Matrixssl Developer's Guide
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Using Frankencerts for Automated Adversarial Testing of Certificate
Using Frankencerts for Automated Adversarial Testing of Certificate Validation in SSL/TLS Implementations Chad Brubaker ∗ y Suman Janay Baishakhi Rayz Sarfraz Khurshidy Vitaly Shmatikovy ∗Google yThe University of Texas at Austin zUniversity of California, Davis Abstract—Modern network security rests on the Secure Sock- many open-source implementations of SSL/TLS are available ets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. for developers who need to incorporate SSL/TLS into their Distributed systems, mobile and desktop applications, embedded software: OpenSSL, NSS, GnuTLS, CyaSSL, PolarSSL, Ma- devices, and all of secure Web rely on SSL/TLS for protection trixSSL, cryptlib, and several others. Several Web browsers against network attacks. This protection critically depends on include their own, proprietary implementations. whether SSL/TLS clients correctly validate X.509 certificates presented by servers during the SSL/TLS handshake protocol. In this paper, we focus on server authentication, which We design, implement, and apply the first methodology for is the only protection against man-in-the-middle and other large-scale testing of certificate validation logic in SSL/TLS server impersonation attacks, and thus essential for HTTPS implementations. Our first ingredient is “frankencerts,” synthetic and virtually any other application of SSL/TLS. Server authen- certificates that are randomly mutated from parts of real cer- tication in SSL/TLS depends entirely on a single step in the tificates and thus include unusual combinations of extensions handshake protocol. As part of its “Server Hello” message, and constraints. Our second ingredient is differential testing: if the server presents an X.509 certificate with its public key. -
Cipher Support on a Citrix MPX/SDX (N3) Appliance
Cipher support on a Citrix MPX/SDX (N3) appliance The following table lists the support for different ciphers on SSL entities, such as virtual server, frontend, backend, and internal services. On an SDX appliance, if an SSL chip is assigned to a VPX instance, the cipher support of an MPX appliance applies. Otherwise, the normal cipher support of a VPX instance applies. From release 10.5 build 56.22, NetScaler MPX appliances support full hardware optimization for all ciphers. In earlier releases, part of ECDHE/DHE cipher optimization was done in software. Use the 'show hardware' command to identify whether your appliance has N3 chips. > sh hardware Platform: NSMPX-22000 16*CPU+24*IX+12*E1K+2*E1K+4*CVM N3 2200100 Manufactured on: 8/19/2013 CPU: 2900MHZ Host Id: 1006665862 Serial no: ENUK6298FT Encoded serial no: ENUK6298FT Done How to read the table Unless a build number is specified, a cipher suite is supported for all builds in a release. Example • 10.5, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: All builds of 10.5, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0, releases. • 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: All builds of 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 releases. • 10.5-53.x and later, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: Build 53.x and later in release 10.5. All builds of 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 releases. • NA: not applicable. Ciphersuite Name Hex Wireshark Ciphersuite Name Builds Builds Code Supported Supported (frontend) (backend) TLS1-AES-256-CBC-SHA 0x0035 TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CB 10.5, 11.0, 10.5, 11.0, C_SHA 11.1, 12.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 12.1, 13.0 TLS1-AES-128-CBC-SHA 0x002f -
Sizzle: a Standards-Based End-To-End Security Architecture for the Embedded Internet
Sizzle: A Standards-based end-to-end Security Architecture for the Embedded Internet Vipul Gupta, Matthew Millard,∗ Stephen Fung*, Yu Zhu*, Nils Gura, Hans Eberle, Sheueling Chang Shantz Sun Microsystems Laboratories 16 Network Circle, UMPK16 160 Menlo Park, CA 94025 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], {nils.gura, hans.eberle, sheueling.chang}@sun.com Abstract numbers of even simpler, more constrained devices (sen- sors, home appliances, personal medical devices) get con- This paper introduces Sizzle, the first fully-implemented nected to the Internet. The term “embedded Internet” is end-to-end security architecture for highly constrained em- often used to refer to the phase in the Internet’s evolution bedded devices. According to popular perception, public- when it is invisibly and tightly woven into our daily lives. key cryptography is beyond the capabilities of such devices. Embedded devices with sensing and communication capa- We show that elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) not only bilities will enable the application of computing technolo- makes public-key cryptography feasible on these devices, it gies in settings where they are unusual today: habitat mon- allows one to create a complete secure web server stack itoring [26], medical emergency response [31], battlefield including SSL, HTTP and user application that runs effi- management and home automation. ciently within very tight resource constraints. Our small Many of these applications have security requirements. footprint HTTPS stack needs less than 4KB of RAM and For example, health information must only be made avail- interoperates with an ECC-enabled version of the Mozilla able to authorized personnel (authentication) and be pro- web browser. -
