DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pursuit of Perfect Packing, Second Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pursuit of Perfect Packing, Second Edition THE PURSUIT OF PERFECT PACKING SECOND EDITION THE PURSUIT OF PERFECT PACKING SECOND EDITION TOMASO ASTE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA DENIS WEAIRE TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, IRELAND Taylor & Francis Taylor Si Francis Croup ® New York London Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-6817-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reason - able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The Authors and Publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Aste, Tomaso. The pursuit of perfect packing / Tomaso Aste and Denis Weaire. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-6817-7 (alk. paper) 1. Combinatorial packing and covering. I. Weaire, D. L. II. Title. QA166.7.A78 2008 511’.6--dc22 2007044016 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated to Colette and Tiziana Contents Preface to First Edition ..........................................xi Preface to Second Edition .....................................xiii 1 How Many Sweets in the Jar?...................................1 2 Loose Change and Tight Packing ...............................5 2.1 A Teasing But Tractable Problem ............................5 2.2 A Handful of Coins..........................................5 2.3 Order and Disorder .........................................8 3 Hard Problems with Hard Spheres ........................... 11 3.1 The Greengrocer’s Dilemma ................................11 3.2 Ordered Close Packing—The Kepler Problem...............11 3.3 The Kepler Conjecture .....................................14 3.4 Marvelous Clarity, Neurotic Anxiety: The Life of Kepler......16 3.5 Progress by Leaps and Bounds? ............................ 18 4 Proof Positive? ................................................21 4.1 News from the Western Front ..............................21 4.2 The Programme of Thomas Hales ..........................23 4.3 At Last? ....................................................25 4.4 Polishing Off the Programme ...............................29 4.5 The Acceptance of Proof ...................................30 4.6 The Flyspeck Project .......................................32 4.7 Who Cares? ................................................33 4.8 The Power of Thought .....................................33 5 Disordered Packings ..........................................35 5.1 Balls in Bags...............................................35 5.2 A New Way of Looking ....................................37 vii viii Contents 5.3 How Many Balls in the Bag? ...............................38 5.4 Is the Bernal Close Packing Well Defined? ..................39 5.5 Bernal’s Long-Running Ball Game ..........................39 5.6 Tomography Takes Over ...................................40 6 Sands and Grains..............................................43 6.1 Granular Materials .........................................43 6.2 Osborne Reynolds: A Footprint in the Sand .................44 6.3 Major Bagnold’s Desert Drive...............................47 6.4 Dunes .....................................................49 6.5 Order from Shaking ........................................51 6.6 Segregation ................................................53 6.7 Granular Temperature......................................55 7 Divide and Conquer: Tiling Space.............................57 7.1 Packing and Tiling .........................................57 7.2 The Vorono¨ı Construction ..................................58 7.3 The Dual Construction of Delaunay ........................ 60 7.4 Applications ...............................................60 7.5 Vertices in Tilings ..........................................61 7.6 Three Dimensions .........................................61 7.7 Regular and Semiregular Packings ..........................62 8 Peas and Pips..................................................67 8.1 Vegetable Staticks ..........................................67 8.2 Stephen Hales .............................................69 8.3 Pomegranate Pips ..........................................70 8.4 Biological Cells, Lead Shot, Rubber Balls, and Soap Bubbles: Plusca ¸ Change .........................71 9 Enthusiastic Admiration: The Honeycomb ...................75 9.1 The Honeycomb Problem ..................................75 9.2 What the Bees Do Not Know...............................78 10 A Search for Structure.........................................81 10.1 A Voice in the Wilderness..................................81 10.2 The Two-Dimensional Soap