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Multipurpose Fare Media: Developments and Issues

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Multipurpose Fare Media: Developments and Issues Transit Cooperative Research Program Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration RESEARCH RESULTS DIGEST June 1997--Number 16 Subject Area: VI Public Transit Responsible Senior Program Officer: Stephen J Andrle Multipurpose Fare Media: Developments and Issues This TCRP digest presents the interim findings of TCRP Project A-14, "Potential of Multipurpose Fare Media," conducted by Multisystems, Inc., in collaboration with Dove Associates, Inc., and Mundle & Associates, Inc. Included in the digest are (1) a summary of the emerging developments, (2)a discussion of key issues and concerns, and (3) a technicalappendix presenting the results of a survey of transit operators fare collection practices and plans. CHAPTER 1--INTRODUCTION These may overlap, and in particular, the latter two approaches are often pursued together. This digest contains examples of multipurpose TCRP Project A-14, Potential of Multipurpose transit fare payment programs and discusses Fare Media, is intended to identify issues and institutional, technological, and financial issues that concerns on the part of transit agencies and financial must be addressed to implement such programs. This institutions, assess customer and financial will be of interest to transit managers, transit implications associated with various approaches, planners, transit financial officers, and other financial monitor emerging developments, and assess the professionals. The desire on the part of both transit potential of increasing the role of the banking agencies and financial institutions to reduce the use industry in transit fare payment and collection. This of cash for payments and improve customer research is intended to provide both transit and convenience has dovetailed with advancements in the financial services professionals (1) an understanding payment technology area to facilitate various types of of the nature of the costs and potential benefits of "multipurpose" media. Specifically, the development such arrangements, as well as the issues that must be of integrated circuit ("smart") cards and the use of addressed in forging new alliances; and (2) specific stored value has opened up new opportunities for guidelines to allow each to pursue common interests reaching more than one market with a single payment in the payments arena. option. Multipurpose transit fare media can take three This digest presents the findings from the TCRP basic forms: Project A-14 Interim Report. This digest identifies the full range of issues and concerns inherent in the <Multiple-use media that can be used in consideration of multipurpose payment media and several applications (e.g., transit, retail purchases, arrangements. banking); <Integrated regional fare media that can be BACKGROUND: DEFINITION OF TERMS used on multiple transit agencies in an area (i.e., a "universal ticket"); and In discussing the various types and aspects of <Integrated fare media that can be used in multipurpose media, it is useful to understand the transit as well as other transportation modes (e.g., terms being used. Multipurpose parking, tolls). TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 2 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Introduction, 1 Background: Definition of Terms, 1 Types of Issues and Concerns, 3 CHAPTER 2 Examples of Multipurpose Effort, 4 Transit Multipurpose Programs, 4 Financial Services and Other Programs, 8 Summary, 11 CHAPTER 3 Institutional Issues, 12 Alternative Institutional Arrangements, 12 Roles in a Multipurpose System, 12 Basic Institutional Approaches: Open Versus Closed Systems, 12 The Impetus for Multipurpose Media Programs, 16 Transit Agencies, 16 Financial and Other Institutions, 16 Management Strategies, 17 CHAPTER 4 Operational and Administrative Issues, 17 Pricing of Media, 19 Sale and Distribution of Media, 19 CHAPTER 5 Legal and Regulatory Issues, 20 Authority to Issue Prepaid Cards, 20 EFT Regulations, 21 Expired Value and Abandoned Property Laws, 21 Responsibility for Lost or Stolen Cards, Card or Equipment Malfunction, or Issuer Insolvency, 21 Privacy Issues, 22 Summary, 23 CHAPTER 6 Technological Issues, 23 Types of Smart-Card Technology, 23 Contact Versus Contactless Smart Cards, 23 Combined Contact-Contactless Cards, 24 Selecting and Implementing a Technology, 25 Fare Collection Needs, Goals, and Costs, 25 Standards and Compatibility with Other Systems, 26 Other Technology Issues, 27 CHAPTER 7 Financial Issues, 28 Cost Effects, 28 General Cost Concerns, 28 Current Transit Agency Fare Collection Costs, 28 Cost Categories, 29 Operating and Maintenance Cost Effects, 29 Capital Cost Effects, 31 Revenue Effects, 32 Types of Benefits, 32 Potential Revenues, 33 Summary, 35 CHAPTER 8 Customer Acceptance Issues, 36 Transit Stored-Value and Multipurpose Market Research, 36 General Reaction to the Stored Value Concept, 36 Reactions to Multiple Use, 37 General Purpose Market Research, 37 General Reaction to the Stored-Value Concept, 37 Barriers to Use, 37 REFERENCES, 38 APPENDIX A: TRANSIT AGENCY SURVEY, 39 3 media describes any