Fast Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Openssl
Fast Elliptic Curve Cryptography in OpenSSL Emilia K¨asper1;2 1 Google 2 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ESAT/COSIC [email protected] Abstract. We present a 64-bit optimized implementation of the NIST and SECG-standardized elliptic curve P-224. Our implementation is fully integrated into OpenSSL 1.0.1: full TLS handshakes using a 1024-bit RSA certificate and ephemeral Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key ex- change over P-224 now run at twice the speed of standard OpenSSL, while atomic elliptic curve operations are up to 4 times faster. In ad- dition, our implementation is immune to timing attacks|most notably, we show how to do small table look-ups in a cache-timing resistant way, allowing us to use precomputation. To put our results in context, we also discuss the various security-performance trade-offs available to TLS applications. Keywords: elliptic curve cryptography, OpenSSL, side-channel attacks, fast implementations 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to TLS Transport Layer Security (TLS), the successor to Secure Socket Layer (SSL), is a protocol for securing network communications. In its most common use, it is the \S" (standing for \Secure") in HTTPS. Two of the most popular open- source cryptographic libraries implementing SSL and TLS are OpenSSL [19] and Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) [17]: OpenSSL is found in, e.g., the Apache-SSL secure web server, while NSS is used by Mozilla Firefox and Chrome web browsers, amongst others. TLS provides authentication between connecting parties, as well as encryp- tion of all transmitted content. Thus, before any application data is transmit- ted, peers perform authentication and key exchange in a TLS handshake. -
Cipher Support on a Citrix ADC VPX Appliance
Cipher support on a Citrix VPX appliance The following table lists the support for different ciphers on SSL entities, such as virtual server, services, and internal services. How to read the table Unless a build number is specified, a cipher suite is supported for all builds in a release. Example • 10.5, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: All builds of 10.5, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 releases. • 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: All builds of 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 releases. • 10.5-53.x and later, 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0: Build 53.x and later in release 10.5. All builds of 11.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 releases. • NA: not applicable. Cipher Suite Name Hex Wireshark Cipher Suite Name Builds Builds Code Supported Supported (frontend) (backend) TLS1-AES-256-CBC-SHA 0x0035 TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC 10.5, 11.0, 10.5, 11.0, _SHA 11.1, 12.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 12.1, 13.0 TLS1-AES-128-CBC-SHA 0x002f TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC 10.5, 11.0, 10.5, 11.0, _SHA 11.1, 12.0, 11.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 12.1, 13.0 TLS1.2-AES-256-SHA256 0x003d TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC 11.0-66.x and 12.0 56.x and _SHA256 later, 11.1, later, 12.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 13.0 TLS1.2-AES-128-SHA256 0x003c TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC 11.0-66.x and 12.0 56.x and _SHA256 later, 11.1, later, 12.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 13.0 TLS1.2-AES256-GCM-SHA384 0x009d TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GC 11.0-66.x and 12.0 56.x and M_SHA384 later, 11.1, later, 12.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 13.0 TLS1.2-AES128-GCM-SHA256 0x009c TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GC 11.0-66.x and 12.0 56.x and M_SHA256 later, 11.1, later, 12.1, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0 13.0 TLS1-ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA -
Arxiv:1911.09312V2 [Cs.CR] 12 Dec 2019
Revisiting and Evaluating Software Side-channel Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Cryptographic Applications Tianwei Zhang Jun Jiang Yinqian Zhang Nanyang Technological University Two Sigma Investments, LP The Ohio State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We systematize software side-channel attacks with three questions: (1) What are the common and distinct a focus on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in the cryp- features of various vulnerabilities? (2) What are common tographic implementations. Particularly, we survey past re- mitigation strategies? (3) What is the status quo of cryp- search literature to categorize vulnerable implementations, tographic applications regarding side-channel vulnerabili- and identify common strategies to eliminate them. We then ties? Past work only surveyed attack techniques and media evaluate popular libraries and applications, quantitatively [20–31], without offering unified summaries for software measuring