Froth ..........................82 10.3 The Rules of the Game ....................................83 10.4 In a Cambridge Garden ....................................85 11 Toils and Troubles with Bubbles ..............................87 11.1 Playing with Bubbles .....................................87 11.2 A Blind Man in the Kingdom of the Sighted ...............88 11.3 Proving Plateau...........................................91 11.4 Foam and Ether ..........................................93 Contents ix 11.5 The Kelvin Cell ...........................................97 11.6 Most Beautiful and Regular ...............................98 11.7 The Twinkling of an Eye..................................99 11.8 Simulated Soap..........................................100 11.9 A Discovery in Dublin ...................................101 11.10 Crystals of Small Bubbles ................................104 12 Bubbles in Beijing............................................107 12.1 An Olympian Vision .....................................107 12.2 Fun and Fit for Purpose? .................................107 12.3 A Flexible Friend? .......................................108 13 The Architecture of the World of Atoms.....................111 13.1 Molecular Tactics ........................................111 13.2 Atoms and Molecules: Begging the Question .............113 13.3 Atoms as Points .........................................115 13.4 Playing Hardball.........................................116 13.5 Modern Crystallography .................................120 13.6 Crystalline Packings .....................................121 13.7 Packing Tetrahedra .....................................123 13.8 Changed Utterly: Quasicrystals ...........................125 13.9 Amorphous Solids .......................................128 13.10 Crystal Nonsense ........................................129 14 Apollonius and Concrete ....................................131 14.1 Mixing Concrete.........................................131 14.2 Apollonian Packing......................................132 14.3 Packing Fraction and Fractal Dimension ..................136 14.4 Packing Fraction in Granular Aggregates .................136 15 Packings and Kisses in High Dimensions ...................139 15.1 Packing in Many Dimensions ............................139 15.2 A Kissing Competition ...................................143 15.3 Kissing the Neighbors in Higher Dimensions .............143 15.4 Will Disorder Win in the End? ...........................144 16 The Sweets in the Jar, the Pebbles on the Beach... ..........147 16.1 Those Sweets ...........................................147 16.2 Hey, What Shape Do You Want Your Ice Cubes?..........148 16.3 Another Walk on the Beach..............................148 17 The Giant’s Causeway ........................................151 17.1 Worth Seeing? ...........................................151 17.2 Idealization Oversteps Again.............................152
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volume Estimates for Equiangular Hyperbolic Coxeter Polyhedra
    Algebraic & Geometric Topology 9 (2009) 1225–1254 1225 Volume estimates for equiangular hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedra CHRISTOPHER KATKINSON An equiangular hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedron is a hyperbolic polyhedron where all dihedral angles are equal to =n for some fixed n Z, n 2. It is a consequence of 2 Andreev’s theorem that either n 3 and the polyhedron has all ideal vertices or that D n 2. Volume estimates are given for all equiangular hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedra. D 57M50; 30F40 1 Introduction An orientable 3–orbifold, Q, is determined by an underlying 3–manifold, XQ and a trivalent graph, †Q , labeled by integers. If Q carries a hyperbolic structure then it is unique by Mostow rigidity, so the hyperbolic volume of Q is an invariant of Q. Therefore, for hyperbolic orbifolds with a fixed underlying manifold, the volume is a function of the labeled graph †. In this paper, methods for estimating the volume of orbifolds of a restricted type in terms of this labeled graph will be described. The orbifolds studied in this paper are quotients of H3 by reflection groups generated by reflections in hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedra. A Coxeter polyhedron is one where each dihedral angle is of the form =n for some n Z, n 2. Given a hyperbolic 2 Coxeter polyhedron P , consider the group generated by reflections through the geodesic planes determined by its faces, .P/. Then .P/ is a Kleinian group which acts on H3 with fundamental domain P . The quotient, O H3= .P/, is a nonorientable D orbifold with singular locus P.2/ , the 2–skeleton of P .
