Terrorism ‘In Our Assessment, and in Light of the Result, We Have Made One of the Best Achievements of Palestinian Commando Action
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Revisiting Zero Hour 1945
REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER VOLUME 1 American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER HUMANITIES PROGRAM REPORT VOLUME 1 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©1996 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-15-1 This Humanities Program Volume is made possible by the Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program. Additional copies are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265- 9531, E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.aicgs.org ii F O R E W O R D Since its inception, AICGS has incorporated the study of German literature and culture as a part of its mandate to help provide a comprehensive understanding of contemporary Germany. The nature of Germany’s past and present requires nothing less than an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of German society and culture. Within its research and public affairs programs, the analysis of Germany’s intellectual and cultural traditions and debates has always been central to the Institute’s work. At the time the Berlin Wall was about to fall, the Institute was awarded a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to help create an endowment for its humanities programs. -
Conceptions of Terror(Ism) and the “Other” During The
CONCEPTIONS OF TERROR(ISM) AND THE “OTHER” DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE RED ARMY FACTION by ALICE KATHERINE GATES B.A. University of Montana, 2007 B.S. University of Montana, 2007 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures 2012 This thesis entitled: Conceptions of Terror(ism) and the “Other” During the Early Years of the Red Army Faction written by Alice Katherine Gates has been approved for the Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures _____________________________________ Dr. Helmut Müller-Sievers _____________________________________ Dr. Patrick Greaney _____________________________________ Dr. Beverly Weber Date__________________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Gates, Alice Katherine (M.A., Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures) Conceptions of Terror(ism) and the “Other” During the Early Years of the Red Army Faction Thesis directed by Professor Helmut Müller-Sievers Although terrorism has existed for centuries, it continues to be extremely difficult to establish a comprehensive, cohesive definition – it is a monumental task that scholars, governments, and international organizations have yet to achieve. Integral to this concept is the variable and highly subjective distinction made by various parties between “good” and “evil,” “right” and “wrong,” “us” and “them.” This thesis examines these concepts as they relate to the actions and manifestos of the Red Army Faction (die Rote Armee Fraktion) in 1970s Germany, and seeks to understand how its members became regarded as terrorists. -
WALTER CRONKITE – IMAGE #28 the 20Th Summer Olympic Games
WALTER CRONKITE – IMAGE #28 The 20th Summer Olympic Games were held in Munich, Germany, in 1972. Tensions ran high at these Olympics, because they were the first Olympic games held in Germany since the Nazis hosted them in 1936. The Israeli athletes and their trainers were especially nervous. Many had family members who had been murdered during the Holocaust or were themselves Holocaust survivors. The first few days of the Olympic Games went smoothly. On September 4th the Israeli team spent the evening out, seeing the play, Fiddler on the Roof. Then they went back to the Olympic Village to sleep. A little after 4 a.m. on September 5th, as the Israeli athletes slept, eight members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization terrorist group, Black September, jumped over the six-foot high fence that encircled the Olympic Village. The terrorists headed straight for 31 Connollystrasse, the building where the Israeli contingent was staying. Around 4:30 a.m. the terrorists entered the building. They rounded up the occupants of apartment 1 and, then, apartment 3. Several of the Israelis fought back. Two of them were killed. A couple of others were able to escape out windows. Nine were taken hostage. By 5:10 a.m. the police had been alerted, and news of the attack had spread around the world. The terrorists then dropped a list of their demands out the window. They wanted 234 prisoners released from Israeli prisons and two from German prisons by 9 a.m. Negotiators were able to extend the deadline to noon, then to 1 p.m., then to 3 p.m., then to 5 p.m. -
The Munich Massacre: a New History
