DOCSLIB.ORG

Application of Steganography for Anonymity Through the Internet Jacques Bahi, Jean-François Couchot, Nicolas Friot, Christophe Guyeux

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Application of Steganography for Anonymity Through the Internet Jacques Bahi, Jean-François Couchot, Nicolas Friot, Christophe Guyeux Application of Steganography for Anonymity through the Internet Jacques Bahi, Jean-François Couchot, Nicolas Friot, Christophe Guyeux To cite this version: Jacques Bahi, Jean-François Couchot, Nicolas Friot, Christophe Guyeux. Application of Steganog- raphy for Anonymity through the Internet. IHTIAP’2012, 1-st Workshop on Information Hiding Techniques for Internet Anonymity and Privacy, Jan 2012, Italy. pp.96 - 101. hal-00940094 HAL Id: hal-00940094 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00940094 Submitted on 31 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Application of Steganography for Anonymity through the Internet Jacques M. Bahi, Jean-François Couchot, Nicolas Friot, and Christophe Guyeux* FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS Computer Science Laboratory DISC University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France {jacques.bahi, jean-francois.couchot, nicolas.friot, christophe.guyeux}@femto-st.fr * Authors in alphabetic order Abstract—In this paper, a novel steganographic scheme Considering that the freedom of expression is a fundamen- based on chaotic iterations is proposed. This research work tal right that must be protected, that journalists must be able takes place into the information hiding security framework. to inform the community without risking their own lives, The applications for anonymity and privacy through the Internet are regarded too. To guarantee such an anonymity, it and that to be a defender of human rights can be dangerous, should be possible to set up a secret communication channel various software have emerged these last decades to preserve into a web page, being secure. To achieve this goal, we propose anonymity or privacy through the Internet. Excepting of the an information hiding scheme being stego-secure, which is Mix-Network principle [3], the most famous tool of this kind the highest level of security in a well defined and studied is probably Tor, the onion router. Tor client software routes category of attacks called “watermark-only attack”. This category of attacks is the best context to study steganography- Internet traffic through a worldwide volunteer network of based anonymity through the Internet. The steganalysis of our servers, in order to conceal a user’s location or usage from steganographic process is also studied in order to show its anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. security in a real test framework. Another example of this kind is given by Perseus [4], a Keywords-Privacy; Internet; Steganography; Security; firefox plugin that protect personal data, without infringing Chaotic iterations. any national crypto regulations, and that preserve the true needs of national security. Perseus replaces cryptography by coding theory techniques, such that only agencies with I. INTRODUCTION a strong enough computer power can eavesdrop traffic in In common opinion or for non specialists, anonymity an acceptable amount of time. Finally, anonymous proxy through the Internet is only desirable for malicious use. servers around the world can help to keep machines behind A frequent thought is that individuals who search or use them anonymous: the destination server (the server that anonymity tools have something wrong or shameful to hide. ultimately satisfies the web request) receives requests from Thus, as privacy and anonymity software as proxy or Tor [1] the anonymizing proxy server, and thus does not receive are only used by terrorists, pedophiles, weapon merchants, information about the end user’s address. and so on, such tools should be forbidden. However, ter- These three solutions are not without flaws. For in- rorism or pedophilia existed in the absence of the Internet. stance, when considering anonymizers, the requests are not Furthermore, recent actualities recall to us that, in numerous anonymous to the anonymizing proxy server, which simply places around the world, to have an opinion that diverges moves the problem on: are these proxy servers worthy of from the one imposed by political or religious leaders is trust? Perseus can be broken with enough computer power. something