and comparing the vulnerability severity, re- vulnerabilities and countermeasures that are more useful. sponse time and coverage. Based on these characterizations This paper provides a comprehensive characterization and evaluations, we offer some insights for side-channel of side-channel vulnerabilities and countermeasures, as researchers, cryptographic software developers and users. well as evaluations of cryptographic applications related We hope our study can inspire the side-channel research to side-channel attacks. We present this study in three di- community to discover new vulnerabilities, and more im- rections. (1) Systematization of literature: we characterize portantly, to fortify applications against them. the vulnerabilities from past work with regard to the im- plementations; for each vulnerability, we describe the root cause and the technique required to launch a successful 1. -
Dynamic Public Key Certificates with Forward Secrecy
electronics Article Dynamic Public Key Certificates with Forward Secrecy Hung-Yu Chien Department of Information Management, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan; [email protected] Abstract: Conventionally, public key certificates bind one subject with one static public key so that the subject can facilitate the services of the public key infrastructure (PKI). In PKI, certificates need to be renewed (or revoked) for several practical reasons, including certificate expiration, private key breaches, condition changes, and possible risk reduction. The certificate renewal process is very costly, especially for those environments where online authorities are not available or the connection is not reliable. A dynamic public key certificate (DPKC) facilitates the dynamic changeover of the current public–private key pairs without renewing the certificate authority (CA). This paper extends the previous study in several aspects: (1) we formally define the DPKC; (2) we formally define the security properties; (3) we propose another implementation of the Krawczyk–Rabin chameleon-hash- based DPKC; (4) we propose two variants of DPKC, using the Ateniese–Medeiros key-exposure-free chameleon hash; (5) we detail two application scenarios. Keywords: dynamic public key certificate; chameleon signature; certificate renewal; wireless sensor networks; perfect forward secrecy 1. Introduction Citation: Chien, H.-Y. Dynamic Certificates act as the critical tokens in conventional PKI systems. With the trust Public Key Certificates with Forward of the CA, a -
SSL Checklist for Pentesters
SSL Checklist for Pentesters Jerome Smith BSides MCR, 27th June 2014 # whoami whoami jerome • Pentester • Author/trainer – Hands-on technical – Web application, infrastructure, wireless security • Security projects – Log correlation – Dirty data – Incident response exercises • Sysadmin • MSc Computing Science (Dist) • www.exploresecurity.com | @exploresecurity Introduction • Broad review of SSL/TLS checks – Viewpoint of pentester – Pitfalls – Manually replicating what tools do (unless you told the client that SSL Labs would be testing them ) – Issues to consider reporting (but views are my own) • While SSL issues are generally low in priority, it’s nice to get them right! • I’m not a cryptographer: this is all best efforts SSLv2 • Flawed, e.g. no handshake protection → MITM downgrade • Modern browsers do not support SSLv2 anyway – Except for IE but it’s disabled by default from IE7 – That mitigates the risk these days – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#W eb_browsers • OpenSSL 1.0.0+ doesn’t support it – Which means SSLscan won’t find it – General point: tools that dynamically link to an underlying SSL library in the OS can be limited by what that library supports SSLv2 • Same scan on different OpenSSL versions: SSLv2 • testssl.sh warns you – It can work with any installed OpenSSL version • OpenSSL <1.0.0 s_client -ssl2 switch – More on this later • Recompile OpenSSL – http://blog.opensecurityresearch.com/2013/05/fixing-sslv2-support- in-kali-linux.html • SSLyze 0.7+ is statically linked – Watch out for bug https://github.com/iSECPartners/sslyze/issues/73 -
Sicherheit in Kommunikationsnetzen (Network Security)
Sicherheit in Kommunikationsnetzen (Network Security) Transport Layer Security Dr.-Ing. Matthäus Wander Universität Duisburg-Essen Transport Layer Security (TLS) PrivateTLS data Web browser Web server ∙ Cryptographic protocol ∘ Provides security on top of reliable transport (TCP) ∘ Used to secure HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, XMPP and others ∙ Security goals ∘ Authentication of server and optionally client ∘ Data integrity (no manipulation of data) ∘ Confidentiality (encryption) Universität Duisburg-Essen Matthäus Wander 2 Verteilte Systeme History ∙ Predecessor: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) ∘ Developed by Netscape for HTTPS (= HTTP + SSL) ∙ 1994: SSL 2.0 ∘ Insecure, major security weaknesses ∙ 1995: SSL 3.0 ∘ Insecure, deprecated since 2015 (RFC 7568) ∙ 1999: TLS 1.0, minor improvements to SSL 3.0 ∘ Standardization and further development by IETF Universität Duisburg-Essen Matthäus Wander 3 Verteilte Systeme History ∙ 2003: TLS Extensions ∘ New features or security mechanisms (e.g. Encrypt-then-MAC, RFC 7366) ∙ 2006: TLS 1.1 ∘ Security improvements ∙ 2008: TLS 1.2 Presented in this lecture ∘ Added new or replaced old cryptographic algorithms ∙ TLS 1.3 is work in progress as of 2017 ∘ Outlook: new handshake and other major changes Universität Duisburg-Essen Matthäus Wander 4 Verteilte Systeme Protocol Overview Application Layer (e.g. HTTP) Handshake Change Cipher Application Alert Protocol Protocol Spec Protocol Data Protocol Record Protocol Transport Layer (e.g. TCP) ∙ TLS consists of two layers: ∘ Handshake Protocol and other protocols ∘ Record Protocol -