    [Show full text]
  • Hyperbolic Geometry, Surfaces, and 3-Manifolds Bruno Martelli
    Hyperbolic geometry, surfaces, and 3-manifolds Bruno Martelli Dipartimento di Matematica \Tonelli", Largo Pontecorvo 5, 56127 Pisa, Italy E-mail address: martelli at dm dot unipi dot it version: december 18, 2013 Contents Introduction 1 Copyright notices 1 Chapter 1. Preliminaries 3 1. Differential topology 3 1.1. Differentiable manifolds 3 1.2. Tangent space 4 1.3. Differentiable submanifolds 6 1.4. Fiber bundles 6 1.5. Tangent and normal bundle 6 1.6. Immersion and embedding 7 1.7. Homotopy and isotopy 7 1.8. Tubolar neighborhood 7 1.9. Manifolds with boundary 8 1.10. Cut and paste 8 1.11. Transversality 9 2. Riemannian geometry 9 2.1. Metric tensor 9 2.2. Distance, geodesics, volume. 10 2.3. Exponential map 11 2.4. Injectivity radius 12 2.5. Completeness 13 2.6. Curvature 13 2.7. Isometries 15 2.8. Isometry group 15 2.9. Riemannian manifolds with boundary 16 2.10. Local isometries 16 3. Measure theory 17 3.1. Borel measure 17 3.2. Topology on the measure space 18 3.3. Lie groups 19 3.4. Haar measures 19 4. Algebraic topology 19 4.1. Group actions 19 4.2. Coverings 20 4.3. Discrete groups of isometries 20 v vi CONTENTS 4.4. Cell complexes 21 4.5. Aspherical cell-complexes 22 Chapter 2. Hyperbolic space 25 1. The models of hyperbolic space 25 1.1. Hyperboloid 25 1.2. Isometries of the hyperboloid 26 1.3. Subspaces 27 1.4. The Poincar´edisc 29 1.5. The half-space model 31 1.6.
    [Show full text]
  • From Angled Triangulations to Hyperbolic Structures
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/541/10683 Contemporary Mathematics Volume 541, 2011 From angled triangulations to hyperbolic structures David Futer and Fran¸cois Gu´eritaud Abstract. This survey paper contains an elementary exposition of Casson and Rivin’s technique for finding the hyperbolic metric on a 3–manifold M with toroidal boundary. We also survey a number of applications of this technique. The method involves subdividing M into ideal tetrahedra and solving a system of gluing equations to find hyperbolic shapes for the tetrahedra. The gluing equations decompose into a linear and non-linear part. The solutions to the linear equations form a convex polytope A. The solution to the non-linear part (unique if it exists) is a critical point of a certain volume functional on this polytope. The main contribution of this paper is an elementary proof of Rivin’s theorem that a critical point of the volume functional on A produces a complete hyperbolic structure on M. 1. Introduction Around 1980, William Thurston showed that “almost every” 3–manifold M, whether closed or bounded, admits a complete hyperbolic metric [31]. When the boundary of M consists of tori, this metric is unique up to isometry [20, 24]. Thurston introduced a method for finding this unique metric. The idea was to subdivide the interior of M into ideal tetrahedra (tetrahedra whose vertices are removed), and then give those tetrahedra hyperbolic shapes that glue up coherently in M. The shape of a hyperbolic ideal tetrahedron can be completely described by a single complex number, namely the cross–ratio of its four vertices on the sphere at infinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Bottom-Up Sub-Micron Architectures for Advanced
    NOVEL BOTTOM-UP SUB-MICRON ARCHITECTURES FOR ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL DEVICES by CHIARA BUSA’ A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Supervisor: Dr Pola Goldberg-Oppenheimer Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Birmingham May 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis illustrates two novel routes for fabricating hierarchical micro-to-nano structures with interesting optical and wetting properties. The co-presence of asperities spanning the two length scales enables the fabrication of miniaturised, tuneable surfaces exhibiting a high potential for applications in for instance, waterproof coatings and nanophotonic devices, while exploiting the intrinsic properties of the structuring materials. Firstly, scalable, superhydrophobic surfaces were produced via carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based electrohydrodynamic lithography, fabricating multiscale polymeric cones and nanohair-like architectures with various periodicities. CNT forests were used for manufacturing essential components for the electrohydrodynamic setup and producing controlled micro-to-nano features on a millimetre scale. The achieved high contact angles introduced switchable Rose- to-Lotus wetting regimes. Secondly, a cost-effective method was introduced as a route towards plasmonic bandgap metamaterials via electrochemical replication of three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures as sacrificial templates.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Polyhedral Molecules and Their Crystal Structures Santiago Alvarez, Jorge Echeverria
    New Perspectives on Polyhedral Molecules and their Crystal Structures Santiago Alvarez, Jorge Echeverria To cite this version: Santiago Alvarez, Jorge Echeverria. New Perspectives on Polyhedral Molecules and their Crystal Structures. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, Wiley, 2010, 23 (11), pp.1080. 10.1002/poc.1735. hal-00589441 HAL Id: hal-00589441 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00589441 Submitted on 29 Apr 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry New Perspectives on Polyhedral Molecules and their Crystal Structures For Peer Review Journal: Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry Manuscript ID: POC-09-0305.R1 Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article Date Submitted by the 06-Apr-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: Alvarez, Santiago; Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Quimica Inorganica Echeverria, Jorge; Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Quimica Inorganica continuous shape measures, stereochemistry, shape maps, Keywords: polyhedranes http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/poc Page 1 of 20 Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Perspectives on Polyhedral Molecules and their Crystal Structures 11 12 Santiago Alvarez, Jorge Echeverría 13 14 15 Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, 16 Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona (Spain).
