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Schistocephalus Solidus-Heisimadon Esiintymisestä Tiiroissa

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Schistocephalus Solidus-Heisimadon Esiintymisestä Tiiroissa 68 Ornis Fennica Vol. 44, 1967 Schistocephalus solidus-heisimadon esiintymisestä tiiroissa (On the occurrence of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) in terns) TAPIO RAITIS & RISTO LEMMETYINEN Tiiranpoikasia rengastettaessa kiinnit- sen esiintyvän eräässä tapauksessa tyi huomiomme siihen, että tiiran ulos- runsaana heinäsorsissa (Anas platyr- tusrefleksin vaikutuksesta suolistosta hynchos) Ruotsissa ja puolalainen tut- tuli ulosteiden mukana toisinaan myös kija BEZUBIK (1956) luettelee sen pää- heisimatoja. Kyseessä osoittautui ole- isäntinä 35 lintulajia, joista meillä tava- van Schistocephalus solidus (Meller, taan Gavia arctica, Podiceps cristatus, 1776) . P. griseigena, Ardea cinerea, Botaurus Schistocephaluksen kiertokulku luon- stellaris, Aythya marila, Clangula hye- nossa on seuraava . Munasta kuoriutu- malis, Mergus serrator, M. merganser, nut coracidium-toukka tunkeutuu han- M. albellus, Fulica atra, Haematopus kajalkaisäyriäiseen (meillä esim. suku ostralegus, Tringa totanus, Stercorarius Cyclops), jossa se kehittyy procercoi- parasiticus, Larus marinus, L. argen- diksi. Kalat käyttävät ravinnokseen em. tatus, Sterna hirundo, S. paradisea, äyriäisiä, ja sopivassa kalalajissa loinen Alca torda, Uria grylle, Corvus corax kehittyy edelleen plerocercoidiksi, joka ja C. corone . NIETHAMMER (1942) ja on jo sukukypsän muodon näköinen . VIK (1954) ilmoittavat edellisten lisäksi Schistocephalus ei kuitenkaan voi mu- seuraavat lajit : Gavia stellatus, Aythya nia ennen kuin se on päässyt lopulli- fuligula, Calidris maritima, Larus canes seen isäntäeläimeensä . ja L. ridibundus . Luetteloa tarkastel- Plerocercoidivaihe on erittäin laji- taessa on otettava huomioon, että aikai- spesifinen. Esim. BRATENin (1966) semmin uskottiin Schistocephalus soli- plerocercoidien siirtokokeet kalalajista duksen olevan sukunsa ainoa laji. toiseen osoittavat S . soliduksen vaati- DUBININAn (1959) tutkimukset osoit- van isännäkseen nimenomaan kolmipii- tavat kuitenkin lajeja olevan kolme : kin (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Sen si- S. solidus, S. pungitius ja S. nemachili. jaan lajispesifisyyttä ei esiinny enää Schistocephalusten lopullisen isäntä- Aineisto ja menetelmät eläimen suhteen. Meillä on pääisän- tinä todettu olevan koskeloiden (Mer- Aineisto koostui 17 lapintiiran poikasen gus merganser, M. serrator) ja telkän ja 13 täysi-ikäisen sekä yhden kalatii- (Bucephala Cangula) (kirjoittajien jul- ran poikasen ja yhden täysi-ikäisen ka- kaisematon aineisto ja Turun Yliopiston latiiran suolistoista . Kahdeksan täysi- Eläintieteen laitoksen loiskokoelma) . ikäistä lapintiiraa ja aikuinen kalatiira NYBEI.IN (1919) mainitsee S. soliduk- oli ammuttu Vehkalahden saaristossa Raitis & Lemmetyinen : Schistocephalus solidus tiiroissa 69 itäisellä Suomenlahdella 2 .6.1967 ja vii- keen suolistot ja loiset mitattiin. Suolen si täysi-ikäistä lapintiiraa Kustavissa tilavuus mitattiin laskemalla ympärys- Turun saaristossa 30.5.1967. Kaikki mitta kolmesta eri kohdasta mahaportin poikaset kerättiin Kustavista 10.7.1967. ja umpisuolten