The Munich Massacre: A New History Eppie Briggs (aka Marigold Black) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of BA (Hons) in History University of Sydney October 2011 1 Contents Introduction and Historiography Part I – Quiet the Zionist Rage 1. The Burdened Alliance 2. Domestic Unrest Part II – Rouse the Global Wrath 3. International Condemnation 4. The New Terrorism Conclusion 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank first and foremost Dr Glenda Sluga to whom I am greatly indebted for her guidance, support and encouragement. Without Glenda‟s sage advice, the writing of this thesis would have been an infinitely more difficult and painful experience. I would also like to thank Dr Michael Ondaatje for his excellent counsel, good-humour and friendship throughout the last few years. Heartfelt thanks go to Elise and Dean Briggs for all their love, support and patience and finally, to Angus Harker and Janie Briggs. I cannot adequately convey the thanks I owe Angus and Janie for their encouragement, love, and strength, and for being a constant reminder as to why I was writing this thesis. 3 Abstract This thesis examines the Nixon administration’s response to the Munich Massacre; a terrorist attack which took place at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. By examining the contextual considerations influencing the administration’s response in both the domestic and international spheres, this thesis will determine the manner in which diplomatic intricacies impacted on the introduction of precedent setting counterterrorism institutions. Furthermore, it will expound the correlation between the Nixon administration’s response and a developing conceptualisation of acts of modern international terrorism. -
Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption, and the War on Terrorism
Journal of Strategic Security Volume 2 Number 2 Volume 2, No. 2: May 2009 Article 1 Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption, and the War on Terrorism Thomas Byron Hunter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Portfolio and Security Analysis Commons pp. 1-52 Recommended Citation Hunter, Thomas Byron. "Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption, and the War on Terrorism." Journal of Strategic Security 2, no. 2 (2010) : 1-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.2.2.1 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption, and the War on Terrorism Abstract This paper assesses the parameters and utility of “targeted killing” in combating terrorism and its role within the norm of state self-defense in the international community. The author’s thesis is that, while targeted killing provides states with a method of combating terrorism, and while it is “effective” on a number of levels, it is inherently limited and not a panacea. The adoption and execution of such a program brings with it, among other potential pitfalls, political repercussions. Targeted killing is defined herein as the premeditated, preemptive, and intentional killing of an individual or individuals known or believed to represent a present and/or future threat to the safety and security of a state through affiliation with terrorist groups or individuals. -
RAF) Die Herausforderung Für Das Bundeskriminalamt Als Zentrale Ermittlungsbehörde
60 Jahre Staatsschutz im Spannungsfeld zwischen Freiheit und Sicherheit Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) Die Herausforderung für das Bundeskriminalamt als Zentrale Ermittlungsbehörde Günther Scheicher, Abteilungspräsident a.D. (BKA) - Es gilt das gesprochene Wort - 1. Einleitung: 60 Jahre Bundeskriminalamt, fast 30 Jahre Ermittlungen gegen die RAF – eine große, bis dahin die größte Herausforderung nicht nur für die Sicherheitsbehörden, sondern für alle gesellschaftlichen Kräfte unserer Republik, vielleicht vergleichbar mit der heute so relevanten Bedrohung durch den islamistischen Terrorismus. 2. Dimension in Fakten und Zahlen In ihrer 30jährigen Terrorgeschichte verübte die RAF ab Mai 1972 26 Anschläge mit verheerenden Folgen. 34 Menschen wurden von der RAF ermordet, und aus ihren Reihen fanden 20 Mitglieder den Tod. Mit dem Zeitraffer erinnere ich an 1972 mit den todbringenden Anschlägen auf Einrichtungen der US-Armee in Frankfurt und Heidelberg, an die Sprengstoffanschläge auf das Bayerische Landeskriminalamt, das Polizeipräsidium in Augsburg, das Springer- Hochhaus in Hamburg und auf den Ermittlungsrichter beim Bundesgerichtshof Buddenberg, dann 1975 an den Überfall auf die deutsche Botschaft in Stockholm, an das Jahr 1977 mit der Ermordung des Generalbundesanwaltes Buback, des Bankiers Ponto, des Arbeitgeberpräsidenten Schleyer, an die Morde und Sprengstoffanschläge der Jahre 1985 bis 1993, stellvertretend für die Opfer in dieser Zeit nenne ich aus dem Bereich des Wirtschaftslebens die Namen Zimmermann, Beckurts, Herrhausen, Rohwedder, aus der Politik von Braunmühl, Tietmeyer, Neusel. 2 Doch wir entsinnen uns nicht nur der bekannten Namen, sondern genauso der Toten und Verletzten aus unseren Reihen und denen der niederländischen Kollegen, und wir denken ebenso an die Soldaten der US-Army wie an ganz normale Menschen, die Opfer der RAF oder ihrer Verbündeten geworden sind. -
Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020
Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Committee Chair: Person ‘year Director: NATO PDI 2020 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction to NATO ................................................................................................................ 3 Topic A: Russia Today ................................................................................................................. 5 Questions to Consider ................................................................................................................ 14 Bibliography A ............................................................................................................................. 15 Topic B: Counter-terrorism ....................................................................................................... 15 Questions to Consider ................................................................................................................ 27 Bibliography B ............................................................................................................................. 28 2 NATO PDI 2020 Introduction to NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military and political alliance made up of 28 member states throughout Europe and the Americas. First established on April 4th, 1949 with the North Atlantic Treaty, NATO’s creation at the beginning of the Cold -
Bulletin of the GHI Washington
Bulletin of the GHI Washington Issue 43 Fall 2008 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. TERRORISM IN GERMANY: THE BAADER-MEINHOF PHENOMENON Lecture delivered at the GHI, June 5, 2008 Stefan Aust Editor-in-Chief, Der Spiegel, 1994–2008 Recently on Route 73 in Germany, between Stade und Cuxhaven, my phone rang. On the other end of the line was Thilo Thielke, SPIEGEL correspondent in Africa. He was calling on his satellite phone from Dar- fur. For two weeks he had been traveling with rebels in the back of a pick-up truck, between machine guns and Kalashnikovs. He took some- thing to read along for the long evenings: Moby Dick. He asked me: “How was that again with the code names? Who was Captain Ahab?” “Andreas Baader, of course,” I said and quoted Gudrun Ensslin from a letter to Ulrike Meinhof: “Ahab makes a great impression on his first appearance in Moby Dick . And if either by birth or by circumstance something pathological was at work deep in his nature, this did not detract from his dramatic character. For tragic greatness always derives from a morbid break with health, you can be sure of that.” “And the others?” the man from Africa asked, “Who was Starbuck?” At that time, that was not a coffee company—also named after Moby Dick—but the code name of Holger Meins. -
The Munich Massacre
The Munich Massacre Munich, Germany Munich Olympic Headquarters September 4, 1972 7:00 pm Sunlight glittered on the West German flag, causing the bottom gold strip to shine almost as bright as the stars. Kathrin glanced up at the beauty of her country's flag and said a silent prayer in her head. Nine days ago the Olympic games had started and gone forward without a hitch. She and the rest of the Federal Republic of Germany could not help but feel a swell of proudness in their hearts as the games continued. For so long the world had gazed at them through the eyes of the deeds their parents and grandparents had committed more than 3o years ago. These games marked an opportunity to show the world that they were no longer the blood stricken country they had been in the past. They were a new Germany. Kathrin let her eyes roam the flag once more and the smile waivered on her face. The games were not over yet. She knew well enough the potential that destruction had and she refused to give it a foothold. Entering the Olympic Headquarter building, she brisked her way through security and into her office, where her appointment was already there waiting. “Good evening, Shmuel.” Kathrin said in a warm voice, that filled the room. She smiled and shook his hand. Earlier that day he had asked to meet with her, and by the tone of his voice Kathrin knew that this was not just another friendly visit . She expressed an attitude in which any hostess should have when the head of the Olympic Israeli delegation should ask to meet. -
Palestinian Groups
