From Stargazing to Space Travel Our Brief History Into Space

From Stargazing to Space Travel Our brief history into space

Science in the News Elaine Garcia Angela She November 4th, 2015 Why do we care?

Gives us perspective • What did our forefathers think of the Heavens? • Why did they think that? • How did theories change throughout time? Gives us purpose • Mystery drives inquiry and discovery.

Important Lessons were Learned and will Continue to be Discovered! Keywords

Astrologyl – The study and interpretation of the movements and positions of celestial bodies in relation to Earth and Earthly affairs. Astronomy – The study of physical objects in space: gas, dust, stars, planets, moons, comets, and other non-Earthly mass and phenomena. • Astrophysics – The study of the physical nature and energy of cosmic mass. • Cosmology – A branch of study that theorizes about the origin and nature of the universe. Outline

1. Star Gazing • Theories about why, where, and how 2. Star Studying • Technology to study the unknown 3. Star Reaching • Demo on space exploration Outline

1. Star Gazing • Theories about why, where, and how 2. Star Studying • Technology to study the unknown 3. Star Reaching • Demo on space exploration What are stars’ purpose?

Are they the actions, moods, or warnings of celestial beings? Star Worship Is their existence independent and separated from Earth’s existence and purpose? Star Navigation and Measurement Millennia of Lessons

570 BC 384 BC 276 BC 1600 O 1750+ BC 427 BC 310 BC 90 1700 Millennia of Lessons

The earliest records of astronomical observations and mathematics.

1750+ BC Greek Rule Zeus King of Gods Hera Queen of Gods Poseidon God of the Sea Hades God of the Underworld Helios The Sun God Ares God of War Aphrodite Goddess of Love Eros God of Love Athena Goddess of Wisdom Hephaestus God of Fire/Forge

Wikicommons.com What season is it?

Zodiac surrounds the Earth, noting the Seasons

Wikicommons.com Millennia of Lessons

The earliest records of astronomical observations and mathematics.

570 BC

1750+ BC Pythagoras was born

Photo Credit: Public Domain Pythagoras

Pythagoras founded a school • Reality is Mathematical • Philosophy can be used for spiritual purification • All students of the school should observe strict loyalty and secrecy • MUSIC MATH PHILOSOPHY

Photo Credit: Public Domain Pythagorean Theorem

C A

A2+B2=C2 Millennia of Lessons

• The heavens are combinations of geometric shapes • Geometry is key to Plato was born understanding the 570 BC universe • Stars rotate around the 1750+ BC 427 BC Earth in simple circular paths

Pixabay.com Millennia of Lessons

Aristotle was born

570 BC 384 BC

1750+ BC 427 BC

Photo Credit: Public Domain GeocentricWhere are Theory we? vs Heliocentric Theory

Photo Credit: Public Domain Plato Aristotle

Photo Credit: Public Domain Geocentricism

• If the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the stars shifting. • Constellations would change shape and not repeat year after year. • In fact, the Earth DOES move, but the stars are much father away than imagined thus making their shifting undetectable. Millennia of Lessons

570 BC 384 BC Aristarchus was born

1750+ BC 427 BC 310 BC • Known as the first person to have proposed heliocentricism • Wrote “On the Dimensions and Distances of the Sun and Moon” Millennia of Lessons

Ptolemy was born

O 90

Photo Credit: Public Domain The Epicycle explains planetary movements

• Sometimes it was seen that stars (which were really planets) did not move from East to West

• This movement was attributed to an epicycle

• Even though he was wrong, he wrote 30 volumes on the subject!