liittymiskohdan väliltä . Vehkalahden lapintiirat ammuttiin ulko- Samalta väliltä mitattiin myös suoliston vyöhykkeellä Reiskeri-nimiseltä karilta pituus . ja kalatiira sisävyöhykkeeltä . Kustavis- sa ammutut täysi-ikäiset lapintiirat ovat kaikki ulkovyöhykkeeltä, Loukeenkaril- Tulokset ta. Poikaset sen sijaan on kerätty ulko- ja välivyöhykkeiden vaihtuma-alueelta . Ruoansulatuskanavan ravintoanalyysit Vehkalahden Reiskeri on näytteidenot- osoittivat, että heimoon Gasterosteidae topaikoista biotoopiltaan kaikkein me- kuuluvat kalat ovat lapintiiran tärkeintä rellisin . Välivyöhykkeelle on sieltä mat- ravintoa Kustavin alueella . Kaikista kaa noin 17 km. näytteistä 74 % sisälsi tämän ryhmän Vertailumateriaalina käytettiin Poh- jätteitä . Kaikki lajilleen määritetyt piik- janlahdelta kerätyistä kolmipiikeistä kikalat olivat kolmipiikkejä . otettuja S. soliduksen plerocercoideja . Vehkalahden ulkokarilta ammuttu- Plerocercoidit oli fiksoisimisen jäl- jen tiirojen ruoansulatuskanavat sisäl- keen (70 % alkoholia ja 4 % formalii- sivät sitä vastoin yksinomaan silakkaa nia) säilytetty liuokseen, joka sisälsi (Clupea harengus membras). Kolmipii- 70 % alkoholia. Myös tiirojen suolistot kit ovat keväällä ja alkukesällä saaris- säilytettiin 70 % alkoholiliuoksessa ton sisemmissä osissa kutemassa, mikä syyskuuhun 1967, jolloin ne tutkittiin. selittänee niiden puuttumisen näistä Suolistot avattiin, ja loisten sijanti sekä näytteistä. Olettamusta tukee se, että asento merkittiin muistiin . Tämän jäl- sisävyöhykkeeltä ammutun kalatiiran Taulukko 1 . Schistocephalus solidus-heisimadon yleisyys lapintiiroissa . Table 1 . The incidence of Schistocephalus solidus in the Arctic Tern. Tutkittuja Loisia sisältä- näytteitä neitä Pitäjä Number of With Commune examined terns parasites % Aikuiset 5 3 60.0 Adults Poikaset 17 13 76.5 Kustavi Chicks Yhteensä 22 16 72.7 Total Aikuiset 8 - 0 Adults Poikaset Vehkalahti Chicks Yhteensä 8 - 0 Total Koko materiaali 30 16 53.3 Total material 70 Ornis Fennica Vol. 44, 1967 suolisto sisälsi Schistocephaluksia (ks. myöh.) . Tiiran poikasissa loisia esiintyi jon- kin verran yleisemmin kuin aikuisissa (taulukko 1), ero ei kuitenkaan ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevä . Loisten luku- määrä yksilöä kohti oli tiiroissa 1-11, keskimäärin 3.6±0.75. Niitä esiintyi kaikissa alle kolmen viikon ikäisissä poikasissa. Kolmeviikkoisissa eli lähes lentokykyisissä poikasissa loisia oli huomattavasti vähemmän (diagr . 1) . Suoliston ja loisten tilavuuden mittauk- set osoittivat, että loisten osuus suolis- ton tilavuudesta on nuorilla linnuilla suurin. Ääritapauksina mainittakoon kahden vuorokauden ikäinen poikanen, Diagr. 1 . Schistocephalus solidus-loisen esiin- jonka suoliston tilavuudesta loiset täyt- tyminen eri-iktäisissä tiiroissa Kustavissa. Val- tivät 50 %. koiset pylväät esittävät heisimadottomien tii- rojen lukumäärää. Jyrkkä ero loisen esiinty- Schistocephaluksia ei löydetty lain- misessä kolmeviikkoisten ja sitä nuorempien kaan Vehkalahden lapintiiroista . Ero poikasten välillä johtunee aineiston pienuu- tämän ja Kustavin materiaalin välillä desta. Fig. 1. The occurrence of Schistocephalus johtui epäilemättä tiirojen käyttämän solidus in terns of different age in Kustavi. ravinnon erilaisuudesta . White columns show the number