payment option There are two major issuers' cards--can be used for more that can be used for more than one classifications of smart cards: contact than one service. The integrated fare agency (but a single application, such and contactless cards. Contact cards card or the expanded utility/multiple as transit) or for multiple applications. require a physical contact between the use transit card is an example of such a Multiple-use media and card and the read-write unit, and must system. There is something of a integratedfare media are subsets of be inserted into a slot. Contactless continuum between open and closed; multipurpose media; the multiple-use cards do not have to be inserted into a moreover, a system may evolve from concept has sometimes been referred to slot, but rather can be read by passing closed to open. The types of issues and as expanded utility. One of the key the card close to (i.e., within a couple concerns that must be addressed in functions of such cards is an electronic of inches or some other specified establishing a multipurpose purse, which is essentially the stored- distance of) the read-write unit. arrangement are reviewed below. value portion of the card. A card may Contactless--or proximity--cards be dedicated to an electronic-purse commonly refer to cards using two function (and a card may contain more different communication techniques. TYPES OF ISSUES AND than one purse) or may also contain One type uses a contactless interface to CONCERNS other functions (e.g., identification or provide power to the card and transfer information); the latter is known as a data using inductive and capacitive Development of any type of multi-application card. There is a techniques; these cards are of two basic multipurpose payment system probably fundamental difference between a card forms: remote coupling or close requires a fundamental change in the that can be used for several different coupling, depending on the particular way the participants have operated in types of applications (e.g., banking interface and data transfer process. the past. These changes apply to the services, health care records, and RFID cards, meanwhile, transfer data customer, the transit agency, the vending) and one that has a single between the card and the read-write financial institution, the participating application (e.g., stored value) and can unit using radio frequency techniques; merchant, the equipment vendor, and be used for multiple merchants or power is supplied using a battery or by any other entities considering services; the technology implications of means of received magnetic energy. involvement in the venture. Issues and the different types of media are Finally, one type of hybrid card concerns may be related to the discussed in this digest. An combines a smart card with a integration of multiple service electronicpurse-only card may also be magneticstripe, while a newer option providers and card issuers, as well as to called a prepaid or cash card. Finally, (better known as a combi--card or the development or implementation of integrated fare media have been called dual-interface card) combines the advanced payment media in general. universal tickets in some locations. attributes of contact and contactless Some concerns will be specific to each All these terms have come to refer cards--either using two separate chips participating entity, while others will be primarily to variations of smart cards, or a single chip capable of being common to all participants. The issues although other technologies (e.g., accessed in either fashion. (The and concerns that need to be addressed magnetic-stripe cards) may also be able characteristics and uses of the different can generally be categorized as to support multipurpose applications. types of cards are discussed in Chapter follows: The memory and security capabilities-- 6, Technicological Issues.) as well as processing capabilities, One of the fundamental issues is < Institutional: who are the though not necessarily needed in the whether a multipurpose card is issued participants in the program, how is the types of applications presented here--of and used in an open or closed system. program organized and operated, and smart cards have made them the An open system is one in which there what are the legal and regulatory technology of choice for virtually all are multiple card issuers and multiple requirements that must be addressed? recent multipurpose efforts. service providers or merchants; for < Technological: what type(s) Technically, a smart card is an instance, credit and debit cards operate of card will form the basis for the integrated circuit (or chip/card that in an open system. A closed system is program, what are the design has an onboard microprocessor and one in which the card is issued by a requirements, how will the new built-in logic; however, the term has single entity and can be used only for technology be integrated into the come to be used to describe a range of that entity's services; transit fare existing system, and how can automated card technologies, including payment has traditionally operated in a compatibility with future technological memory cards (without closed system, for example.
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