Photo Credit: Public Domain Millennia of Lessons

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Published his book “On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres” 1600

• Triggered the 1400 1700 Copernican Revolution, making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution

Photo Credit: Public Domain Millennia of Lessons

Galilei Kepler Newton

1600

1700

Photo Credit: Public Domain Heliocentricism is Supported

• Supported • Incorporated religious • Formulated the Heliocentric Theory reasoning into his laws of motion work • Supported Circular and universal

Orbits • Elliptical orbit gravitation Galilei Kepler calculations are more • Made significant • Used these laws to elegant than circular Newton discoveries in orbit calculations support elliptical fundamental science planetary orbits (motion) and applied • He published a 3 part and other things, science (strength of work “Epitome of thus removing

material, optimizing Copernican Issac Galileo doubts to the telescope Astronomy” which described planetary heliocentricism

• Died under house Johannes motion • Built the first arrest practical reflecting telescope

Photo Credit: Public Domain QUESTIONS? Outline

1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on space exploration Outline

1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying: • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on space exploration Studying the Stars

A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky

B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and Beyond What do we use telescopes for?

To make things easier to see; to make the invisible, visible.

https://pixabay.com How do telescopes work?

Telescopes work by collecting much more light than our eyes can and focusing it.

https://pixabay.com Resolving images that are far away

Jupiter

Europa Io

Ganymede

Callisto http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1118a/

Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008 Two types of telescopes

refracting telescopes telescopes that use lenses to focus light

reflecting telescopes telescopes that use mirrors to focus light

Encyclopedia Britannica Kids A History of Looking Up

? He who patents first gets the credit. 1500s Inventor: a lens maker (probably)

1608 Hans Lippershey Patents 3x magnification Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei Presented design to Venetian Senate

He who speaks the loudest gets the most recognition. 1608 Hans Lippershey Patents 3x magnification Photo Credit: Public Domain What did Galileo see?

Jupiter

Europa Io

Ganymede

Callisto

Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008 Photo Credit: NASA Galilean moons A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei Presented design to Venetian Senate

1611 1608 Johannes Kepler Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses Photo Credit: Public Domain Some Discoveries made by Early Refracting Telescopes

Sunspots Orion nebula Christoph Scheiner (1612) Nicolas-claude Fabri de Peiresc (1610) Christiaan Huygens (1659) Photo: Andrew Common (1883)

Saturn’s rings and Titan Christiaan Huygens (1655-1659)

Photo Credit: NASA Chromatic aberration a phenomenon that occurs when a lens in unable to focus all colors of light to the same convergence point, resulting in "fringes" of color along boundaries that separate bright and dark parts of an image

Flikr: DopefishJustin, Sept. 7, 2012 Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See  Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration

Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896

Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See  Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration

Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896

Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See  Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration

Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896

 Is the lens big enough?

Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors

1611 1608 Johannes Kepler Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses Photo Credit: Public Domain Some Discoveries made by Early Reflecting Telescopes

Uranus Spiral Galaxies William Herschel (1781) William Parsons, Earl of Rosse (1845)  Improvement: mirror making technology and coating the mirrors with silver 60 in. 100 in.

Photo Credit: Public Domain

Measurement of distances to nearby stars Expansion of the Universe Hale Telescope, Mt.Wilson (1909) Hubble and Humason (1929) Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)

Photo Credit: Public Domain

Keck Telescopes Mauna Kea, Hawaii Photo Credit: Paul Hirst, 2006 Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)

Photo Credit: Public Domain Black hole at the center of the Milky Way

Formation of planets

Demotion of Pluto

Keck Telescopes Dark energy Mauna Kea, Hawaii A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors

1611 1608 Johannes Kepler 1839 Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope John William Draper takes Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses first successful picture of the moon Photo Credit: Public Domain Astrophotography

Henry Draper Andrew Ainslie Common Hubble Space Telescope 1880 1883 2006

Orion Nebula Electromagnetic Spectrum

Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors

1932 Karl Guthe Jansky builds the first radio telescope at Bell Laboratories

Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson

Holmdel Horn Antenna

Photo Credit: Public Domain Bell Laboratories, 1964

Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson

Echo 2 Balloon Satellite

Photo Credit: Public Domain Bell Laboratories, 1964

Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson

Photo Credit: Public Domain Cosmic Microwave Background

The oldest light in the universe

Photo Credit: Public Domain Telescopes around the world More than 400 research telescopes around the world

