History of Shi'ism: from the Advent of Islam up to the End of Minor
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History of Shi'ism: From the Advent of Islam up to the End of Minor Occultation This text discusses how Shi'ism has been an integral and inseparable part of Islam from the time of the Holy Prophet (sa). The text provides several resources to show how Shi'ism began with the companions of the Holy Prophet (sa) and how its legacy still stands. Author(s): Ghulam-Husayn Muharrami Translator(s): Mansoor L. Limba Publisher(s): ABWA Publishing and Printing Center 1 Table of Contents Foreword...................................................................... 7 Reference ................................................................... 9 Preface ...................................................................... 10 History of Shi‘ism as the History of a Living School and Combatant Followers ................................................................. 10 References ................................................................ 12 Part 1: A Cursory Glance at the References ............................. 13 Lesson 1: Historical References ........................................... 14 Special References ........................................................ 14 1. Maqatil at-Talibiyyin ................................................ 14 2. Ad-Darajat ar-Rafi‘ah fi Tabaqat ash-Shi‘ah ....................... 15 3. A‘yan ash-Shi‘ah .................................................... 16 4. Tarikh ash-Shi‘ah ................................................... 17 5. Shi‘eh dar Tarikh .................................................... 18 6. Jihad ash-Shi‘ah ..................................................... 18 7. Tarikh-e Tashayyu‘ dar Iran az Aghaz ta Qarn-e Haftum-e Hijri .. 19 Lesson 1: Summary ....................................................... 19 Lesson 1: Questions ...................................................... 20 References ................................................................ 21 Lesson 2: General References ............................................. 22 1. General History ........................................................ 22 2. Biography of the Imams (‘a) ........................................... 22 3. Books on Revolts and Wars ........................................... 23 4. Books on Rijal and Classes ............................................ 23 5. Books on Geography ................................................... 24 6. Books on Narrations ................................................... 24 7. Books on Genealogy ................................................... 25 8. Books on Hadith ....................................................... 25 9. Books on Nations and Religions ....................................... 26 Lesson 2: Summary ....................................................... 26 Lesson 2: Questions ...................................................... 27 References ................................................................ 28 Part 2: The Manner of Emergence of the Shi‘ah ........................ 29 Lesson 3: “Shi‘ah” in the Lexicon and the Qur’an ...................... 30 Lesson 3: Summary ....................................................... 32 Lesson 3: Questions ...................................................... 32 References ................................................................ 34 Lesson 4: The Origin of Shi‘ism .......................................... 35 Lesson 4: Summary ....................................................... 40 Lesson 4: Questions ...................................................... 40 References ................................................................ 41 Lesson 5: The Other Terms for the “Shi‘ah” ............................ 43 The Status of ‘Ali (‘a) among the Companions {sahabah} .............. 44 Lesson 5: Summary ....................................................... 52 Lesson 5: Questions ...................................................... 52 References ................................................................ 53 Lesson 6: The Role of the Quraysh in the Event of Saqifah ............ 55 2 The Reasons behind the Quraysh’s Enmity toward the Family of the Prophet (S) ................................................................ 55 1. The Quraysh’s Ambition for Leadership ........................... 55 2. Tribal Rivalry and Envy ............................................ 57 3. The Quraysh’s Enmity toward ‘Ali (‘a) ............................ 58 Lesson 6: Summary ....................................................... 59 Lesson 6: Questions ...................................................... 59 References ................................................................ 60 Lesson 7: The Silence of the Commander of the Faithful ‘Ali (‘a) ..... 62 1. The Discord among Muslims .......................................... 62 2. The Danger Posed by the Apostates {murtaddin} ..................... 63 3. The Safety of the Progeny of the Prophet (S) ......................... 64 The Concrete Political Formation of the Shi‘ah after the Event of Saqifah 64 Lesson 7: Summary ....................................................... 66 Lesson 7: Questions ...................................................... 67 References ................................................................ 68 Lesson 8: The Shi‘ah among the Companions {sahabah} .............. 69 Lesson 8: Summary ....................................................... 71 Lesson 8: Questions ...................................................... 72 References ................................................................ 73 Part 3: The Periods of Historical Development of the Shi‘ah .......... 74 Lesson 9: The Periods of Historical Development of the Shi‘ah ....... 75 1. The Shi‘ah during the Period of the First Four Caliphs ............... 75 Manifestation of Shi‘ism during the Caliphate of ‘Ali (‘a) .............. 76 2. The Shi‘ah during the Period of the Umayyad Caliphate ............. 77 Lesson 9: Summary ....................................................... 79 Lesson 9: Questions ...................................................... 79 References ................................................................ 80 Lesson 10: The Spread of Shi‘ism during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate .................................................................... 82 The Period of Imam al-Hasan and Imam al-Husayn (‘a) ................ 82 The Impact of the Karbala’ Movement on the Spread of Shi‘ism ....... 84 Lesson 10: Summary ..................................................... 85 Lesson 10: Questions ..................................................... 86 References ................................................................ 87 Lesson 11: The Period of Imam as-Sajjad (‘a) .......................... 88 The Shi‘ah Uprisings ..................................................... 89 Stabilization of the Rule of Marwan’s Descendants ..................... 90 Lesson 11: Summary ..................................................... 91 Lesson 11: Questions ..................................................... 92 References ................................................................ 93 Lesson 12: The Beginning of the ‘Abbasid Campaign and Its Effect upon the Spread of Shi‘ism ................................................ 96 Shi‘ism during the Period of Imam al-Baqir and Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) ... 97 The University of Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) .................................... 99 Lesson 12: Summary .................................................... 101 Lesson 12: Questions .................................................... 101 3 References ............................................................... 102 Lesson 13: The Shi‘ah during the Period of ‘Abbasid Caliphate ..... 103 ‘Abbasids Control over the Shi‘ah Leaders ............................. 106 Lesson 13: Summary .................................................... 109 Lesson 13: Questions .................................................... 109 References ............................................................... 110 Lesson 14: The Reasons behind the Burgeoning of the Shi‘ah during the Period of ‘Abbasid Caliphate ............................................ 113 1. The Hashimis and ‘Alawis during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate113 2. The End of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Succession to Power of the ‘Abbasids ................................................................ 113 3. The Migration of the ‘Alawis ......................................... 114 The Reasons behind the Emigration of the Sadat ....................... 116 a. The Defeat of the ‘Alawi Uprisings ................................ 116 b. Pressure Exerted by Governments Agents ......................... 116 c. Existence of Favorable Circumstances ............................ 116 Lesson 14: Summary .................................................... 116 Lesson 14: Questions .................................................... 117 References ............................................................... 118 Part 4: The Shi‘ah and ‘Alawi Uprisings ............................... 120 Lesson 15: The Shi‘ah and ‘Alawi Uprisings during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate ....................................................... 121 a. The Uprising of Zayd ................................................. 121 b. The Uprising of Yahya ibn Zayd ..................................... 123 Lesson 15: Summary .................................................... 123 Lesson 15: Questions ...................................................