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Model of Architectural - City-Building Formation of Historical Bazaars of Central Asia

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Model of Architectural - City-Building Formation of Historical Bazaars of Central Asia Problems of Architecture and Construction Volume 2 Issue 4 Problems of Architecture and Article 8 Construction 2019_4 1-21-2020 MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL - CITY-BUILDING FORMATION OF HISTORICAL BAZAARS OF CENTRAL ASIA Uralov Akhtam Samarkand State Architecture and Civil engineering institute, Uzbekistan Mirzayev Dilshod Samarkand State Architecture and Civil engineering institute, Uzbekistan Follow this and additional works at: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/samgai Part of the Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Akhtam, Uralov and Dilshod, Mirzayev (2020) "MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL - CITY-BUILDING FORMATION OF HISTORICAL BAZAARS OF CENTRAL ASIA," Problems of Architecture and Construction: Vol. 2 : Iss. 4 , Article 8. Available at: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/samgai/vol2/iss4/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by 2030 Uzbekistan Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Problems of Architecture and Construction by an authorized editor of 2030 Uzbekistan Research Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL - CITY-BUILDING FORMATION OF HISTORICAL BAZAARS OF CENTRAL ASIA Cover Page Footnote The journal is published under the sponsorship of Samarkand State Architecture and Civil engineering Institute This article is available in Problems of Architecture and Construction: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/samgai/vol2/iss4/8 Проблемы архитектуры и строительства 2019, №4 MEMORCHILIK va QURILISH MUAMMOLARI ПРОБЛЕМЫ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ИСТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Ilmiy-texnik jurnal) 2019, No.4 (Научно-технический журнал) 2000 yildan har 3 oyda bir marta chop etilmoqda (Scientific and technical Journal) Журнал ОАК Ҳайъатининг қарорига биноан техника (қурилиш, механика ва машинасозлик соҳалари) фанлари ҳамда меъморчилик бўйича илмий мақолалар чоп этилиши лозим бўлган илмий журналлар рўйхатига киритилган (гувоҳнома № 00757.2000.31.01) Журнал 2007 йил 18 январда Самарқанд вилоят матбуот ва ахборот бошқармасида қайта рўйхатга олиниб 09-34 рақамли гувоҳнома берилган Бош муҳаррир (editor-in-chief)-т.ф.н.доц.С.И.Аҳмедов Масъул котиб (executive secretary)–т.ф.н.доц.Т.Қ.Қосимов Таҳририя тҳайъати (Editorialcouncil): м.ф.д.,проф.М.Қ.Аҳмедов; т.ф.д.,проф. С.М.Бобоев; т.ф.д.,проф. академик А.Дасибеков (Қозоғистон); т.ф.д.,проф. А.М.Зулпиев (Қирғизистон); и.ф.д.,проф. А.Н.Жабриев; т.ф.н.,к.и.х. Э.Х.Исаков (бош муҳарри рўринбосари); т.ф.д. К.Исмоилов; т.ф.н.,доц. В.А.Кондратьев; т.ф.н.,доц. А.Т.Кулдашев (ЎзР Қурилиш вазирлиги); м.ф.д.проф. Р.С.Муқимов(Тожикистон); т.ф.д.проф. С.Р.Раззоқов; УзР.ФА академиги, т.ф.д.,проф. Т.Р.Рашидов; т.ф.д.,проф. Х.Ш.Тўраев; м.ф.д.,проф. А.С.Уралов; т.ф.н.доц. В.Ф.Усмонов; т.ф.д.,проф. Р.И.Холмуродов; т.ф.д.,проф. И.С.Шукуров (Россия, МГСУ); т.ф.д.,проф. А.А.Лапидус (Россия, МГСУ); т.ф.д., проф. В.И.Римшин (Россия); т.ф.д., проф. Ж.Н.Низомов (Тожикистон ФА мухбир аъзоси); т.ф.д., проф. И.Каландаров (Тожикистон ФА мухбир аъзоси). Таҳририят манзили:140147, Самарқанд шаҳри, Лолазор кўчаси, 70. Телефон: (366)237-18-47,237-14-77, факс (366)[email protected] Муассис (Thefounder): Самарқанд давлат архитектура-қурилиш институти Обуна индекси 5549 ©СамДАҚИ, 2019 Проблемы архитектуры и строительства 2019, №4 UDC: 725.51 MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL - CITY-BUILDING FORMATION OF HISTORICAL BAZAARS OF CENTRAL ASIA Akhtam Uralov - Professor, Doctor of Architectural sciences Samarkand State Architecture and Civil engineering institute, Uzbekistan Dilshod Mirzayev - Head of the chair Theory and History of Architecture Samarkand State Architecture and Civil engineering institute, Uzbekistan e-mail: [email protected] The article explores the history of becoming, formation, development trends of medieval bazaars and shopping complexes in the cities of the Central Asian republics. A model of their formation is compiled. The analysis covers the list of trade and market facilities in Central Asian cities: an open bazaar, a street bazaar attached to it with shopping malls, a bazaar at the crossroads of «Chorsu» streets, covered shopping facilities («tim», «tokhi»), caravanserais , shopping malls, trade and craft suburb- “rabad”. Keywords: History of formation, formation, architectural development, medieval bazaars of Central Asia, shopping arcades, street bazaar, indoor bazaar, tim, tok, chorsu, caravanserais, trade and craft suburbs rabad. Maqolada O'rta Osiyo respublikalari shaharlarida o'rta asr bozorlari va savdo majmualarining paydo bo'lishi, shakllanishi, rivojlanish tendentsiyalari o'rganiladi. Ularning shakllanish modeli tuzilgan. Tahlil