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Geology of the Blue Heron Nature Preserve, Atlanta, Georgia

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Geology of the Blue Heron Nature Preserve, Atlanta, Georgia Geology of the Blue Heron Nature Preserve, Atlanta, Georgia By naturalist L. Scott Ranger There are two stories to tell about the geology of the Blue Heron Nature Preserve: the very small scale of rocks on the ground at the preserve; and, the very large scale of both time and space of the preserve and its place on the surface of planet earth. On the ground at the preserve… The entire property—and much of this part of North Atlanta—is located on a geologic formation mapped as the button schist (POb). Unlike most geologic formation names, this really isn’t a name, but simply a description of the kind of rock that is found here. It has been called this since the early twentieth century but became more formalized in 1966 with the publishing of Michael W. Higgin’s The Geology of the Brevard Lineament Near Atlanta, Georgia as Bulletin 77 of the now defunct Georgia Geological Survey. This map locates the Blue Heron Nature Preserve in its North Atlanta setting. National Park Service (NPS) Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program. 2012. Unpublished Digital Geologic Map of the Northern portion of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Georgia (NPS, GRD, GRI, CHAT, CHTN digital map) adapted from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Series digital map by Dicken et. al. (2005). National Park Service (NPS) Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program. Geospatial Dataset-2188723. https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2188723 National Park Service (NPS) Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program. 2012. Unpublished Digital Geologic Map of the Southern portion of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Georgia (NPS, GRD, GRI, CHAT, CHTS digital map) adapted from a U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series map by Higgins et. al. (2003). National Park Service (NPS) Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program. Geospatial Dataset-2188724. https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2188724 Higgins, M.W., T.J. Crawford, R.L. Atkins & R.F. Crawford. 2003. Geologic map of the Atlanta 30’x60’ quadrangle, Georgia. Scientific Investigations Map 2602, U.S. Geologic Survey. Note the general trend of the different colors, each representing a unique rock formation, as they all line up northeast-southwest. More on that later. Here is the technical description of this geologic unit from Higgins et al: Button schist (Permian? to Upper Ordovician?)—Gray to silvery, tan-weathering (±chlorite)-plagioclase- quartz-sericite button schist (Higgins, 1971) with C-S texture (Berthé and others, 1979); S-C mylonite of Lister and Snoke (1984) with fish-scale texture and locally displaying fish-flash (Simpson, 1986, p. 252); locally manganiferous; in many places including (±chlorite)-sericite-quartz-plagioclase phyllonite with mica-fish and fish-flash, and, locally, lenses and slivers of sheared chlorite-actinolite (±hornblende)- plagioclase and chlorite-actinolite-plagioclase hornblende amphibolites. Weathers to a red soil with buttons (mica porphyroclasts, mica-fish) scattered on the ground surface. Probably derived by shearing mostly of mixed unit (OZm). So what does this mean to the casual observer, walking along the paths of the preserve? Button schist gets its name as these words graphically describe a prominent feature of the rock, spindle-shaped “buttons” of somewhat resistant mica crystals that sometimes protrude from the rock, but more often are seen as “lenses” in the texture of the rock itself. Some describe it as having a “fish-scale texture”. If you look carefully on the ground on a sunny day for the bright, shiny flat mica crystals either in the soil or in the rocks, you are seeing the “buttons” or “fish-flash” as the mica crystals reflect the rays of the sun to your eyes as a bright glint of light. Schist is a low-grade metamorphic rock which means it has been changed by relatively low heat and low pressure into what we see today from something else. It has changed so much that determining what it originally was can be very difficult. Schist is characterized by having a wavy series of parallel lines clearly visible in at least some orientations of the rock. These lines are called foliation and have nothing to do with sedimentary layers and everything to do with metamorphic pressure. Within these lines are usually large amounts of mica. Mica is a mineral with large amounts of silica that forms sheets and can often be easily broken or split along these foliations with a fingernail. This is called cleavage and is characteristic of micas. The two most common micas are the light-colored muscovite (common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) and darker biotite. Both minerals are found in the rocks here with the larger flashes coming from the muscovite