEAN …… 219 Centre for Energy, 2017c) GLOSSARY OF TERMS ADA Atomic Development Authority ADPC Abu Dhabi Port Company AEA U.S. Atomic Energy Act AELB Atomic Energy Licensing Board AEOI Atomic Energy Organization of Iran x AMEM ASEAN Ministers of Energy Meetings AMMST ASEAN Ministerial Meetings on Science and Technology AMS ASEAN Member States ANENT Asian Network for Nuclear Education and Training ANSN Asian Nuclear Safety Network ANTEP Asian Nuclear Training and Education Programme APEC the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APSC ASEAN Political Security Community ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASA the Association of Southeast Asia ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN ASEAN Committee on Science and Technology COST
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