1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 Palestinian Groups • 1955-Egypt forms Fedayeem • Official detachment of armed infiltrators from Gaza National Guard • “Those who sacrifice themselves” • Recruited ex-Nazis for training • Fatah created in 1958 • Young Palestinians who had fled Gaza when Israel created • Core group came out of the Palestinian Students League at Cairo University that included Yasser Arafat (related to the Grand Mufti) • Ideology was that liberation of Palestine had to preceed Arab unity 3 Palestinian Groups • PLO created in 1964 by Arab League Summit with Ahmad Shuqueri as leader • Founder (George Habash) of Arab National Movement formed in 1960 forms • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in December of 1967 with Ahmad Jibril • Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation (PDFLP) for the Liberation of Democratic Palestine formed in early 1969 by Nayif Hawatmah 4 Palestinian Groups Fatah PFLP PDFLP Founder Arafat Habash Hawatmah Religion Sunni Christian Christian Philosophy Recovery of Palestine Radicalize Arab regimes Marxist Leninist Supporter All regimes Iraq Syria 5 Palestinian Leaders Ahmad Jibril George Habash Nayif Hawatmah 6 Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa • 8/24/1929 - 11/11/2004 • Born in Cairo, Egypt • Father born in Gaza of an Egyptian mother • Mother from Jerusalem • Beaten by father for going into Jewish section of Cairo • Graduated from University of King Faud I (1944-1950) • Fought along side Muslim Brotherhood -
Historical Background on the Munich Olympics Massacre 1
Foreword 1 Introduction 4 World Map 9 CHAPTER 1 Historical Background on the Munich Olympics Massacre 1. The Events and Legacy of the Munich Olympics Massacre 13 Lisa Maglojf An author provides a brief summary of the events at the Munich Olympics and at the German military airfield where most of the killings took place. The viewpoint also touches on the long-term aftermath of the event. 2. Terrorists Turn '72 Munich Olympics Into Bloodbath 21 Bruce Lowitt A journalist traces the events of the Munich massacre as they evolved on September 5, 1972, up to a very subdued closing ceremony. 3. Broadcasting the Events of Munich in Real Time 29 Tom Hojfarth The attack at Munich was the first such event to be broadcast on television around the world, thanks to new satellite technology and the presence of many capable reporters. http://d-nb.info/1058509063 Twenty-five years afterward, a writer speaks with renowned ABC sports announcer Jim McKay, who remained in front of the cameras for hours on September 5, 1972. 4. Olympics Memorial for Eleven Israeli Athletes 35 Nissan Ratzlav-Katz An Israeli journalist writes of a memorial held by the Israeli Olympic team in the ath lete's village at the 2008 games in Beijing, China. Although it did not have official sanc tion from Olympics officials, the event was attended by VIPs, family members, and other well-wishers. 5. Munich 1972: When Terrorism "Contaminated" the Olympics 39 Kelly Whiteside An Israeli swimmer living in the United States tells a reporter how the 2012 Summer Olympics in London will remind him once again of the massacre he escaped in 1972. -
Terrorism and Human Rights Leah Mckown HIST 447W History of Human Rights: Nineteenth Century to Present December 12, 2019
Terrorism and Human Rights Leah McKown HIST 447W History of Human Rights: Nineteenth Century to Present December 12, 2019 2 Introduction There are few words that strike the heart as does the word “terrorism”. When that word is heard, a wide array of its examples come to mind. We might play back the fateful morning of September 11, 2001 when two hijacked planes brought down the mighty Twin Towers in New York City. We might sadden at the thought of domestic terrorism in the United States and the mass carnage of gun violence that has served as its tool. We might even fume at Bush’s “War on Terror” and its effects on the United States, both politically and militarily. Similarly, there are few phrases that provoke the mind as does the phrase “human rights”. Some may conjure the knowledge of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Others might rattle off the human rights atrocities of today and throughout history. There are thousands after all, from the Third Reich to the Rwandan Genocide to the Syrian Civil War. Unfortunately, none of this is new. What is new, however, is a deep consideration of the intimate connection between these two concepts. Terrorism cannot be combatted without a grasp on human rights. Human rights cannot flourish without particular attention to terrorism. So quickly, what was once considered an antagonism of the highest degree, now transforms into a stage for reconciliation and mutual benefit. This paper seeks to serve as that stage for reconciliation and mutual benefit. In attempting to function as such, a structural progression is employed to enhance the aims of this exploration.