    [Show full text]
  • Focm 2017 Foundations of Computational Mathematics Barcelona, July 10Th-19Th, 2017 Organized in Partnership With
    FoCM 2017 Foundations of Computational Mathematics Barcelona, July 10th-19th, 2017 http://www.ub.edu/focm2017 Organized in partnership with Workshops Approximation Theory Computational Algebraic Geometry Computational Dynamics Computational Harmonic Analysis and Compressive Sensing Computational Mathematical Biology with emphasis on the Genome Computational Number Theory Computational Geometry and Topology Continuous Optimization Foundations of Numerical PDEs Geometric Integration and Computational Mechanics Graph Theory and Combinatorics Information-Based Complexity Learning Theory Plenary Speakers Mathematical Foundations of Data Assimilation and Inverse Problems Multiresolution and Adaptivity in Numerical PDEs Numerical Linear Algebra Karim Adiprasito Random Matrices Jean-David Benamou Real-Number Complexity Alexei Borodin Special Functions and Orthogonal Polynomials Mireille Bousquet-Mélou Stochastic Computation Symbolic Analysis Mark Braverman Claudio Canuto Martin Hairer Pierre Lairez Monique Laurent Melvin Leok Lek-Heng Lim Gábor Lugosi Bruno Salvy Sylvia Serfaty Steve Smale Andrew Stuart Joel Tropp Sponsors Shmuel Weinberger 2 FoCM 2017 Foundations of Computational Mathematics Barcelona, July 10th{19th, 2017 Books of abstracts 4 FoCM 2017 Contents Presentation . .7 Governance of FoCM . .9 Local Organizing Committee . .9 Administrative and logistic support . .9 Technical support . 10 Volunteers . 10 Workshops Committee . 10 Plenary Speakers Committee . 10 Smale Prize Committee . 11 Funding Committee . 11 Plenary talks . 13 Workshops . 21 A1 { Approximation Theory Organizers: Albert Cohen { Ron Devore { Peter Binev . 21 A2 { Computational Algebraic Geometry Organizers: Marta Casanellas { Agnes Szanto { Thorsten Theobald . 36 A3 { Computational Number Theory Organizers: Christophe Ritzenhaler { Enric Nart { Tanja Lange . 50 A4 { Computational Geometry and Topology Organizers: Joel Hass { Herbert Edelsbrunner { Gunnar Carlsson . 56 A5 { Geometric Integration and Computational Mechanics Organizers: Fernando Casas { Elena Celledoni { David Martin de Diego .