considered as negative, suspicious, or illegal. And due to its central position and particular conception, For instance, Saudi blogger Hamza Kashgari jailed, may Tor is targeted by numerous attacks and presents various face execution after tweets about Muhammad. Generally weaknesses (bad apple attack, or the fact that Tor cannot speaking, the so-called Arab Spring, and current fighting and protect against monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the uncertainty in Syria, have taught to us the following facts. Tor network). First, the Internet is a media of major importance, which is Considering these flaws, and because having a variety of difficult to arrest or to silence, bearing witness to the need for solutions to provide anonymity is a good rule of thumb, a democracy, transparency, and efforts to combat corruption. steganographic approach is often regarded in that context [5]. Second, claiming his/her opinions, making journalism or Steganography can be applied in several ways to preserve politics, is dangerous in various states, and can lead to the anonymity through the Internet, encompassing the creation death penalty (as for numerous Iranian bloggers: Hossein of secret channels through background images of websites, Derakhshan [2], Vahid Asghari, etc.). into Facebook photo galleries, on audio or video streams, or in non-interpreted characters in HTML source codes. The Example 1: Let us consider a set of grayscale images authors’ intention is not to describe precisely these well- stored into portable graymap format (P3-PGM): each pixel known techniques, but to explain how to evaluate their se- ranges between 256 gray levels, i.e., is memorized with eight curity. They applied it on a new algorithm of steganography bits. In that context, we consider uk = 8−(k mod 8) to be based on chaotic iterations and data embedding in least the k-th term of a signification function (uk)k2N. Intuitively, significant coefficients. This state-of-the-art in information in each group of eight bits (i.e., for each pixel) the first bit hiding security is organized as follows. has an importance equal to 8, whereas the last bit has an In Section II, some basic reminders concerning both importance equal to 1. This is compliant with the idea that mathematical notions and notations, and the Most and Least changing the first bit affects more the image than changing Significant Coefficients are given. Our new steganographic the last one. process called DI which is suitable to guarantee anonymity 3 Let (uk)k2N be a signification function, m of data for privacy on the Internet is presented in Section III. Definition 5: and M be two reals s.t. m < M. In Section IV, a reminder about information hiding security is realized. The attacks classification in a steganographic • The most significant coefficients (MSCs) of x is the framework are given, and the level of security of DI3 is finite vector studied. In the next section the security of our new scheme N k is evaluated. Then, in Section- VI the steganalysis of the uM = k k 2 and u > M and k ≤| x j ; proposed process is realized, and it is compared with other steganographic schemes in the literature. This research work • The least significant coefficients (LSCs) of x is the finite ends by a conclusion section, where our contribution is vector summarized and intended future researches are presented. k um = k k 2 N and u ≤ m and k ≤| x j ; II. BASIC REMINDERS A. Mathematical definitions and notations • The passive coefficients of x is the finite vector Let Sn denotes the nth term of a sequence S, and V i N k the ith component of a vector V . For a; b 2 N, we use the up = k k 2 and u 2]m; M[ and k ≤| x j : following notation: a; b = fa; a + 1; a + 2; : : : ; bg. J K For a given host content x, MSCs are then ranks of x ∗ Definition 1: Let k 2 N . The set of all sequences which that describe the relevant part of the image, whereas LSCs elements belong into 1; k , called strategy adapters on translate its less significant parts. S J K 1; k , is denoted by k. J K Example 2: These two definitions are illustrated on Fig- Definition 2: The support of a finite sequence S of n terms ure 1, where the significance function (uk) is defined as in k is the finite set S (S) = S ; k < n containing all the Example 1, m = 5, and M = 6. distinct values of S. Its cardinality is s.t. #S (S) 6 n. Definition 3: A finite sequence S 2 SN of n terms is injective if n = #S (S). It is onto if N = #S (S). Finally, it is bijective if and only if it is both injective and onto, so n = N = #S (S). Remark 1: On the one hand, “S is injective” reflects the fact that all the n terms of the sequence S are distinct. On the other hand, “S is onto” means that all the values of the (a) Original Lena. set 1; N are reached at least once. J K B. The Most and Least Significant Coefficients We first notice that terms of the original content x that may be replaced by terms issued from the watermark y are less important than other: they could be changed without be perceived as such.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trends Toward Real-Time Network Data Steganography