tarkibi Markaziy Osiyo shaharlaridagi savdo va bozor ob'yektlari ro'yxatini o'z ichiga oladi: jumladan ochiq bozor, bozor, savdo markazlari joylashgan ko'cha, ko'chalar chorrahasidagi «Chorsu» bozori, yopiq savdo ob'ektlari («Tim», «Toki»), karvonsaroylar, savdo markazlari, savdo-hunarmandchilik shaharchasi – «Rabad». Kalit so’zlar: O'rta Osiyoning yaralishi, shakllanishi, me'moriy rivojlanishi, O'rta asr bozorlari, savdo rastalari, ko'chalardagi bozorlari, yopiq bozorlar, “tim», «toki», «chorsu», «karvonsaroylar», шахар atrofi savdo- hunarmandchilik – «rabad». В статье исследованы история становления, формирования, тенденции развития средневековых базаров и торговых комплексов в городах республик Центральной Азии. Составлена модель их формирования. К анализу охвачен вес перечень торгово-рыночных сооружений городов Центральной Азии: открытая базарная плошадь, базар улица прикреплённые к нему торговыми рядами, базар на перекрёске улиц- «Чорсу», крытые торговые сооружения («Тим», «Токи»), караван –сараи, торговые комплексы, торгово- ремесленное предместье-«Рабад». Ключевые слова: История становления, формиравание, архитектурное развитие, средневековые базары Центральная Азия, торговые ряды, базар-улица, крытый базар, тим, ток, чорсу, караван–сараи, торгово- ремесленное предместье-рабад. The formation and development trends of the archeological excavations. [5, p.67; 1, p.26]. One trading buildings and structures during the Middle of them was located on the chorsu and was a Ages in the countries of the East, including Central complex of small commercial and craft premises. Asia, were a specific phenomenon that has deep The other bazaar complex was adjacent to one of socio-economic, scientific, cultural and historical the main streets of the city and consisted of a roots related to the natural and climatic features of multitude of workshops and retail shops located these countries. Significant role in the development around the open market square. of medieval bazaars had international trade Since the 9th century, bazaars have appeared in messages, including the Great Silk Road. This path written sources as the main economic center of the became a powerful economic lever not only in the city. The 9th and 10th centuries were marked in the formation and development of a network of eastern history of Central Asia, as the heyday of urban bazaars and caravanserais, but also of a number of culture and economics with the formation of the other public buildings. Samanid empire. During this period, the cities The genesis of the isolation of the eastern became a place of concentration of handicraft bazaars, apparently, should be sought in more production and trade, which led to the formation of ancient times, since as far back as “Avesto”, the a new part of the city structure outside the walls of term “chavrusuk” is used, which, according to shahristan – rabad. Rabads were settled by artisans experts, meant the “four-sided” market [4, p.51], who worked in their home workshops or in the located at the intersection, that is, on the “chorsu”. bazaars, uniting for their craft in quarters and In the settlement of Penjikent, two small pre- bazaar trading rows. Islamic bazaar complexes dating from the first quarter of the 8th century were found by Проблемы архитектуры и строительства 2019, №4 Samarkand Sogd was a bazaar-street with chorsu Chorsu as a trading dome building, is know for th us since the 11 century. In Merv, according to at- Tartusi, in the 11th and 12th centuries there was a chorsu covered with arches and dome with light windows [2, p.297]. Written sources indicate that as early as the Middle Ages, the bazaars of some cities in Central Asia had a covered commercial structure called “tim”. In particular, “tim” functioned in Bukhara, Ispijab, Ushturkat, Chaganian, Amul and other cities [2; four]. It should be noted that the word “tim” originally meant only a function; therefore, it equally applied to individual commercial buildings and specialized indoor trading and craft streets and malls [4, p.52-56]. Al-Mukaddasi used the word Ancient Panjakent Market “tim” even in relation to urban caravanserais, One of the bazaars of the period under review where wholesale trade was made and visiting merchants lived. was the so-called bazaar of the Samarkand Sogd, th which was located in the south of Afrasiab, in the The historical period of the end of the 14 and 15th centuries inscribed in the history of Central territory of rabad [2, p. 229]. Its location, in the opinion of O.G.Bolshakov, covered the area from Asian architecture one of the most striking pages the current Registan to the Siab market. The covering the topic of trade and market structures. During the reign of Temur and the Temurids, central place in the bazaar was occupied by the chorsu, to which the streets ran from the rabad's numerous bazaar constructions were built in the gate. Along the streets, departing from the chorus, cities of Central Asia, including
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