Photo Credit: David Walker

BICEP2 telescope + Cerro Tololo Inter-American South Pole Telescope Observatory (CTIO) (studies of early universe) (discovery of new southern star systems) A History of Looking Up

? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) 1932 Galileo Galilei 1668 Karl Guthe Jansky Presented design to Isaac Newton builds builds the first radio telescope Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors at Bell Laboratories

1971 USSR launches first space observatory, Orion 1, into space

Photo Credit: NASA Telescopes in Space: Chandra (X-ray)

We have a lot left to learn.

Photo Credit: NASA Summary ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) 1932 Galileo Galilei 1668 Karl Guthe Jansky Presented design to Isaac Newton builds builds the first radio telescope Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors at Bell Laboratories

1971 USSR launches first space observatory, Orion 1, into space

1611 1608 Johannes Kepler 1839 Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope John William Draper Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses Takes first successful picture of the moon Questions?

Photo Credit: Public Domain Studying the Stars

A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky

B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and Beyond Photo Credit: NASA “Interplanetary Rocketry”

The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices 1865 1898 -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1903)

Photo Credit: Public Domain Lift Off!!

Robert H. Goddard: Father of Rocket Science Rocket fuel: 1914 1940s: World War II and Rocket Engineering

First animals in space: fruit flies (1947)

V2 Rocket carrying Albert II, first monkey in space V2 Rocket Photo Credit: Public Domain Rocket Science + Engineering

Photo Credit: Costyn, Wikicommons

Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972) Supremacy in spaceflight capability necessary for national security

1939-1945 World War II

1947 Cold War Begins

Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 USA launches Explorer 1

1947 Cold War Begins

1957 USSR launches Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA

1947 Cold War 1959 Begins USSR Luna 1 Orbited the sun 1957 USSR launches Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA

1947 Cold War Begins 1959 USSR Luna 2 1957 Impacted the moon USSR launches Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA

1947 Cold War Begins 1960 USA launches Tiros-1 (Weather satellite) Discoverer XIV (Recognizance satellite) 1957 USSR launches Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA

1947 1961 1961 Cold War Yuri Gagarin Alan Shepard Begins First man in space First American in Space

1957 USSR launches Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 John Glenn Valentina L. Gordon Cooper NASA Tereshkova

1962-1968

1947 Cold War Begins

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 Mariner 4 Mariner 2 Ranger 7 World War II (Mars) 1958 (Venus) (Moon) NASA

1962-1968

1947 Cold War L. Gordon Begins John Glenn Valentina Tereshkova Cooper

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA

1962-1968

1947 Cold War L. Gordon Begins John Glenn Valentina Tereshkova Cooper

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 1969 NASA Moon Landing

1962-1968

1947 Cold War L. Gordon Begins John Glenn Valentina Tereshkova Cooper

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain Space Race (1955-1972)

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA 1969 Moon Landing

1962-1968

1947 Cold War L. Gordon Begins John Glenn Valentina Tereshkova Cooper

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Photo Credit: Public Domain The Planets

Pluto, as seen by New Horizons

2015 Photo Credit: NASA Deep Space Exploration Space Travel: It’s not just rocket science

Sustenance Energy Health Summary

1939-1945 World War II 1958 NASA 1969 Moon Landing

1962-1968

1947 Cold War Begins John Glenn Valentina L. Gordon Tereshkova Cooper

1957 1961 USSR launches Sending humans into space Sputnik1 into orbit Questions? Outline

1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on space exploration Outline

1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying: • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on Space Exploration Seven Minutes of Terror Thank you!

SITN would like to acknowledge the following organizations for their generous support.

Harvard Medical School Office of Communications and External Relations Division of Medical Sciences

The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)

The Harvard Graduate Student Council (GSC)

The Harvard/MIT COOP