    TRENDS TOWARD REAL-TIME NETWORK DATA STEGANOGRAPHY James Collins, Sos Agaian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Network steganography has been a well-known covert data channeling method for over three decades. The basic set of techniques and implementation tools have not changed significantly since their introduction in the early 1980’s. In this paper, we review the predominant methods of classical network steganography, describing the detailed operations and resultant challenges involved in embedding data in the network transport domain. We also consider the various cyber threat vectors of network steganography and point out the major differences between classical network steganography and the widely known end-point multimedia embedding techniques, which focus exclusively on static data modification for data hiding. We then challenge the security community by introducing an entirely new network data hiding methodology, which we refer to as real-time network data steganography. Finally, we provide the groundwork for this fundamental change of covert network data embedding by introducing a system-level implementation for real-time network data operations that will open the path for even further advances in computer network security. KEYWORDS Network Steganography, Real-time Networking, TCP/IP Communications, Network Protocols 1. INTRODUCTION Even though the origins of steganography reach back to the time of ancient Greece, to Herodotus in 440 BC, the art of steganography continues to evolve. This is especially true in the technical methods of digital embedding [1][2]. Digital steganography has been used since the early 1980’s and network steganography techniques quickly evolved with the advent of the Internet and standardized multimedia formats used for data exchange [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Cybersecurity, IT-Aided Education, and Teles: Nexus, Vistas & Realities
    CYBERSECURITY, IT-AIDED EDUCATION, AND TELES: NEXUS, VISTAS & REALITIES Emmanuel C. Ogu* Department of Computer Science, [email protected] School of Computing and Engineer- ing Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Chiemela Ogu EMINDA Konsults, Yaba, Lagos, [email protected] Nigeria. * Corresponding author ABSTRACT Background The current decade has witnessed rising spates of threats and attacks that have threatened the safety and security of cyberspace, thereby giving rise to contem- porary discourses pertaining the realities that these ominous trends portend for technology innovation and digitalisation, in the emerging global digital society. In the process, the technological capabilities that have been used to effectively harness the efficiency that this virtual space provides for contemporary educa- tion and learning have been defamed. Aim/Purpose This exploratory research interrogates the possible relationships between the contemporary concerns of global cyber security, and the realities and prospects of IAE and TeLEs, while elucidating the crucial factors that impose on such relationship(s). Methodology This research adopts the qualitative research methodology with an exploratory approach to interrogate the various contemporary concerns of global cyberse- curity as contained in existing literature, especially as it affects the proliferation and adoption of IT-aided education and Technology-enhanced Learning Envi- ronments (TeLEs); based on a systematic correlational analysis of key interpos- ing concepts. Contribution The research presents an overview of the current status and prospects of de- velopment of IAE and TeLEs, as well as the nature of the realities associated with contemporary concerns of global cybersecurity; then also discussing how these cybersecurity concerns impact on the wider adoption and implementation of IAE and TeLEs.
