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From Stargazing to Space Travel Our Brief History Into Space

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From Stargazing to Space Travel Our Brief History Into Space From Stargazing to Space Travel Our brief history into space Science in the News Elaine Garcia Angela She November 4th, 2015 Why do we care? Gives us perspective • What did our forefathers think of the Heavens? • Why did they think that? • How did theories change throughout time? Gives us purpose • Mystery drives inquiry and discovery. Important Lessons were Learned and will Continue to be Discovered! Keywords Astrologyl – The study and interpretation of the movements and positions of celestial bodies in relation to Earth and Earthly affairs. Astronomy – The study of physical objects in space: gas, dust, stars, planets, moons, comets, and other non-Earthly mass and phenomena. • Astrophysics – The study of the physical nature and energy of cosmic mass. • Cosmology – A branch of study that theorizes about the origin and nature of the universe. Outline 1. Star Gazing • Theories about why, where, and how 2. Star Studying • Technology to study the unknown 3. Star Reaching • Demo on space exploration Outline 1. Star Gazing • Theories about why, where, and how 2. Star Studying • Technology to study the unknown 3. Star Reaching • Demo on space exploration What are stars’ purpose? Are they the actions, moods, or warnings of celestial beings? Star Worship Is their existence independent and separated from Earth’s existence and purpose? Star Navigation and Measurement Millennia of Lessons 570 BC 384 BC 276 BC 1600 O 1750+ BC 427 BC 310 BC 90 1700 Millennia of Lessons The earliest records of astronomical observations and mathematics. 1750+ BC Greek Rule Zeus King of Gods Hera Queen of Gods Poseidon God of the Sea Hades God of the Underworld Helios The Sun God Ares God of War Aphrodite Goddess of Love Eros God of Love Athena Goddess of Wisdom Hephaestus God of Fire/Forge Wikicommons.com What season is it? Zodiac surrounds the Earth, noting the Seasons Wikicommons.com Millennia of Lessons The earliest records of astronomical observations and mathematics. 570 BC 1750+ BC Pythagoras was born Photo Credit: Public Domain Pythagoras Pythagoras founded a school • Reality is Mathematical • Philosophy can be used for spiritual purification • All students of the school should observe strict loyalty and secrecy • MUSIC MATH PHILOSOPHY Photo Credit: Public Domain Pythagorean Theorem C A B A2+B2=C2 Millennia of Lessons • The heavens are combinations of geometric shapes • Geometry is key to Plato was born understanding the 570 BC universe • Stars rotate around the 1750+ BC 427 BC Earth in simple circular paths Pixabay.com Millennia of Lessons Aristotle was born 570 BC 384 BC 1750+ BC 427 BC Photo Credit: Public Domain GeocentricWhere are Theory we? vs Heliocentric Theory Photo Credit: Public Domain Plato Aristotle Photo Credit: Public Domain Geocentricism • If the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the stars shifting. • Constellations would change shape and not repeat year after year. • In fact, the Earth DOES move, but the stars are much father away than imagined thus making their shifting undetectable. Millennia of Lessons 570 BC 384 BC Aristarchus was born 1750+ BC 427 BC 310 BC • Known as the first person to have proposed heliocentricism • Wrote “On the Dimensions and Distances of the Sun and Moon” Millennia of Lessons Ptolemy was born O 90 Photo Credit: Public Domain The Epicycle explains planetary movements • Sometimes it was seen that stars (which were really planets) did not move from East to West • This movement was attributed to an epicycle • Even though he was wrong, he wrote 30 volumes on the subject! Photo Credit: Public Domain Millennia of Lessons Nicolaus Copernicus • Published his book “On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres” 1600 • Triggered the 1400 1700 Copernican Revolution, making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution Photo Credit: Public Domain Millennia of Lessons Galilei Kepler Newton 1600 1700 Photo Credit: Public Domain Heliocentricism is Supported • Supported • Incorporated religious • Formulated the Heliocentric Theory reasoning into his laws of motion work • Supported Circular and universal Orbits • Elliptical orbit gravitation Galilei Kepler calculations are more • Made significant • Used these laws to elegant than circular Newton discoveries in orbit calculations support elliptical fundamental science planetary orbits (motion) and applied • He published a 3 part and other things, science (strength of work “Epitome of thus removing material, optimizing Copernican Issac Galileo doubts to the telescope Astronomy” which described planetary heliocentricism • Died under house Johannes motion • Built the first arrest practical reflecting telescope Photo Credit: Public Domain QUESTIONS? Outline 1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on space exploration Outline 1. Stargazing: • Theories about why and where 2. Star Studying: • Technologies to study the unknown 3. Star Dreaming: • Demo on space exploration Studying the Stars A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and Beyond What do we use telescopes for? To make things easier to see; to make the invisible, visible. https://pixabay.com How do telescopes work? Telescopes work by collecting much more light than our eyes can and focusing it. https://pixabay.com Resolving images that are far away Jupiter Europa Io Ganymede Callisto http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1118a/ Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008 Two types of telescopes refracting telescopes telescopes that use lenses to focus light reflecting telescopes telescopes that use mirrors to focus light Encyclopedia Britannica Kids A History of Looking Up ? He who patents first gets the credit. 1500s Inventor: a lens maker (probably) 1608 Hans Lippershey Patents 3x magnification Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei Presented design to Venetian Senate He who speaks the loudest gets the most recognition. 1608 Hans Lippershey Patents 3x magnification Photo Credit: Public Domain What did Galileo see? Jupiter Europa Io Ganymede Callisto Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008 Photo Credit: NASA Galilean moons A History of Looking Up ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei Presented design to Venetian Senate 1611 1608 Johannes Kepler Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses Photo Credit: Public Domain Some Discoveries made by Early Refracting Telescopes Sunspots Orion nebula Christoph Scheiner (1612) Nicolas-claude Fabri de Peiresc (1610) Christiaan Huygens (1659) Photo: Andrew Common (1883) Saturn’s rings and Titan Christiaan Huygens (1655-1659) Photo Credit: NASA Chromatic aberration a phenomenon that occurs when a lens in unable to focus all colors of light to the same convergence point, resulting in "fringes" of color along boundaries that separate bright and dark parts of an image Flikr: DopefishJustin, Sept. 7, 2012 Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896 Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896 Photo Credit: Public Domain The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896 Is the lens big enough? Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors 1611 1608 Johannes Kepler Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses Photo Credit: Public Domain Some Discoveries made by Early Reflecting Telescopes Uranus Spiral Galaxies William Herschel (1781) William Parsons, Earl of Rosse (1845) Improvement: mirror making technology and coating the mirrors with silver 60 in. 100 in. Photo Credit: Public Domain Measurement of distances to nearby stars Expansion of the Universe Hale Telescope, Mt.Wilson (1909) Hubble and Humason (1929) Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics) Photo Credit: Public Domain Keck Telescopes Mauna Kea, Hawaii Photo Credit: Paul Hirst, 2006 Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics) Photo Credit: Public Domain Black hole at the center of the Milky Way Formation of planets Demotion of Pluto Keck Telescopes Dark energy Mauna Kea, Hawaii A History of Looking Up ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors 1611 1608 Johannes Kepler 1839 Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope John William Draper takes Patents 3x magnification with convex lenses first successful picture of the moon Photo Credit: Public Domain Astrophotography Henry Draper Andrew Ainslie Common Hubble Space Telescope 1880 1883 2006 Orion Nebula Electromagnetic Spectrum Photo Credit: Public Domain A History of Looking Up ? 1500s Inventor: a lens maker 1609 (probably) Galileo Galilei 1668 Presented design to Isaac Newton builds Venetian Senate telescope with mirrors 1932 Karl Guthe Jansky builds the first radio telescope at Bell Laboratories 1611 1608 Johannes Kepler 1839 Hans Lippershey Refracting telescope John William Draper takes Patents 3x magnification with
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