and the tiny dark shiny spots in the rock being biotite. This rock underwent at least two episodes of metamorphism, and perhaps as many as seven! These have virtually obscured what the original rock was and Higgins et al simply guess that they are “Probably derived by shearing mostly of mixed unit (OZm)”. Here we need to learn about shearing and some other names that have been given to this rock formation. Bedell notes that “rocks within the Brevard Fault Zone (BFZ) have been described as button schists, phyllonites, phyllites, and mylonites. Names have been applied depending on localities studied and personal interpretations.” Bedell, A.L. 2003. Polymetamorphism and deformation within the Brevard Fault Zone outside of Atlanta, Georgia. Master of Science Thesis, the University of Georgia. Mylonite is a term applied to schistose rocks nearly always found in fault zones. Here the metamorphism not only includes heat and pressure but motion. As the protolith (original rock) undergoes heat, pressure and motion, the new crystals that form are usually far smaller than the original and produce a rock with a very fine grain. In the fault zone, the protolith is sheared, that is, stretched in opposite directions. In these diagrams, the shear directions are indicated by the half arrows. “S” (schistosité, schistose) planes are formed with the shearing and form an “S” shape and are recrystallized into micas or other platy minerals. “C” (cisaillement, elastic deformation) planes form perpendicular to the “S” plane in with less stress or shearing on the minerals. Egger, A. undated. Geology 360 - Kinematic Indicators in Shear Zones. PowerPoint lecture, Central Washington University. Within each of these shear planes a secondary shearing develops at an acute angle to the main shear that is very conducive to the development of flat mica crystals. If the shearing continues, some of the areas of “S” planes get ductiley stretched and thinned on the ends in the direction of the main shear. As the rock containing these metamorphic crystals weathers, the more resistant mica crystals rise to the top of the weathering surface and flake off into the developing soil as “mica fish”. Phyllonite is a mica- rich mylonite. Phyllite is a highly foliated mica-rich rock derived from slate. The soil that develops from this mica schist is mapped as part of the “Urban land-Grover-Mountain Park complex” or UgE on the Fulton County Soil Survey with this typical profile: Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Subsurface layer: 4 to 11 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Subsoil: 11 to 14 inches—yellowish red and strong brown sandy loam 14 to 25 inches—red and strong brown sandy clay loam 25 to 31 inches—red sandy loam Substratum: 31 to 80 inches—yellowish red, red, strong brown, and dark grayish brown loamy sand Marshall, C.G. 2008. Soil Survey of Fulton County, Georgia. Natural Resources Conservation Service. At the large scale… To fully understand what we see on the ground at the preserve, we need to take a look at how this little spot of planet earth relates to the rest of the planet, or at least the southeastern United States. Here, we’ve moved up higher above the preserve and see how the local geology fits into a more regional Atlanta area picture. Note the general trend of the lines and colors go northeast-southwest except for the northwestern corner of this map. With this larger scale, Lake Lanier and Allatoona Lake are obvious. For our purpose, Lake Lanier is the most important as it is formed by the Chattahoochee River. The narrow bands of color and lines roughly correspond to the channel of the Chattahoochee River and they define the Brevard Fault Zone (BFZ). The area in shades of purple and pink on this map is the Piedmont Province characterized by thick layers of hard crystalline rock. The purples are metamorphic rock, mostly gneiss. The pinks are granite. On the bottom left is the Ben Hill Granite that shows an area of dramatic shearing where it meets the BFZ. Just to the right of center bottom are the Stone Mountain and Panola granites. Gneiss is a high-grade metamorphic rock where the protolith was subjected to relatively high heat (>600 °C) and high pressure (<0.6 GPa) from a regional (large area) metamorphic event. It is a foliated rock, usually with alternating bands of dark and light crystals that form perpendicular to the direction of pressure. The parent material can be just about any kind of rock, but many form from other hard crystalline rock or granite making its chemistry complex. While gneiss contains some small amounts of mica, the crystals are usually small and most commonly of the dark biotite form which help differentiate them from schist. Granite is an igneous (fire-formed) rock that originated deep enough in the earth to melt all the crystals and form a very hot (<1260c) liquid called magma. Because of its intense heat, it rises through the crust of the earth, melting its way with the roof material above it being incorporated into the mix.
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