    [Show full text]
  • SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021
    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021 1 Page Break To request this document in another format, call 1-800-525-0127. Deaf or hard of hearing customers, please call 711 (Washington Relay) or email [email protected]. Publication Number 420-339 For more information or additional copies of this report: Disease Control and Health Statistics Public Health Outbreak Coordination, Information, and Surveillance 1610 NE 150th Street, MS: K17-9 Shoreline, WA 98155 Phone: 206-418-5700 (24-hour contact for local health jurisdictions only) Email: [email protected] 2 Page break SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021 COVID-19 vaccines are effective and critical tools to aid in the control of this pandemic. Large- scale clinical studies found that COVID-19 vaccines prevented most people from getting COVID- 19 illness, but like most other vaccines, they are not 100 percent effective. This means some fully vaccinated people will still get infected with SARS-CoV-2. These individuals may or may not develop COVID-19 symptoms. Vaccine breakthrough occurs when someone gets infected with an organism they are fully vaccinated against. For the COVID-19 vaccine, this means someone tests positive for SARS-CoV- 2 two weeks or more after receiving the full series of an authorized COVID-19 vaccine. Since millions of people in the United States are getting vaccinated, we expect to see some breakthrough disease. Fortunately, there is evidence from research studies that the COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of people getting really sick and needing to go to the hospital or dying from COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • TCAS II) by Personnel Involved in the Implementation and Operation of TCAS II
    Preface This booklet provides the background for a better understanding of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) by personnel involved in the implementation and operation of TCAS II. This booklet is an update of the TCAS II Version 7.0 manual published in 2000 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It describes changes to the CAS logic introduced by Version 7.1 and updates the information on requirements for use of TCAS II and operational experience. Version 7.1 logic changes will improve TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) sense reversal logic in vertical chase situations. In addition all “Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust” RAs are converted to “Level-Off, Level-Off” RAs to make it more clear that a reduction in vertical rate is required. The Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for TCAS II Version 7.1 were approved in June 2008 and Version 7.1 units are expected to be operating by 2010-2011. Version 6.04a and 7.0 units are also expected to continue operating for the foreseeable future where authorized. 2 Preface................................................................................................................................. 2 The TCAS Solution............................................................................................................. 5 Early Collision Avoidance Systems................................................................................ 5 TCAS II Development .................................................................................................... 6 Initial
    [Show full text]
  • Steganography- a Data Hiding Technique
    International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 9– No.7, November 2010 Steganography- A Data Hiding Technique Arvind Kumar Km. Pooja Assistant Professor Vankateshwara institute of computer Vidya College of engineering, Meerut, India Science and technology, Meerut, India ABSTRACT In steganography, the possible cover carriers are innocent looking Steganography is the art of hiding information and an effort to carriers (images, audio, video, text, or some other digitally conceal the existence of the embedded information. It serves as a representative code) which will hold the hidden information. A better way of securing message than cryptography which only message is the information hidden and may be plaintext, cipher text, conceals the content of the message not the existence of the message. images, or anything that can be embedded into a bit stream. Together Original message is being hidden within a carrier such that the the cover carrier and the embedded message create a stego-carrier. changes so occurred in the carrier are not observable. In this paper we Hiding information may require a stego key which is additional secret will discuss how digital images can be used as a carrier to hide information, such as a password, required for embedding the messages. This paper also analyses the performance of some of the information. For example, when a secret message is hidden within a steganography tools. Steganography is a useful tool that allows covert cover image, the resulting product is a stego-image. transmission of information over an over the communications A possible formula of the process may be represented as: cover channel.
    [Show full text]
  • Defending Against Insider Use of Digital Steganography
    2007 Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law Proceedings Defending Against Insider Use of Digital Steganography James E. Wingate CISSP-ISSEP, CISM, IAM, Backbone Security, [email protected] Glenn D. Watt CISSP, CISM, IAM, IEM, Backbone Security, [email protected] Marc Kurtz CISSP, Backbone Security, [email protected] Chad W. Davis CCE, Backbone Security, [email protected] Robert Lipscomb Backbone Security, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/adfsl Part of the Computer Engineering Commons, Computer Law Commons, Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, Forensic Science and Technology Commons, and the Information Security Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Wingate, James E.; Watt, Glenn D.; Kurtz, Marc; Davis, Chad W.; and Lipscomb, Robert, "Defending Against Insider Use of Digital Steganography" (2007). Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law. 1. https://commons.erau.edu/adfsl/2007/session-11/1 This Peer Reviewed Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law by an (c)ADFSL authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law, 2007 Defending Against Insider Use of Digital Steganography James E. Wingate, CISSP-ISSEP, Glenn D. Watt, CISSP,