of unin- Tiirassa loisivien yksilöiden ja kol- fected birds. The large difference in the mipiikissä elävien plerocercoidien ulko- occurrence of the parasite between the 3 weeks old and the younger chicks may be näköjen vertaamiseksi mitattiin niiden due to the limited material used. pituus ja leveys. Tiiroista löydetyt Taulukko 2. Schistocephalus solidus-heisimadon mitat tutkitussa aineistossa. Table 2. Measurements of Schistocephalus solidus. Kehitysvaiheet Muoto- Different stages Pituus t-testi Leveys t-testi indeksi* t-testi of development Length Student's t. Width Student's t. Shape- Student's t. index* Plerocercoidit (kolmipiikeistd) 31.16±0.83 8.11 ±-0.18 3.83-±0.04 Plerocercoids (from 3-spined stickleback) 3.26** 11.1*** 6.40*** Sukukypsät + plerocerc. (kala- ja lapintiiroista) Mature stages + pleroc. 37.15± 1.64 5.64±0.13 5.75±0.30 (from Arctic and Common Tern) pituus length *) Muotoindeksi = loisen Shape index = of the parasite. leveys width Raitis & Lemmetyinen : Schistocephalus solidus tiiroissa 71 Taulukko 3. Tiiroista löydettyjen Schisto- ennemmin tai myöhemmin pää linnun cephalus solidus-loisten jakaantuminen eri kehitysvaiheisiin . anusta kohti. Sen vuoksi suolistoa avat- Table 3. Different stages of Schistocephalus taessa merkittiin muistiin loisten suun- solidus found in the terns. ta. Kuten diagrammista 2 havaitaan, lä- hes kaikki pää linnun peräaukkoa Kehitysvaihe Lukumäärä % Stage of development Number kohti olleet loiset löytyivät suolen lop- puosasta. VIKin (1954) mukaan useim- Plerocercoidit mat Schistocephalukset olivat umpisuo- Plerocercoids 24 31 .6 lissa, peräsuolessa ja kloakassa. Käsi- tyksemme on, että Vdlimuodot 19 S. solidus loisii tiiran Immature adults 25.0 ohutsuolen loppuosassa, ja peräsuoles- Sukukypsat sa sekä kloakasta löydetyt yksilöt ovat Mature adults 33 43.4 jo poistumassa isäntäeläimestä. Yhteensä Schistocephalus solidus oli ainoa tut- Total 76 100.0 kituista tiiroista löytynyt suolistoloinen (alkueläinloisia ei kuitenkaan etsitty) . Schistocephalukset ovat selvästi pitem- Se näyttää olevan hyvin yleinen tiirois- piä ja kapeampia kuin piikkikalasta sa, ja sen runsaus on kytkeytynyt tiiran otetut plerocercoidit, mikä ilmenee tau- käyttämän ravinnon laatuun. Tiiran poi- lukossa 2 esitetyistä tuloksista. Ero joh- kaset saavat Schistocephaluksen plero- tunee loisen kiihtyneestä aineenvaih- cercoideja suolistoonsa jo ensimmäisten dunnasta, sillä energiaa vaativa lisään- elinvuorokausiensa aikana. Kentällä tymisprosessi alkaa 2-3 vrk:n kulut- suoritetut painomittaukset eivät osoitta- tua loisen päästyä lopulliseen isäntään- sä (SMYTH 1947, VIK 1954) . Pitkän, "lauenneen" jaokkeen pinnan läpi ta- pahtuva aineenvaihdunta on tehok- kaampaa kuin tiukasti kokoonvetäyty- neen jaokkeen. Tiiran suolistosta löydettyjen S. soli- dusten kehitysvaiheiden lukumäärät on esitetty taulukossa 3 . Sukukypsien suh- teellisen vähäinen osuus viittaa sii- hen, että loiset kulkeutuvat nopeasti suoliston läpi. VIKin (1954) mukaan Schistocephalus pysyy suolistossa 2- Diagr. 2. Schistocephalus solidus-loisten 13 vrk. (vrt. MYÖS SMYTH 1947) . suunta suoliston eri osissa. Ohutsuoli on Normaaliasennossaan heisimato on jaettu kahdeksaan eri osaan (I-VIII) . Nuoli suolistossa pää ylöspäin, ts . kohti
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