Analysis and Detection of Anomalies in Mobile Devices
Master’s Degree in Informatics Engineering Dissertation Final Report Analysis and detection of anomalies in mobile devices António Carlos Lagarto Cabral Bastos de Lima [email protected] Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tiago Cruz Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Paulo Simões Date: September 1, 2017 Master’s Degree in Informatics Engineering Dissertation Final Report Analysis and detection of anomalies in mobile devices António Carlos Lagarto Cabral Bastos de Lima [email protected] Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tiago Cruz Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Paulo Simões Date: September 1, 2017 i Acknowledgements I strongly believe that both nature and nurture playing an equal part in shaping an in- dividual, and that in the end, it is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are. However, in order to achieve great things motivation alone might just not cut it, and that’s where surrounding yourself with people that want to watch you succeed and better yourself comes in. It makes the trip easier and more enjoyable, and there is a plethora of people that I want to acknowledge for coming this far. First of all, I’d like to thank professor Tiago Cruz for giving me the support, motivation and resources to work on this project. The idea itself started over one of our then semi- regular morning coffee conversations and from there it developed into a full-fledged concept quickly. But this acknowledgement doesn’t start there, it dates a few years back when I first had the pleasure of having him as my teacher in one of the introductory courses. -
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Brostean and Bengt Jonsson, Uppsala University; Robert Merget, Ruhr-University Bochum; Joeri de Ruiter, SIDN Labs; Konstantinos Sagonas, Uppsala University; Juraj Somorovsky, Paderborn University https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/fiterau-brostean This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Bro¸stean˘ Bengt Jonsson Robert Merget Joeri de Ruiter Uppsala University Uppsala University Ruhr University Bochum SIDN Labs Konstantinos Sagonas Juraj Somorovsky Uppsala University Paderborn University Abstract reach 11.6 billion by 2021 [26]. This will constitute half of all devices connected to the Internet, with the percentage set to Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of proto- grow in subsequent years. Such trends also increase the need cols relying on UDP. Compared to TCP, UDP offers perfor- to ensure that software designed for these devices is properly mance advantages such as simplicity and lower latency. This scrutinized, particularly with regards to its security. has motivated its adoption in Voice over IP, tunneling techno- DTLS is also used as one of the two security protocols in logies, IoT, and novel Web protocols. To protect sensitive data WebRTC, a framework enabling real-time communication. exchange in these scenarios, the DTLS protocol has been de- WebRTC can be used, for example, to implement video con- veloped as a cryptographic variation of TLS. -
Lucky 13, BEAST, CRIME,... Is TLS Dead, Or Just Resting?
Lucky 13, BEAST, CRIME,... Is TLS dead, or just resting? Kenny Paterson Information Security Group Overview Introduction to TLS (and why YOU should care) BEAST and CRIME Lucky 13 and RC4 attacks Current/future developments in TLS 2 About the Speaker Academic But spent 5 years in industrial research lab Still involved in IPR, consulting, industry liaison RHUL since 2001 “You are teaching Network Security” Leading to research into how crypto is used in Network Security EPSRC Leadership Fellow, 2010-2015 “Cryptography: Bridging Theory and Practice” Support from I4, HP, BT, Mastercard, CPNI Attacks on IPsec (2006, 2007), SSH (2009) So what about TLS? 3 A Word from my Sponsors 4 TLS – And Why You Should Care SSL = Secure Sockets Layer. Developed by Netscape in mid 1990s. SSLv2 now deprecated; SSLv3 still widely supported. TLS = Transport Layer Security. IETF-standardised version of SSL. TLS 1.0 = SSLv3 with minor tweaks, RFC 2246 (1999). TLS 1.1 = TLS 1.0 + tweaks, RFC 4346 (2006). TLS 1.2 = TLS 1.1 + more tweaks, RFC 5246 (2008). TLS 1.3? 5 TLS – And Why You Should Care Originally for secure e-commerce, now used much more widely. Retail customer access to online banking facilities. User access to gmail, facebook, Yahoo. Mobile applications, including banking apps. Payment infrastructures. User-to-cloud. Post Snowden: back-end operations for google, yahoo, … Not yet Yahoo webcam traffic, sadly. TLS has become the de facto secure protocol of choice. Used by hundreds of millions of people and devices every day. A serious attack could be catastrophic, both in real terms and in terms of perception/confidence.