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Surveillance
    Thematic factsheet1 Update: July 2018 MASS SURVEILLANCE The highly complex forms of terrorism require States to take effective measures to defend themselves, including mass monitoring of communications. Unlike “targeted” surveillance (covert collection of conversations, telecommunications and metadata by technical means – “bugging”), “strategic” surveillance (or mass surveillance) does not necessarily start with a suspicion against a particular person or persons. It has a proactive element, aimed at identifying a danger rather than investigating a known threat. Herein lay both the value it can have for security operations, and the risks it can pose for individual rights. Nevertheless, Member States do not have unlimited powers in this area. Mass surveillance of citizens is tolerable under the Convention only if it is strictly necessary for safeguarding democratic institutions. Taking into account considerable potential to infringe fundamental rights to privacy and to freedom of expression enshrined by the Convention, Member States must ensure that the development of surveillance methods resulting in mass data collection is accompanied by the simultaneous development of legal safeguards securing respect for citizens’ human rights. According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, it would be counter to governments’ efforts to keep terrorism at bay if the terrorist threat were substituted with a perceived threat of unfettered executive power intruding into citizens’ private lives. It is of the utmost importance that the domestic legislation authorizing far-reaching surveillance techniques and prerogatives provides for adequate and sufficient safeguards in order to minimize the risks for the freedom of expression and the right to privacy which the “indiscriminate capturing of vast amounts of communications” enables.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nsa's Prism Program and the New Eu Privacy Regulation: Why U.S
    American University Business Law Review Volume 3 | Issue 2 Article 5 2013 The SN A'S Prism Program And The ewN EU Privacy Regulation: Why U.S. Companies With A Presence In The EU ouldC Be In Trouble Juhi Tariq American University Washington College of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aublr Part of the International Law Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Tariq, Juhi "The SAN 'S Prism Program And The eN w EU Privacy Regulation: Why U.S. Companies With A Presence In The EU ouldC Be In Trouble," American University Business Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2018) . Available at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aublr/vol3/iss2/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University Business Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE THE NSA'S PRISM PROGRAM AND THE NEW EU PRIVACY REGULATION: WHY U.S. COMPANIES WITH A PRESENCE IN THE EU COULD BE IN TROUBLE JUHI TARIQ* Recent revelations about a clandestine data surveillance program operated by the NSA, Planning Tool for Resource Integration, Synchronization, and Management ("PRISM'), and a stringent proposed European Union ("EU") data protection regulation, will place U.S. companies with a businesspresence in EU member states in a problematic juxtaposition. The EU Proposed General Data Protection Regulation stipulates that a company can be fined up to two percent of its global revenue for misuse of users' data and requires the consent of data subjects prior to access.
    [Show full text]
  • Image Steganography Applications for Secure Communication
    IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION by Tayana Morkel Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science (Computer Science) in the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology University of Pretoria, Pretoria May 2012 © University of Pretoria Image Steganography Applications for Secure Communication by Tayana Morkel E-mail: [email protected] Abstract To securely communicate information between parties or locations is not an easy task considering the possible attacks or unintentional changes that can occur during communication. Encryption is often used to protect secret information from unauthorised access. Encryption, however, is not inconspicuous and the observable exchange of encrypted information between two parties can provide a potential attacker with information on the sender and receiver(s). The presence of encrypted information can also entice a potential attacker to launch an attack on the secure communication. This dissertation investigates and discusses the use of image steganography, a technology for hiding information in other information, to facilitate secure communication. Secure communication is divided into three categories: self-communication, one-to-one communication and one-to-many communication, depending on the number of receivers. In this dissertation, applications that make use of image steganography are implemented for each of the secure communication categories. For self-communication, image steganography is used to hide one-time passwords (OTPs) in images that are stored on a mobile device. For one-to-one communication, a decryptor program that forms part of an encryption protocol is embedded in an image using image steganography and for one-to-many communication, a secret message is divided into pieces and different pieces are embedded in different images.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance: Intelligence Gathering of Prosecution?