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Triangulations and Highly Twisted Links 11
    GEOMETRIC TRIANGULATIONS AND HIGHLY TWISTED LINKS SOPHIE L. HAM AND JESSICA S. PURCELL Abstract. It is conjectured that every cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold admits a geometric triangulation, i.e. it is decomposed into positive volume ideal hyperbolic tetrahedra. Here, we show that sufficiently highly twisted knots admit a geometric triangulation. In addition, by extending work of Gu´eritaud and Schleimer, we also give quantified versions of this result for infinite families of examples. 1. Introduction A topological triangulation of a 3-manifold M is a decomposition of M into tetrahedra or ideal tetrahedra such that the result of gluing yields a manifold homeomorphic to M. Every compact 3- manifold with boundary consisting of tori has interior that admits a topological ideal triangulation [22, 3]. A geometric triangulation is a much stronger notion. It is an ideal triangulation of a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold M such that each tetrahedron is positively oriented and has a hyperbolic structure of strictly positive volume, and such that the result of gluing gives M a smooth manifold structure with its complete hyperbolic metric. It is still unknown whether every finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold admits a geometric triangulation, and there are currently only a few families which provably admit one. These include 2-bridge knots and punctured torus bundles, due to Gu´eritaudand Futer [15], and all the manifolds of the SnapPy census [5], as well as manifolds built from isometric Platonic solids [13, 12]. On the other hand, Choi has shown that there exists an orbifold with no geometric triangulation [4]. In this paper, we prove that a large family of knots admit geometric triangulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Incompressible Surfaces and Finite Coverings of Negatively Curved
    Essential closed surfaces and finite coverings of negatively curved cusped 3-manifolds Charalampos Charitos September 3, 2021 Abstract The existence of essential clsoed surfaces is proven for finite coverings of 3-manifolds that are triangulated by finitely many topological ideal tetrahedra and admit a regular, negatively curved, ideal structure. Keywords Incompressible surfaces - Ideal tetrahedra - CAT (0)-spaces Mathematics Subject Classification 57M50 - 57M10 1 Introduction In his pioneering work [17], Thurston constructed complete hyperbolic struc- tures of constant negative curvature equal to −1 on the complement of certain knots and links of S3, by realizing them as a finite union of regular, hyperbolic ideal tetrahedra. Subsequently, it was proven that the interior of compact hy- perbolic 3-manifolds with geodesic boundary can be triangulated by hyperbolic ideal polyhedra and in some cases, by hyperbolic ideal tetrahedra [10], [14]. Inspired by these works, as well as from other relative works (see for example [8], [9] and the references in them), in the present paper a special class of non- compact, triangulated 3-manifolds M is defined. The manifolds M are obtained by gluing along their faces a finite family of topological ideal tetrahedra (Di)i∈I , arXiv:1812.03537v4 [math.GT] 2 Sep 2021 3 where each Di is homeomorphic to a 3-simplex in R with its vertices removed. On M a unique metric d : M ×M → R is defined such that, each tetrahedron Di equipped with the induced metric is isometric to the regular, hyperbolic ideal tetrahedron of H3. The metric d will be referred to as regular, ideal structure of M while M equipped with such a structure d will be called regular, cusped 3-manifold.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching Similar Clusters of Polyhedra in Crystallographic Databases
    International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements, vol 2 no 2&3, year 2009, http://www.iariajournals.org/systems_and_measurements/ 192 Searching similar clusters of polyhedra in crystallographic databases Hans-Joachim Klein and Christian Mennerich Institut f¨ur Informatik Universit¨at Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany hjk,chm @is.informatik.uni-kiel.de { } Abstract of structures. In order to deal with this situation, an approach has been A graph-based method is described for searching and presented in [6] which is based upon a description of inor- ranking clusters of polyhedra in large crystallographic ganic crystal structures at the level of coordination polyhe- databases. It is shown how topologically equivalent sub- dra. Infinite networks formed by connections of polyhedra structures can be determined for a given target cluster can be represented by finite periodic graphs. This model- based upon a graph representation of polyhedral networks. ing allows to build an indexation of polyhedral networks by A mathematical modeling of geometric embeddings of poly- chains, which can be used for the efficient determination of hedra graphs is provided which can be used to define geo- topologically equivalent substructures. These structures can metric similarity of polyhedral clusters. For a special kind have a quite different geometry. Hence a method is needed of similarity, an algorithm for solving the problem of ab- to check for geometric similarity. solute orientation is applied in order to rank topologically It has been argued that to determine geometric transfor- equivalent clusters appropriately. mations first and then to test for preservation of topology is more efficient in connection with geometric graph isomor- Keywords: Crystallographic databases, polyhedral clus- phism [7].
    [Show full text]
  • The Gnomonic Projection
    Gnomonic Projections onto Various Polyhedra By Brian Stonelake Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 The Gnomonic Projection .................................................................................................................. 4 The Polyhedra ....................................................................................................................................... 5 The Icosahedron ............................................................................................................................................. 5 The Dodecahedron ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Pentakis Dodecahedron ............................................................................................................................... 5 Modified Pentakis Dodecahedron ............................................................................................................. 6 Equilateral Pentakis Dodecahedron ........................................................................................................ 6 Triakis Icosahedron ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Modified Triakis Icosahedron ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FROM the HYPERBOLIC 24-CELL to the CUBOCTAHEDRON 11 Has Been Much Studied
    FROM THE HYPERBOLIC 24-CELL TO THE CUBOCTAHEDRON STEVEN P. KERCKHOFF AND PETER A. STORM Abstract. We describe a family of 4-dimensional hyperbolic orbifolds, con- structed by deforming an infinite volume orbifold obtained from the ideal, hyperbolic 24-cell by removing two walls. This family provides an infinite number of infinitesimally rigid, infinite covolume, geometrically finite discrete 4 subgroups of Isom(H ). It also leads to finite covolume Coxeter groups which are the homomorphic image of the group of reflections in the hyperbolic 24- cell. The examples are constructed very explicitly, both from an algebraic and a geometric point of view. The method used can be viewed as a 4-dimensional, but infinite volume, analog of 3-dimensional hyperbolic Dehn filling. 1. Introduction The study of hyperbolic manifolds or, more generally, discrete subgroups of isometries of hyperbolic space, typically divides along dimensional lines, between di- mension 2 where there are deformations of co-compact respresentations and higher dimensions where there are no such deformations due to Mostow rigidity. However, there is an equally important distinction between dimension 3 and higher dimen- sions. While Mostow-Prasad rigidity [13, 14] (or Calabi-Weil local rigidity [6, 21]) guarantees that there are no nontrivial families of complete, finite volume struc- tures in dimension at least 3, if either the completeness or finite volume hypothesis is dropped, in dimension 3 there typically are deformations. Specifically, a noncompact, complete, finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold M with k cusps always has a k{complex dimensional deformation space, through nec- essarily non-complete hyperbolic structures. Topologically, M is the interior of a compact 3-manifold M¯ with k torus boundary components.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:0805.1359V1 [Math.GT] 9 May 2008 C Hretpt Oteuino the of Union the to Path Shortest Eann up Fe Ligt Aetesm Oue Sbfr filling
    CANONICAL TRIANGULATIONS OF DEHN FILLINGS FRANC¸OIS GUERITAUD´ AND SAUL SCHLEIMER Abstract. Every cusped, finite–volume hyperbolic three–manifold has a ca- nonical decomposition into ideal polyhedra. We study the canonical decom- position of the hyperbolic manifold obtained by filling some (but not all) of the cusps with solid tori: in a broad range of cases, generic in an appropriate sense, this decomposition can be predicted from that of the unfilled manifold. 0. Introduction Let M be a complete cusped hyperbolic 3–manifold of finite volume, and endow the cusps c1,...,ck of M with disjoint simple horoball neighborhoods H1,...,Hk. The Ford–Voronoi domain M consists of all points of M having a unique F ⊂ shortest path to the union of the Hi. The complement of is a compact complex C of totally geodesic polygons. By definition, the canonicalF decomposition of M D with respect to the Hi has one 3–dimensional cell (an ideal polyhedron) per vertex of C, one face per edge of C, and one edge per (polygonal) face of C. We say that is dual to C. In [EP], Epstein and Penner gave a precise description of in termsD of convex hulls in Minkowski space R3+1. Other names for are the geometricallyD canonical decomposition, or Delaunay (or Delone) decomposition.D The combinatorics of , when the mutual volume ratios of the Hi are fixed, gives a complete topological invariantD of the manifold M, by Mostow’s rigidity theorem. The canonical decomposition thus shows an interplay between combinatorics on one hand, and hyperbolic geometryD and three–dimensional topology on the other.
    [Show full text]