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 6, Issue 3 1982 Article 5 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance: Intelligence Gathering of Prosecution? Christine A. Burke∗ ∗ Copyright c 1982 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Foreign Intelligence Surveillance: Intelligence Gathering of Prosecution? Christine A. Burke Abstract This Note considers the permissible uses of information secured through a FISA surveillance in light of the fourth amendment issue raised by Falvey. It concludes that when information is sought for purposes of national security or foreign affairs, the nature of the investigation and the compelling government interest in obtaining the information require fourth amendment standards in some respects different and lower than in ordinary criminal investigations. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE: INTELLIGENCE GATHERING OR PROSECUTION? INTRODUCTION During 1980, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began to investigate an international terrorist organization believed to be operating in New York.' As part of its investigation, the FBI ob- tained a warrant on April 3, 1981 authorizing the electronic surveil- lance2 of two United States citizens, Thomas Falvey and George Harrison, 3 pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 19784 (FISA or Act). 5 The surveillance continued until June 19 or 20 1981;6 Falvey and Harrison were then arrested and charged with smuggling arms and equipment from the United States to the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Ireland. 7 The government sought to use tapes of the intercepted tele- phone conversations at trial.8 Pursuant to FISA requirements, the government obtained the Attorney General's approval and in- formed the defendants and the court of its intention to use those tapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashley Deeks*
    ARTICLE An International Legal Framework for Surveillance ASHLEY DEEKS* Edward Snowden’s leaks laid bare the scope and breadth of the electronic surveillance that the U.S. National Security Agency and its foreign counterparts conduct. Suddenly, foreign surveillance is understood as personal and pervasive, capturing the communications not only of foreign leaders but also of private citizens. Yet to the chagrin of many state leaders, academics, and foreign citizens, international law has had little to say about foreign surveillance. Until recently, no court, treaty body, or government had suggested that international law, including basic privacy protections in human rights treaties, applied to purely foreign intelligence collection. This is now changing: Several UN bodies, judicial tribunals, U.S. corporations, and individuals subject to foreign surveillance are pressuring states to bring that surveillance under tighter legal control. This Article tackles three key, interrelated puzzles associated with this sudden transformation. First, it explores why international law has had so little to say about how, when, and where governments may spy on other states’ nationals. Second, it draws on international relations theory to argue that the development of new international norms regarding surveillance is both likely and essential. Third, it identifies six process-driven norms that states can and should adopt to ensure meaningful privacy restrictions on international surveillance without unduly harming their legitimate national security interests. These norms, which include limits on the use of collected data, periodic reviews of surveillance authorizations, and active oversight by neutral bodies, will increase the transparency, accountability, and legitimacy of foreign surveillance. This procedural approach challenges the limited emerging scholarship on surveillance, which urges states to apply existing — but vague and contested — substantive human rights norms to complicated, clandestine practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiding Images in Plain Sight: Deep Steganography
    Hiding Images in Plain Sight: Deep Steganography Shumeet Baluja Google Research Google, Inc. [email protected] Abstract Steganography is the practice of concealing a secret message within another, ordinary, message. Commonly, steganography is used to unobtrusively hide a small message within the noisy regions of a larger image. In this study, we attempt to place a full size color image within another image of the same size. Deep neural networks are simultaneously trained to create the hiding and revealing processes and are designed to specifically work as a pair. The system is trained on images drawn randomly from the ImageNet database, and works well on natural images from a wide variety of sources. Beyond demonstrating the successful application of deep learning to hiding images, we carefully examine how the result is achieved and explore extensions. Unlike many popular steganographic methods that encode the secret message within the least significant bits of the carrier image, our approach compresses and distributes the secret image’s representation across all of the available bits. 1 Introduction to Steganography Steganography is the art of covered or hidden writing; the term itself dates back to the 15th century, when messages were physically hidden. In modern steganography, the goal is to covertly communicate a digital message. The steganographic process places a hidden message in a transport medium, called the carrier. The carrier may be publicly visible. For added security, the hidden message can also be encrypted, thereby increasing the perceived randomness and decreasing the likelihood of content discovery even if the existence of the message detected. Good introductions to steganography and steganalysis (the process of discovering hidden messages) can be found in [1–5].
    [Show full text]